...Methods and Qualitative Analysis Corrales, Monique V. Go, Carleen Jade M. Ms. Stephanie Chan February 20, 2014 March 13, 2014 I. Abstract This experiment aims to introduce the different infrared spectrometry sampling techniques and also to identify an unknown solution using qualitative analysis of the solution’s infrared spectra. There are a total of three (3) sample mounting techniques introduced in this experiment namely, the pellet, mull, and film techniques. There are two kinds of samples that are tested—two liquids and one solid. The solid undergoes all three sampling techniques while the liquids undergo just the film technique. Results show that the sampling techniques are effective and accurate in the analysis of compounds. II. Keywords 1. Spectrometry- the use of the absorption, emission, or scattering of electromagnetic radiation by matter to qualitatively or quantitatively study the matter or to study physical processes 2. Mull-a mixture of a solid substance and oil _______________________________________¬¬¬-______________________________________________ III. Introduction Infrared spectrometry (IR) is vital in Organic and Inorganic Chemistry because it is used to both collect information about a compound’s structure and is also a tool for the analysis of the purity of a compound. [3] In an IR spectrometer, the measured absorption of the varying IR frequencies of a sample that is placed along the...
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...the ground state they emit radiation having energy equal to that absorbed. The emission is proportional to the number of excited atoms, which is proportional to the total number of atoms in the flame i.e. the sample concentration When a metallic salt solution is aspirated into path of flame, following events takes place; 1) Vaporization: The solvent is vaporized leaving particles of solid salt. 2) Atomization : The salt is vaporized and converted into free neutral gaseous atoms or radicals 3) Excitation: Some of these atoms are excited by the thermal energy of the flame to higher energy levels.The various events are as follows, Sample Solution Fine Mist M+ X Solid Particles MX M+ X Ground State gaseous atoms Excited Gaseous Metal atoms Gaseous Atoms M(g)+ X(g) Gaseous Molecules MX The excited metal atoms are unstable at higher energy level, and quickly returns to lower energy state, while coming to lower energy they emit light of their own characteristic wavelength. The measurement emitted photons (light) forms the basis of flame photometry. The colour of the flame tells us which element is present (qualitative analysis) and intensity of emitted radiation is directly proportional to concentration of metallic element present in the sample. If E1 and E2 are the energy of lower and higher levels, the radiation emitted during the jump is given by the equation E2-E1 = hV ………….(1) Where h = Planks constant. And V the frequency of radiation. …………….(2) ...
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... To separate the unknown amino acids mixture into its various components. 2. To identify the amino acids present in the unknown amino acid mixture. THE THEORY BEHIND THE EXPERIMENT. Chromatography is a method of separating a mixture into its components, by use of heterogeneous equilibrium established during the flow of the solvent called a mobile phase through a fixed (stationary) phase. The stationary phase can be either solid or liquid, while the mobile phase can either be a liquid or a gas. Therefore, chromatography can be classified as; solid- liquid, liquid- liquid, or gas- liquid. Experimentally, chromatography can be carried out in columns or in layers. The column chromatography uses a vertical tube packed with a medium/ adsorbent. The layer chromatography uses a thin layer embedded unto a plate unto which the samples are introduced. The thin film stationary phase may be: 1. A liquid (partition chromatography). Example is paper chromatography. 2. A finely divided adsorbent solid. (Adsorption chromatography). Example is Thin Layer Chromatography. INTRODUCTION TO THE EXPERIMENT. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a chromatography technique used to separate mixtures.[1] Thin layer chromatography is performed on a sheet of glass, plastic, or aluminum foil, which is coated with a thin layer of adsorbent material, usually silica gel, aluminium oxide, or cellulose (blotter paper). This layer of adsorbent is known as the stationary phase. After the sample has been applied on...
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...Statement of Goals The goal of the group project was to calculate the percent calcium in a natural calcium tablet from Prime Eastern Pharmaceuticals in order to compare it with the reported amount of 800 mg of calcium per tablet to determine the validity of complaints regarding a reduced amount of mineral in the multivitamin. The quantitative determination of the analyte was accomplished through three experiments: complexometric titrimetry, flame atomic absorption analysis, and potentiometry using an Ion Selective Electrode. The complexometric titrimetry involved titrating the unknown calcium solution made from the calcium tablet with standardized EDTA. Quantitative determination of the analyte calcium was possible due to the stable and quick formation of the metal-EDTA complex with a 1:1 reaction stoichiometry. Flame atomic absorption analysis is useful in determining the amount of analyte in an unknown because the measure absorbances of standard solutions can be used to plot a calibration curve that can be used to determine the concentration of the metal in an unknown solution. Potentiometry is useful for determination of analyte when an ion sensitive electrode is used to find the amount of ion in standard solutions. Week 1: Introduction and Background The first test for calcium in the multivitamin was complexometric titrimetry, a titration of a solution of calcium tablet with a standardized solution of EDTA. EDTA forms a stable complex with calcium metal with a reaction...
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... * FTIR Spectrophotometer * Samples Experimental Physical properties of reagents used Solution Preparation Procedure Instrument settings Data 1. IR spectrum of Chloroform and D-chloroform 2. Rotational Spectrum of CO2 (Standard Resolution) 3. Rotational Spectrum of CO2 (High Resolution) 4. Carbonyl stretch in 2-butanone solutions (wavenumber vs. % T) 5. Carbonyl stretch in 2-butanone solutions (wavenumber Vs Absorbance) 6. Calibration curve of 2-butanone solutions (concentration vs. absorbance) * Calculations a. Preparation of solutions b. Concentration of the unknown c. Percent error of observed and theoretical ratios of CH, CD stretch frequencies Results and Conclusion References Objective The goal of the first part of the experiment was to study the effects of isotopes on bond stretching. In the second part of the experiment, the influence of instrument resolution on the rotational spectrum of carbon dioxide was studied. The purpose of the third part of the experiment was to create a calibration curve to find the unknown concentration of 2-butanone. Introduction Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) is a very useful analytical technique used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of organic and inorganic compounds. It can be used for a variety of purposes such as; finding the concentrations of unknown solutions, determining the constituents of unknown solutions, forensic purposes or finding...
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...Chemistry Modern Analytical Chemistry David Harvey DePauw University Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA Madison, WI New York San Francisco St. Louis Bangkok Bogotá Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto McGraw-Hill Higher Education A Division of The McGraw-Hill Companies MODERN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY Copyright © 2000 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 KGP/KGP 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ISBN 0–07–237547–7 Vice president and editorial director: Kevin T. Kane Publisher: James M. Smith Sponsoring editor: Kent A. Peterson Editorial assistant: Jennifer L. Bensink Developmental editor: Shirley R. Oberbroeckling Senior marketing manager: Martin J. Lange Senior project manager: Jayne Klein Production supervisor: Laura Fuller Coordinator of freelance design: Michelle D. Whitaker Senior photo research coordinator: Lori Hancock Senior supplement coordinator: Audrey A. Reiter Compositor: Shepherd, Inc. Typeface: 10/12 Minion Printer: Quebecor Printing Book Group/Kingsport Freelance cover/interior designer: Elise Lansdon Cover image: © George Diebold/The...
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...Wirtschaftswissenschaften Europäischer Studiengang Wirtschaft Diplomarbeit THE IMPACT OF WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT ON CASH HOLDINGS – A Quantitative Study of Swedish Manufacturing SMEs Author: Place of Birth: 1st Examiner: 2nd Examiner: Tutor: Term: Due Date: Maxime Abel Frankenthal, Germany Prof. Håkan Boter (Mid Sweden University) Prof. Dr. Jürgen Stephan (Fachhochschule Aachen) Dr. Darush Yazdanfar Summer 2008 May 30th, 2008 Abstract This study examines the impact of working capital management on cash holdings of small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises in Sweden. The aim of this work is to theoretically derive significant factors related to working capital management which have an influence on the cash level of SMEs and test these in a large sample of Swedish manufacturing SMEs. The theoretical framework for this study consists of a treatise of motives for holding cash, working capital management and cash level. From these theoretical findings, two hypotheses are deduced: • H1: Cash holdings are negatively related to the presence of cash substitutes • H2: Cash holdings are positively related to working capital management efficiency The quantitative investigation consists of the statistical analysis – namely comparison of means and correlation analysis – of key figures which are calculated from the financial statements of a large sample of firms. The dataset contains 13,287 Swedish manufacturing SMEs of the legal form ‘Aktiebolag’. Both hypotheses are confirmed by...
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...with distilled water. Never use scouring powder on glassware which is inaccessible to scrubbing such as the inside of a transfer pipet. For this type of glassware use a liquid detergent in place of the scouring powder. Occasionally, specific chemical deposits are completely unaffected by these general cleaning methods, but if the chemical nature of the deposit is known, a specific reagent may be selected for cleaning; ask your instructor for advice in this circumstance. Drying Operations Glassware must frequently be dry as well as clean. This is best done by putting the glassware into a drying oven, preferably one with circulating air that will quickly remove the water vapor. Hot glassware with parallel sides, such as beakers and bottles, is most conveniently handled with beaker tongs as shown in Fig. 2. It is unwise to dry Pyrex and Kimax equipment by direct heating with a Bunsen burner; it is usually fatal (to the glassware) to treat soft glass equipment this way. Alternatives to the drying oven are wiping with clean toweling (but cloth and paper lint are often a problem), or rinsing with volatile acetone followed by drawing clean air through the container; however, acetone is rather expensive and highly flammable. A common requirement, especially in quantitative analysis, is a very dry sample or product. These materials are usually dried in the drying oven at a specified temperature for a specified length of time, followed by immediate transfer to a...
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...Biotechnology is a field of applied biology that involves the use of living organisms and bioprocesses in engineering, technology, medicine and other fields requiring bio products. Father of the term biotechnology is ‘Karl Ereky’ and Father of Biotechnology was ‘Louis Pasteur’. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. Nearly every cell in a person’s body has the same DNA. Ribonucleic acid or RNA, is one of the three major macromolecules (along with DNA and proteins) that are essential for all known forms of life. A pipette (also called a pipet, pipettor or chemical dropper) is a laboratory instrument used to transport a measured volume of liquid. Pipettes come in several designs for various purposes with differing levels of accuracy and precision, from single piece glass pipettes to more complex adjustable or electronic pipettes. Lab dish washing Cleaning laboratory glassware isn't as simple as washing the dishes. Here's how to wash your glassware so that you won't ruin your chemical solution or laboratory experiment. You can rinse the glassware with the proper solvent, then finish up with a couple of rinses with distilled water, followed by final rinses with deionized water Water Soluble Solutions (e.g., sodium chloride or sucrose solutions) Rinse 3-4 times with deionized water then put the glassware away. Water Insoluble Solutions (e...
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...http://www.labcompliance.com/tutorial/methods/default.aspx?sm=d_d TutorialHome | Contact Us | Newsletter | Usersclub | Books | Audio Seminars Seminars Audio Seminars Video Seminars Workshops Literature Books SOPs Validation Examples Free Literature Glossary Usersclub Intro Log-in Register Preview Renewal Tutorials Risk Management Practices Computer Validation Part11 Method Validation ISO 17025 Lab Equipment Qualification Good Laboratory Practices About About Labcompliance Contact Labcompliance Scope Tax/Bank Information All come with 10+ Best Practice Documents: SOPs, Checklists, Examples Transfer of Analytical Procedures According to the New USP Chapter <1224> With SOPs, templates and examples for easy implementation March 21, 2013 Quality by Design (QbD) for Analytical Method Development and Validation Learn how to design robustness for easy transfer and to avoid OOS situations Recorded, available at any time Validation of Analytical Methods for GLP and Clinical Studies Learn how to design, prepare, conduct and document for FDA compliance Recorded, available at any time Eight Steps for Cost-effective Laboratory Compliance Up-to-date overview, hot topics and trends. Recorded, available at any time Verification of Compendial Methods according to the New USP Chapter <1226> Understand the new risk based approach and and get real world case studies for testing Recorded, available...
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...INSPECTION & TESTING OF MATERIALS COMPILED BY: SYED HAIDER ALI (COURSE MATERIAL FOR DEPARTMENTAL PROMOTION EXAMINATION (DPE)) Chapter # 1: METALLOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION: 2 Chapter # 1: METALLOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION: ................................................................... 6 1.1 INTRODUCTION: ......................................................................... 6 1.2 METALLURGICAL MICROSCOPE: .................................................... 6 1.3 SPECIMEN PREPARATION: ............................................................ 8 1.5 MICRO AND MACRO EXAMINATION:............................................. 13 1.6 STUDY OF MICROSTRUCTURES: .................................................. 14 Chapter # 2: Tensile Testing .............................................................................................................. 19 2.1 INTRODUCTION: ....................................................................... 19 2.2 PROCEDURE OF TENSILE TESTING: ............................................. 19 2.3 TENSILE PROPERTIES: ............................................................... 21 2.4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF TENSILE TESTING: ........................... 26 Chapter # 3: Bend Test ....................................................................................................................... 28 3.1 INTRODUCTION: ....................................................................... 28 3.2 TYPES OF BEND TEST: .........................
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...The dissolved oxygen content is an important index when considering its suitability for town supply. A good clean potable water will give dissolved oxygen value close to the theoretical value for the saturated solution of oxygen in water. When there is pollution from organic matter and other trade effluents, the dissolved oxygen is up in various biochemical oxidation processes and its is only slowly replaced through surface absorption. Such water will give a low dissolved oxygen content until oxidation is completed. Adequate dissolved oxygen is necessary for the life of fish and other aquatic organisms. The methods described below for the determination of oxygen in water is based on that devised by Winkler. When manganese hydroxide is precipitated in the water sample it is quickly oxidized to higher hydrated oxides (probably in the four valent state) by the dissolve oxygen. Iodine, equivalent to the dissolved oxygen content, is then liberated on acidification in the presence of iodine, and it may be titrated with standard thio‐sulphate. INTERFERENCES AND PRE – TREATMENT Most oxidising and reducing substances e.g dissolved organic substances, nitrite ions, higher‐valency manganese compounds, active chlorine, sulphide and sulphite ions, iron (II) and irons interfere. The influence of the dissolved organic substances can be excluded by conversion of the manganese hydroxides into oxygen‐sensitive carbonates by subsequent addition of 4 cm3 ammonium hydrogen carbonate solution. Nitrite...
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... Acknowledgement © Crown copyright 2012. You may re-use this information (excluding logos) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence. To view this licence, visit http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/ or e-mail: psi@nationalarchives.gsi.gov.uk. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. Any enquiries regarding this document/publication should be sent to us at enquiries@educationscotland.gov.uk. This document is also available from our website at www.educationscotland.gov.uk. Contents Introduction 5 Chemical analysis 6 Qualitative and quantitative analysis 6 Volumetric analysis 6 Gravimetric analysis 14 Colorimetric analysis 17 Organic techniques 22 Introduction 22 Preparation 22 Isolation 24 Purification 29 Identification 33 Percentage yield 37 Errors 39 Accuracy and precision 39 Repeatability and reproducibility 41 Quantifying errors 41 Absolute uncertainties and percentage uncertainties 42 Combining uncertainties 43 Some ‘forgotten’ uncertainties 46 Experiments 53 Experiment 1A: Preparation of a standard solution of 0.1 mol l–1 oxalic acid 53 Experiment 1B: Standardisation of approximately 0.1 mol l–1 sodium hydroxide 55 Experiment 1C: Determination of the ethanoic acid...
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...pure compounds from a mixture.[1][2] In gas chromatography, the mobile phase (or "moving phase") is a carrier gas, usually an inert gas such as helium or an unreactive gas such as nitrogen. The stationary phase is a microscopic layer of liquid or polymer on an inert solidsupport, inside a piece of glass or metal tubing called a column (a homage to the fractionating column used in distillation). The instrument used to perform gas chromatography is called a gas chromatograph (or "aerograph", "gas separator"). The gaseous compounds being analyzed interact with the walls of the column, which is coated with a stationary phase. This causes each compound to elute at a different time, known as the retention time of the compound. The comparison of retention times is what gives GC its analytical usefulness. Gas chromatography is in principle similar to column chromatography (as well as other forms of chromatography, such as HPLC, TLC), but has several notable differences. First, the process of separating the compounds in a mixture is carried out between a liquid stationary phase and a gas mobile phase, whereas in column chromatography the stationary phase is a solid and the mobile phase is a liquid. (Hence the full name of the procedure is "Gas–liquid chromatography", referring to the mobile and stationary phases, respectively.)...
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...into students’ study habit in volumetric analysis in the senior secondary provision: A case study in Ondo State, Nigeria Orimogunje Tunde1, Oloruntegbe Kunle Oke2 and Gazi Mahabubul Alam3* 1 Science and Technical Education Department, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria. 2 Mathematics and Science Education Department, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 3 University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Accepted 14 May, 2010 An investigation was carried out on students’ study habit in volumetric analysis at the senior secondary school level in Ondo State. A descriptive research design was adopted in the study. Questionnaire on study habit inventory was adapted and used to collect information from the respondents at various sampled schools. The sample comprised 240 senior secondary II chemistry students drawn from six schools in Akure South Local Government Area of Ondo State. The hypotheses investigated with respect to students’ study habit problems such as home work/ assignment, reading and note-taking, students’ concentration, time allocation, teachers’ consultation as human variables were analyzed using chi-square statistics at 0.05 level of significance. The results indicated that the main sources of students’ study problems have strong influence on students’ study habit which is causally related to the performance and consequently the efficiency of the students during the practical lesson in volumetric analysis. Based on the findings of this study, it...
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