...end. Research has already begun on what comes after our current computing revolution. This research has discovered the possibility for an entirely new type of computer, one that operates according to the laws of quantum physics, a quantum computer. A quantum computer would not just be a traditional computer built out of different parts, but a machine that would exploit the laws of quantum physics to perform certain information processing tasks in a better and more efficient manner. One demonstration of this potential is that quantum computers would break the codes that protect our modern computing infrastructure the security of every Internet transaction would be broken if a quantum computer were to be built. This potential has made quantum computing a national security concern. Yet at the same time, quantum computers will also revolutionize large parts of science in a more benevolent way. Simulating large quantum systems, something a quantum computer can easily do, is not practically possible on a traditional computer. A technology of quantum computers is also very different. For operation, quantum computer uses quantum bits (qubits). Qubit has a quaternary nature. Quantum mechanic’s laws are completely different from the laws of a classical physics. A qubit can exist not only in the states corresponding to the logical values 0 or 1 as in the case of a classical bit, but also in a superposition state. A qubit is a bit of information that can be both zero and one simultaneously...
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...which classical computers are unable to solve, for example, simulations of atomic quantum systems. For this very reason researchers all around the world started to put their efforts into creating a fully functional quantum computer. HOW DO QUANTUM COMPUTERS WORK? As you might know, classical computers operate in bits, which can have one of the two values at the time: either 1 or 0. However, quantum computers operate in quantum bits or qubits, which are usually represented by such particles like atoms, ions, electrons, and photons. All of these particles have a property called superposition, which means that they can be of two states at the same time, that is a qubit can represent both 1 and 0 at the same time. To put it simply we can illustrate superposition with a famous physicist’s Erwin Schrodinger’s thought experiment: if we put a living cat in a closed box rigged with a device that can randomly release poison (there is equal probability that it will release and won’t) we can say that until we open the box to check the state of the cat, it’s both dead and alive at the same time. And that’s the whole reason why quantum computers are superior to classical ones. For example, a 3 bit register can save only one of the 8 (23) possible bit combinations at the time, but a quantum register of the same size could save all of the combinations at the same time. To take another example, only 500 qubit quantum register could save a number of possible combinations equal to the amount of all...
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...Seminar Synopsis Topic Introduction to Quantum Computer Abstract Overview: A classical computer has a memory made up of bits, where each bit is represented by either a one or a zero. A quantum computer maintains a sequence of qubits. What is qubits A single qubit can represent a one, a zero, or any quantum superposition of those two qubit states; a pair of qubits can be in any quantum superposition of 4 states, and three qubits in any superposition of 8 states. In general, a quantum computer with n qubits can be in an arbitrary superposition of up to 2^n different states simultaneously (this compares to a normal computer that can only be in one of these 2^n states at any one time). A quantum computer operates by setting the qubits in a controlled initial state that represents the problem at hand and by manipulating those qubits with a fixed sequence of quantum logic gates. The sequence of gates to be applied is called a quantum algorithm. The calculation ends with a measurement, collapsing the system of qubits into one of the 2^n pure states, where each qubit is zero or one, decomposing into a classical state. The outcome can therefore be at most n classical bits of information. Quantum algorithms are often non-deterministic, in that they provide the correct solution only with a certain known probability. Quantum computing studies theoretical computation systems (quantum computers) that make direct use of quantum-mechanical phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement...
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...Quantum Computer August 13, 2014 Dr. Laura Wilson Quantum Computer As we progress in our technological world where everyone is interested in the next iPhone or Samsung Galaxy, quantum computers are still moving forward. It seems that only the smartest "nerds" seem to care and understand this wonder. What if all of the theories, concepts, and everything else that makes up what quantum computers are and will be, a way to have it so that everyone can understand. The way that quantum computers can be divided is into three main areas: quantum physics, quantum bits (qubits), and their future goals. To better understand how quantum computers work, you need to start with what clearly defines a quantum computer: "A quantum computer is a computer design which uses the principles of quantum physics to increase the computational power beyond what is attainable by a traditional computer" (Jones, 2014, p. 1). Quantum computers use two fundamental principles of quantum physics: superposition and entanglement. Quantum superposition is where the state of a physical system exists in all possible states at the same time. Then when the physical system is only one state is give to the collection device. A good example of this is the famous Schrödinger's Cat, a thought experiment purposed by Erwin Schrödinger in 1935, where Schrödinger talks about having a cat in a closed box with a vial of poisonous acid with a hammer that will break the vial if any radioactivity is detected (Schrödinger...
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...Jeff Knight GS1140 Problem Solving Theory 4/9/15 Teacher Module Three: Generating Solutions Using Futuring: As we progress in our technological world where everyone is interested in the next iPhone or Samsung Galaxy, quantum computers are still moving forward. It seems that only computer "nerds" seem to care and understand this wonder. What if all of the theories, concepts, and everything else that makes up what quantum computers are and will be, is presented in a way that everyone can understand. The way that quantum computers can be divided is into three main areas: quantum physics, quantum bits or (qubits), and their future goals. To better understand how quantum computers work, you need to start with what clearly defines a quantum computer: A quantum computer is a computer design which uses the principles of quantum physics to increase the computational power beyond what is attainable by a traditional computer. Quantum computers use two fundamental principles of quantum physics: superposition and entanglement. Quantum superposition is where the state of a physical system exists in all possible states at the same time. Then the physical system is only giving one state to the collection device. A good example of this is the famous Schrödinger's Cat, a thought experiment purposed by Erwin Schrödinger in 1935, where Schrödinger talks about having a cat in a closed box with a vial of poisonous acid with a hammer that will break the vial if any radioactivity is detected...
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...A quantum computer could also create indestructible encryption, and unlock any existing computer security as easily as you unzip your fly. We’re entering an era of cyberwar, so imagine how power might shift if one country gets the ability to invade any other country’s computer systems while putting up the ultimate computer defenses. That’s a major reason nations are pouring money into this research. The U.K., China, Russia, Australia, Netherlands and other countries are in the game. In the U.S., the CIA, National Security Agency and Pentagon are all funding research, while Los Alamos National Laboratory operates one of the most significant quantum computer labs. Negotiations to keep nuclear weapons from Iran are certainly critical, but if you play out the promise of quantum computing, an American machine could bust into Iranian systems and shut down all that country’s nuclear activity in an instant. It’s like a game of rock-paper-scissors: Nukes might be the world’s version of a rock, but quantum computers would be paper, winning every time. And yet, quantum computing research isn’t self-contained and secretive in the manner of the Los Alamos atomic bomb work during World War II. Some of it is academic work at universities such as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, with findings shared in scientific papers. Technology companies are working on this, too, since these things have the potential to be business nukes. IBM, Google and Microsoft all fund research. Imagine...
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...Berners-Lee with his introduction of the World Wide Web in the early 1990’s, and constant developments in computer science and computational power made possible through advances in microprocessing capabilities which seem to be paralleling closely with forecasts given by Moore’s Law (Greenemeir, 2009). Moore’s Law, which is not exactly a law, is an estimation regarding the progression deemed possible in an integrated circuit. It was postulated by one of the founders of Intel, Dr. Gordon Moore, who stated that the number of transistors placed on a circuit will double roughly every 18 months (Colwell, 2013), and the capacity to follow this trend will end at a critical point when transistors become so close together that the manifestations of quantum mechanics will begin to transpire (Tally, 2012). Classical computers have undoubtedly reshaped our world and have provided incalculable progress unforeseen through the eyes of some of history’s greatest academics. Early computers were mammoth-sized mechanical devices utilized by the military for processing information that would take humans hours by manual calculation alone (Watson, 2012). Computers, in the days prior to digital computers, were actual people who would literally compute information for whatever their task or job may have been. Though these positions were often filled with clever mathematicians, their capacity to compute problems with increasing...
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...Quantum Computers & Quantum Cryptography Innovations in IT Mayi UmBayemake Health Informatics 500 May 17, 2015 Abstract This research pertains to Quantum Computers and Cryptography. These topics have emerged greatly in the past few years, are proven to be very important and useful to businesses. The use of quantum computers and cryptography will be able to offer faster processing of information and security. Quantum computers are being developed with qubits to hold an exponential amount of data. This could be proven a necessity for any business or organization. Quantum Cryptography is the ability to encode data on a computer making it difficult for it to be decoded. This causes the data to be nearly impossible for copying. In this paper I will discuss how this emerging technology will benefit my organization. Introduction The topic of technology is an ever revolving topic that changes happen daily. From phones, to computers, vehicles and anything that you can think of, technology has made its impact. Computers have been the fastest evolving technology for decades. Computers have changed so much that people have given up on learning all of the updated emergences. Quantum technology has been in the making for years now. This system is supposed to offer a faster and discrete way to process information. Albert Einstein and his associates did not believe in the viability of Quantum mechanics and felt that its “power” will never be harnessed. They presented many theories...
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...QUANTUM COMPUTER BY QUANTUM MATHEMATICS Research Assistant: Quantum Mathematics Research and Development Private Limited. HaritaBhargava haritabhargava@ymail.com Abstract-. India gives its greatest contribution toward Intellectual property in form of SANHKYA YOGA. We know very new name of INDIA by BHARAT IT gives us necessary clue. BHA = LIGHT + KNOWLEDGERATA = DEVOTED So BHARAT means DEVOTED to LIGHT & KNOWLEDGE. The model for which modern science search is already available in SANKHYA YOGA. Sankhya yoga like INTELLECTUALPROPERTY is unparallel in the world. Sankhya is a philosophical doctrine which counts the categories which constitute this world. Computer science gives it the name “DIGITAL DECADE”. Cosmology presents it in name of “UNCERTANITY PRINCIPLE” IT is being researched in the form of Quantum (wave & particle) in physics department. In future, it will be known as Medical compiler. [R4] Terms and condition : INNOVATION – RESPECT IT Under the WTO provision of TRIPS I. INTRODUCTION Article 8.1 - That agreement is to be put into effect by member countries through implementing laws. The provision of the agreement is addressed to member countries. It does not directly modify the legal sanction of private parties, who cannot claim rights based on the agreement until they are translated into national law. Article 9.2 - The concept of fair use seeks to balance granting authors sufficient incentives to create new works against the interest of the public and future...
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...QUANTUM COMPUTER BY QUANTUM MATHEMATICS Research Assistant: Quantum Mathematics Research and Development Private Limited. HaritaBhargava haritabhargava@ymail.com Abstract-. India gives its greatest contribution toward Intellectual property in form of SANHKYA YOGA. We know very new name of INDIA by BHARAT IT gives us necessary clue. BHA = LIGHT + KNOWLEDGERATA = DEVOTED So BHARAT means DEVOTED to LIGHT & KNOWLEDGE. The model for which modern science search is already available in SANKHYA YOGA. Sankhya yoga like INTELLECTUALPROPERTY is unparallel in the world. Sankhya is a philosophical doctrine which counts the categories which constitute this world. Computer science gives it the name “DIGITAL DECADE”. Cosmology presents it in name of “UNCERTANITY PRINCIPLE” IT is being researched in the form of Quantum (wave & particle) in physics department. In future, it will be known as Medical compiler. [R4] Terms and condition : INNOVATION – RESPECT IT Under the WTO provision of TRIPS I. INTRODUCTION Article 8.1 - That agreement is to be put into effect by member countries through implementing laws. The provision of the agreement is addressed to member countries. It does not directly modify the legal sanction of private parties, who cannot claim rights based on the agreement until they are translated into national law. Article 9.2 - The concept of fair use seeks to balance granting authors sufficient incentives to create new works against the interest of the public and future...
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...calculating power is actually due to the strange properties of quantum mechanics? In theory, quantum computers can perform calculations far faster than their classical counterparts to solve incredibly complex problems. They do this by storing information in quantum bits, or qubits. At any given moment, each of a classical computer's bits can only be in an “on” or an “off” state. They exist inside conventional electronic circuits, which follow the 19th-century rules of classical physics. A qubit, on the other hand, can be created with an electron, or inside a superconducting loop. Obeying the counterintuitive logic of quantum mechanics, a qubit can act as if it’s “on” and “off” simultaneously. It can also become tightly linked to the state of its fellow qubits, a situation called entanglement. These are two of the unusual properties that enable quantum computers to test multiple solutions at the same time. But in practice, a physical quantum computer is incredibly difficult to run. Entanglement is delicate, and very easily disrupted by outside influences. Add more qubits to increase the device's calculating power, and it becomes more difficult to maintain entanglement. Instead of struggling to keep ever-larger numbers of qubits in balance, D-Wave Systems invested in a different kind of quantum computer, where entanglement is not as crucial. They aimed to create an “adiabatic” computer, in which the qubits begin in a simple low-energy state and are slowly nudged towards...
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...Quantum Quandaries by Heath Miller December 8th 2012 What if you could transfer a file faster than the speed of light on a connection with air-tight security? You could connect to a computer anywhere around the world in the blink of an eye and never have to worry about malicious activity. It seems impossible, right? Not necessarily. It could actually be done by using a quantum network. A true quantum network would be much faster than any connection we could implement with our current telecommunications hardware. In fact, a signal transferred over a true quantum connection wouldn’t take time to transfer whatsoever. It would literally arrive instantly, and would be sent using physical properties that dictate the mechanics of the entire universe. The implications of harnessing these phenomena are astounding. In a 2011 article written in by Lydia Leavitt it states that, “Researchers at the University of Copenhagen's Niels Bohr Institute have discovered what might be the key to completely secure data transfer, keeping particles ‘entangled’ for up to an hour. Until now, the link between two entangled systems could only be maintained for a fraction of a second. This development could enable a direct link between two systems of communication” (engadget.com, N.P.). This could mean incredible things for our communication systems. Don’t think that speed and convenience aren’t the only benefits we would reap either. There would be countless new tools and abilities that would...
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... mayor poder de cómputo. Sin embargo, los problemas que requieren recursos exponenciales siguen causando problemas. 1982 Richard Feynman sugiere que simular sistemas cuánticos necesariamente requiere recursos exponenciales. Sin embargo la naturaleza es capaz de simularlo de manera eficiente! 1985 David Deutsch describe el primer modelo para una Quantum Turing Machine basada en la utilización de datos y control cuánticos. • 1993 Charles Bennett y otros científicos de IBM diseñaron el experimento de Teleportación. 1994 Peter Shor describe un algoritmo cuántico para factorizar números que es exponencialmente más rápido que cualquier algoritmo clásico conocido. El potencial de ese algoritmo atrajo mucha inversión de entes estatales y privados. • 1998 Isaac Chuang dirige el grupo de Berkeley que desarrolla la primera computadora cuántica de 1 qubit. • 2001 Un grupo de IBM desarrolla una computadora cuántica capaz de controlar 7 qubits, con ella prueban el algoritmo de Shor factorizando el número 15. • Diciembre de 2005 Rainer Blatt y su grupo de Innsbruck realizan una computadora cuántica de 8 qubits (1 qubyte) y Daniel Stick y...
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...draft. Some chapters are more finished than others. References and attributions are very preliminary and we apologize in advance for any omissions (but hope you will nevertheless point them out to us). Please send us bugs, typos, missing references or general comments to complexitybook@gmail.com — Thank You!! DRAFT ii DRAFT About this book Computational complexity theory has developed rapidly in the past three decades. The list of surprising and fundamental results proved since 1990 alone could fill a book: these include new probabilistic definitions of classical complexity classes (IP = PSPACE and the PCP Theorems) and their implications for the field of approximation algorithms; Shor’s algorithm to factor integers using a quantum computer; an understanding of why current approaches to the famous P versus NP will not be successful; a theory of derandomization and pseudorandomness based upon computational hardness; and beautiful constructions of pseudorandom objects such as extractors and expanders. This book aims to describe such recent achievements of complexity theory in the context of the classical results. It is intended to both serve as a textbook as a reference for self-study. This means it must simultaneously cater to many audiences, and it is carefully designed with that goal. Throughout the book we explain the context in which a certain notion is useful, and why things are defined in a certain way. Examples and solved exercises accompany key definitions. We...
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...4. 4.1 Big Data Introduction In 2004, Wal-Mart claimed to have the largest data warehouse with 500 terabytes storage (equivalent to 50 printed collections of the US Library of Congress). In 2009, eBay storage amounted to eight petabytes (think of 104 years of HD-TV video). Two years later, the Yahoo warehouse totalled 170 petabytes1 (8.5 times of all hard disk drives created in 1995)2. Since the rise of digitisation, enterprises from various verticals have amassed burgeoning amounts of digital data, capturing trillions of bytes of information about their customers, suppliers and operations. Data volume is also growing exponentially due to the explosion of machine-generated data (data records, web-log files, sensor data) and from growing human engagement within the social networks. The growth of data will never stop. According to the 2011 IDC Digital Universe Study, 130 exabytes of data were created and stored in 2005. The amount grew to 1,227 exabytes in 2010 and is projected to grow at 45.2% to 7,910 exabytes in 2015.3 The growth of data constitutes the “Big Data” phenomenon – a technological phenomenon brought about by the rapid rate of data growth and parallel advancements in technology that have given rise to an ecosystem of software and hardware products that are enabling users to analyse this data to produce new and more granular levels of insight. Figure 1: A decade of Digital Universe Growth: Storage in Exabytes Error! Reference source not found.3 1 ...
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