...* Geographic factors of Bangladesh: The main geographic factors of Bangladesh are as follows – * Geographic location * Physiography * Climate * Forest * Rivers * Physiography of Bangladesh : The physiographic condition of a country influences the socio-economic and the political situation or development of a country. Physiography of Bangladesh also influences this country .A small portion of Bangladesh is high land. Major part of our country is plain land. Though there is no plateau in our country, there are a few traces in various regions of Bangladesh. * Physiography: On the basis of the land forms, the physiography of Bangladesh is divided into three parts. Such as- * Mountainous region of tertiary period. * Traces of Pleistocene period. * Alluvial floodplain. * Mountainous region of Bangladesh: Hills and mountainous land is the highest land of Bangladesh, It was raised during the tertiary age. It is situated in the Northeastern, Eastern and the Southeastern part of Bangladesh. The hills and the mountains in that period are considered as the same to the Himalaya and Arakan Yoma mountain, Because these were raised at the same period. According to the locational characteristics, these regions are classified into two groups. These are as follows- a) Northeastern Region and b) Southeastern Region. a) Northeastern region: The highlands in Sumangonj, Moulavibazar and the part of Netrokoana are under this...
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...Product standardization The tradeoffs that are implied with this move is worth the risk of this approval process. There is potential for savings upwards to HK150,000 per block. An approximate saving of over 1 million based upon the 179 blocks per year projection from the HKHA. Once this approval is agreed upon and the contracts awarded. I recommend a detail review of Unicon current product lines and completely outsourcing the stair production line. After a 6th month time, I recommend we review our production efficiencies and look into expanding our production facility as our three remaining products are now made-to-stock. Issue Identification Concrete Construction Market: • Precast Concrete Products sold to General Contractors in Hong Kong • 2 Options for building, Traditional Method or assembling precast concrete facades & slabs • Not enough market capacity to build all the required buildings 20 market max, 179 needed • Non standardization of precast products available Unicon specific issues: • Specifications do not favor changes at the time of superstructure tender. Time is too short to have them approved. • Shortage of skilled labor •...
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...Analysis of Indian Cement Industry 1 • Industry Structure • Regional Scenario • Demand Dynamics • Cost Structure • Ready Mix Concrete (RMC) • Demand • Key Demand Drivers • Supply • Operating Rates • Prices • Profitability • Player Profiles 2 :3 : 13 : 55 : 75 : 86 : 99 : 102 : 132 : 143 : 154 : 161 : 168 Industry Structure 3 Porter five force analysis Industry structure •As of March 2011, the installed cement capacity of large plants in India stands at approximately 284 million tonnes. •This is accounted by around 172 large cement plants. In addition to large cement plants, around 365 mini cement plants account for approximately 11 million tonnes of cement capacity in India. •The industry can be broadly classified into pan-India, regional and marginal players. Pan-India players include large players like Holcim group companies- ACC and Ambuja and Aditya Birla group company- UltraTech Cement (including Samruddhi Cement) . •Companies of both these groups are adding capacities through either greenfield or brownfield expansions. Industry structure •Players whose presence is restricted to one or two regions, with a stronghold in the markets of their respective operations are included in the category of regional players. Key examples of players included in this segment are Jaiprakash Associates (North and Central), Lafarge (concentrated in the East), India Cement (South), Shree Cement •(North), Binani Cement (North), Kesoram Industries (South), OCL (East)...
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...Concrete is the most widely used material in the world. It accounts for roughly 70% of all construction materials globally. Each year about “7 cubic kilometers of concrete are made” (The Civil Engineer). It is a $35 billion industry with more than two million workers in the United States alone (The Civil Engineer). Concrete is made up of cement, water, and chemical admixtures. Portland cement is the most common cement used in concrete. Fly ash, slag cement, sand, or gravel limestone may also be used to create concrete. Due to hydration, the concrete solidifies and hardens after mixing with the water. Concrete is used to make parking structures, roads, foundations, walls, and many other structures (Encyclopedia Britannica Online Academic Edition). Even though concrete is already such a highly used material, there is still room for improvements. Traditional concrete can have many problems including failure under heavy loads, lack of durability, and the cost of repair resulting from failure. Concrete can also be very heavy at times. For example, when designing a bridge the large weight of the asphalt must be accounted for in order to design the supports. In the 1990’s, a group of researchers from the University of Michigan discovered a new form of concrete called bendable concrete. This new mixture is also referred to as Engineered Cementous Composite (ECC). This was achieved by adding stretchable fibers that are embedded in the concrete. Dr. Victor Li was the...
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...The invention and advancement of concrete shaped the world to what it is today. Without concrete nothing today would be possible and it is the most facilitated invention in Earth’s history. The Roman’s developed cement that produced structures of remarkable durability. Most government buildings in America are based on the building styles of Rome. Concrete made transportation a possibility and reshaped the world to what it is today. Usually when there is a need for a solution, someone invents the fix. The Roman’s had many issues and many needs for concrete. Some issues were water purification, transportation, and trade. In Roman time, there was no water purification or storage to distribute from house to house. The Roman’s needed a structure that could transports, filter, and store fresh water. “Just like they conquered other people, they would conquer nature with their engineering. In the end, for this city of a million people, they had 11 aqueducts, 11 channels of over 300 miles, delivering perhaps 150 to 200 gallons per person per day, an amazing amount for the ancient world.”. Before the introduction of aqueducts, water was transported on dirt roads by horse and carriage. People would wait and wait for water and some would die because of the delay. Concrete made a water supply readily available to the roman’s and is the basis for water storage in today’s times. (Herring, Benjamin) Trade and commerce is necessary to gather resources that one country could...
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...Prefabricated construction is a very common method used around the world, especially used in the UK because it is a cheaper and faster way of construction. Prefabricated construction method can be classified into on-site and off-site prefabricated. On-site prefabricated method involves casting structural building elements within site before erecting to actual location. On-site pre-casting provides several advantages over cast in-situ construction. These include mass production of units, cost and time reduction and improved quality of work. Off-site prefabricated method involves transferring building operations from site to factory. All elements that can be standardised are pre-fabricated in the factory. Prefabrication allows a component to be built whenever convenient, so long as it is delivered to site on time. Normally, this method would involve the assembly of precast elements such as floor slabs, in-filled walls, staircases, etc. into place for incorporation into the main units, columns and beams. This method of construction has reduced the amount of site labour involved in site operations and increased the productivity of the industry. Prefabricated construction is a building process in which elements or modules of the structure are prefabricated at plants, and then transported to the construction site for installation. Using this method can reduce the time of building, also saving construction cost. Prefabricated construction is now widely applied for new houses or other...
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...Pg1Pg1 Point of View These columns of ICJ offer an opportunity to the engineering fraternity to express their views on the current practices in design, construction and management being followed in the industry. To share your opinion with our readers, you may send in your inputs in about 1500 words via e-mail to editor@icjonline.com Roads from plastic waste S.S. Verma The debate on the use and abuse of plastics vis-a-vis environmental protection can go on, without yielding results until practical steps are initiated at the grassroots level by everyone who is in a position to do something about it. The plastic wastes could be used in road construction and the field tests withstood the stress and proved that plastic wastes used after proper processing as an additive would enhance the life of the roads and also solve environmental problems. The present write-up highlights the developments in using plastics waste to make plastic roads. Plastic is everywhere in today’?s lifestyle. It is used for packaging, protecting, serving, and even disposing of all kinds of consumer goods. With the industrial revolution, mass production...
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... Mass concreting works. * Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) (GRADE-43, GRADE-53, GRADE- 33) * The 43 grade OPC is the most popular general-purpose cement in the country today. The production of 43 grade OPC is nearly 50% of the total production of cement in the country. * The 43 grade OPC can be used for following applications: * General Civil Engineering construction work * RCC works(preferably where grade of concrete is up to M-30) * Precast items such as blocks, tiles, pipes etc * Asbestos products such as sheets and pipes * Non-structural works such as plastering, flooring etc. * White Cement PPC is manufactured by blending a mixture of ordinary portland cement and pozzolana materials such as fly ash, in proportions not less than 15 per cent and not over 35 per cent by weight of cement. It is sold in packets of different quantities: 1. OPC contains a mixture of portland clinker and gypsum ground to a very fine powder. About 75% of all the cement produced goes into ready-mix concrete, which is used for buildings, bridges, sidewalks, walls and all types of structures. The rest is used for building...
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...consumption (L1 S12) -Tool- Life Cycle Assessment (L1 S12) -LCA is to determine the TOTAL cost, energy, consumption, eco-impact, of a structure over its entire life cycle: Material production, transportation, construction, in service(+maintenance), end of life (disposal or reuse) (L1 S13) -Life cycle cost and societal costs are calculated using similar principles. (S13) 2. What does “Resilience” mean in the context of civil infrastructure? Infrastructure’s ability to resist effects of the environment and rebound back to its normal state. (ex. Earthquakes, etc.) 3. By giving an example, explain how a material (e.g., steel panels used in automobiles) impacts the environment and our energy consumption during its service life. Concrete production- during production CO2 is released into the environment from energy use. Service life only requires maintenance with minimal energy consumption. (ex. Personnel to wash off salts, etc.) 4. What is the embodied energy (materials production and processing) of an aluminum soda can weighing 100g? How many 32W compact fluorescent light bulbs can be lit for 1hr using the same amount of energy? Assume energy conversion efficiency...
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...International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 19 Number 4 – Jan 2015 Green Concrete using Plastic Waste Vikram Kathe #1 , Akshay Gangurde #2 , Abhijit Pawar#3 12 Undergraduate Student, 3Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, SIEM Nashik, University of Pune, Nashik, India Abstract— This experimental study presents the use of major plastic wastes as fine aggregates in concrete as an effective way to deal with the scarcity of sand and disposal of plastic waste. Aggregates in concrete account for the largest volume of solid material extracted around the globe at a rate far greater than their regeneration. The removal of aggregates has a major impact on rivers, deltas and marine ecosystems which results in deterioration of land through coastal or river erosion, Depletion of the water table and decrease in sediment supply. This paper emphasizes on using major plastic waste such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Polypropylene (PP), Polyethylene to substitute the sand in concrete to tackle the ill-effects of sand extraction and the problems related to disposal of plastic waste. In addition, Aluminum powder is used to minimize the weight of concrete and plastic itself is lighter than sand which results in lightweight concrete. Overall using these ingredients to replace sand will give new dimension in concrete mix design and if applied universally would transform the construction, by reducing the cost and enable...
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...CHAPTER 2 CONCRETE LEARNING OUTCOME: By the end of this session, the students SHOULD BE able to: Explain the basic science and engineering fundamentals pertaining to classification,properties, advantages and disadvantages of concrete. INTRODUCTION Concrete is most widely used as construction material. Obtained by mixing – cement, water + aggregates (sometimes admixtures in required proportions) These mixture then placed in forms and allowed to cure and becomes hard like stone. The hardening is caused by chemical reaction between water and cement and its continues for a long time, and consequently the concrete grows stronger with age. INTRODUCTION (cont.) • The strength, durability and other characteristics of concrete depend: o Properties of its ingredients o Properties of the mix o Method of compaction o Other controls during placing, compaction and curing CLASSIFICATION OF CONCRETE It is usual to specify a particular concrete by the proportion (by weight) of the constituents and their characteristics. Example, 1:2:4 concrete refers to particular concrete mixed of cement, sand and coarse aggregate in a ratio 1:2:4 (with a specified type of cement, water cement ratio & max. size of coarse aggregate). Concrete can be classified either: o Prescribed mix concrete or o Designed mix concrete -Depending on the specifying requirements of the desirable properties of concrete (strength, workability, durability and permeability...
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...Major Export Markets: * Afghanistan * India * African Countries * Middle Eastern Countries * Iraq Cement contribution to Pakistan and types of cement: http://korea.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=254067068126022003113002086030082105022014038021002005108125075028021077000124074120033036018034122000060029112013006095005012025085028077060107095090096021075023071014042085123068105067114118084025004107115125119114080119018079109077006119118098068029&EXT=pdf 1. It constitutes 3 percent of the overall manpower of the country. 2. The cement industry of Pakistan generates significant revenue of Rs. 30 billion 3. The cement Industry of Pakistan makes a significant contribution of Rs.100 billion in the Gross Domestic Product of Pakistan. 4. The Pakistani cement industry has a surplus production capacity of approximately 12 million tonnes of cement and if this capacity is utilized, the additional produced cement could be exported in order to earn foreign exchange of approximately US Dollars 750 million. 5. Geographically north regions captures about 83% of the total share of cement while south region has a share of around 17% productions. 6. Portland cement with the share of approximately 90% to 94%. Furthermore, the other major types of cement product by plants in Pakistan also include Sulphate Resisting Cement, Blast Furnace Slag Cement and White Cement. This means that competition is based on proximity to raw materials and markets and it tends...
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...The immediate visual impression of the Parthenon rests with the line of columns supporting the lintel roof. The columns taper off toward the top, which acts to emphasize the slender character of each column. The building itself has a front porch and an interior cella. Inside the cella stood a statute of the patron goddess of Athens, Athena. Although modern scholars often speculate at the furnishing of the interior of the Parthenon, the actual decoration remains speculative (Greer 68-72). The Roman Pantheon however, was quite different. From an exterior view, the structure is somewhat unimpressive. Once inside though, it opens up into an enormous, well lit, domed space. Light flows in from the oculus, a thirty foot opening in the center of the roof which is over 143 feet above the floor (Janson 135-136). The spaciousness of the interior could only have been created by sacrificing the quality of the exterior. "Indeed, the Pantheon itself is the classic example of. . . the centrally planned building [designed] to support a circular dome" (Brilliant 49). The basic styles of architecture are initiated by the technique or type of form used. For instance, Greek architecture is most closely associated with the column and colonnade, while Roman architecture by the arch and vault. The columnar style externalizes architecture and lends itself to more of an ornamental character. The arch and vault lend themselves more to an interior perspective, but also have greater structural advantages...
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...A STUDY ON DEALER’S SATISFACTION WITH REFERENCE TO TAMILNADU CEMENT CORPORATION LTD., ARIYALUR. SUMMER PROJECT REPORT Submitted by M. SWAMINATHA PRABU REGISTER NO: 27348351 Under the Guidance of Mrs. M. JANAKIRAMA, M.B.A, P.G.D.C.A Faculty in the Department Of Management Studies in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES SRI MANAKULA VINAYAGAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY PUDUCHERRY, INDIA. SEPTEMBER 2007 SRI MANAKULA VINAYAGAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE MADAGADIPET, PUDUCHERRY. DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE This to certify that the project work entitled “A STUDY ON DEALER’S SATISFACTION WITH REFERENCE TO TAMILNADU CEMENT CORPORATION LTD., ARIYALUR.” Is bonafide work done by M.SWAMINATHA PRABU [REGISTER NO: 27348351] in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Master of Business Administration by Pondicherry University during the academic year 2007 – 2008. GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT Submitted for Viva-Voce Examination held on ________________ EXTERNAL EXAMINER ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I express my sincere thanks and deep sense of gratitude to my Management of Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College, Puducherry, to provide necessary and essential facilities to do this project report. I am extremely grateful to Our Principal Dr. V.S.K. VENGATACHALAPATHY...
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...Concrete as a building material Name: Institution Concrete is a building material which has been in use since the Roman times. It is a complex mixture of water, coarse granular material usually sand or gravel. Cement fills the spaces among the granular material and acts as a binder that glues them together. The Panama Canal, the Hoover Dam, and the Roman Pantheon are some of renowned structures made of concrete. (PCA) Concrete usage dates back thousands of years ago. Concrete was used for building of many ancient structures. Heinrich Schliemann, a German archaeologist discovered concrete floors in a royal palace of Tiryns, Greece, which dates approximately 1400-1200 BC. The Romans also used concrete on large scale from 300 BC to 476 AD. Roman concrete was made from an aggregate of pumice, pozzolana and quicklime. (Jacobs 4). Modern concrete is different from the Romans concrete in two ways. First, its mixer of a homogeneous fluid, this allows it to be poured into forms instead of hand-layering together with the arrangement of gravel, in Roman practice, this comprised of debris. Second, modern cement is integrated with steel that reinforces it to great strength in tension. Roman concrete depended only on the strength of the concrete bonds to withstand tension. The idea of reinforced concrete was invented by Joseph Monier in 1849. The first reinforced concrete bridge was built that year. (Constructor) Concrete has many benefits. It is economical when ingredients are readily...
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