...MRI Scan Patient Preparation When having an MRI examination, there is no preparation or dietary/NPO requirements. Special Nursing Considerations Patients cannot have halter monitors, telemetry units, nerve stimulation units or a IV pump in the magnet room Clothing Requirements No metal can enter the exam room, clothing with metal snaps or pins should not be worn. Jewelry, watches, rings etc should be left in a locker. Hairpins and dentures, should also be removed and left in a locker or outside the exam room Heavy facial makeup should not be worn as it may create artifacts on the image. Labs Labs are not required unless you have a history of impaired kidney function. However, allergy history records are necessary for contrast studies. Contraindication If you have a heart pacemaker or pacing wires, cerebal aneurysm or Swan Ganz catheter you cannot have an MRI under any circumstances! Pregnancy is a contraindication and will require patient consent for an MRI. All other history of metal fragments in the eye require orbit screening x-rays prior to your MRI. All other history of implants or surgery must be indicated to the technologist. The make and model of implants may be necessary (i.e. ear implants, heart valve replacements). The Exam Your exam will last between 30 and 60 minutes. You will need to lie still for periods of 3 to 10 minutes at a time while the series of images are collected. You can breathe freely during this time. You may, in some cases, be allowed to...
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...Wounds to the Spine Samantha Lawson Introduction Gunshot wounds cases are continuing to increase across the country. One of the most severe cases of gunshot wounds is the spinal injuries as a result of penetration of bullet fragments towards the spinal column. Determining the projectile of the bullet and its position is vital for physicians to treat such an injury. Forensic Radiography is a technique that can be used in medical facilities to determine the exact position of the bullet fragments. Forensic Radiography is quite useful in the medical profession. Understanding the right type of radiography is vital in ensuring that physicians are able to make sound decisions in treating patients with spinal injuries as a...
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...The imaging studies take a scan of the kidneys to identify the presence of any abnormalities in the form of renal cysts. An ultrasound mechanism uses high frequency sound waves to capture and visualize images that can't be seen with the naked eye. The CT scan combines many x-ray images with the aid of a computer to generate cross sectional views and/or three-dimensional images of the kidneys and the MRI scan uses a magnetic field and pulses of radio wave energy to from pictures of the kidneys Genetic testing for polycystic kidney disease is for those who have a family history of polycystic kidney disease who has no symptoms and may consider being screened for the disease. Genetic tests can be done to screen for both PKD1 and PKD2...
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... Throughout history, man has striven to explain poor-health and illness. It was originally thought that disease stemmed from being possessed by evil spirits and other supernatural causes. However, these concepts were rejected by the Greek physician Hippocrates around 400 BC in favour of disease having a physical, rational and therefore measurable cause, (Porter, 1994). Yet it was not until 1895 that Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovered x-rays and began to revolutionise the assessment process using non-invasive techniques. (Nobel Lectures, 2012). Since then, many types of diagnostic imaging techniques have been discovered and developed which play an integral role in modern medicine. These include Ultrasounds, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, (MRI), Electrocardiograms (ECG) and Electroencephalography, (EEG). This essay will discuss; the rationale of referring a patient for Computerised-Tomography, (CT) scans; the support given throughout the process; evaluation of the benefits and risks of the technique and resulting diagnosis. A 28 year old male was brought into hospital by emergency ambulance after being involved in a motor-cycle accident. He had sustained multiple fractures and a dislocated shoulder. The paramedics reported that he had complained of severe headache and was aggressive and disorientated at the scene. He improved en-route to hospital. However, his mental state deteriorated on arrival and he had no memory of the accident or the events leading up to it. He had...
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...Whether it’s a nervous habit or a stress reliever, knuckle cracking has been the topic of many debates throughout the years. Scientists have discovered that it isn’t harmful and that it can even increase joint mobility and flexibility in the short term. Overtime, knuckle cracking has been linked to slight joint inflammation and loss of grip strength. When a knuckle cracks, the bubbles in the synovial fluid of the joint partially collapse, forming the “crack” sound in the knuckle. Scientists have conducted numerous studies to find out if this movement is connected to arthritis, and concluded that it is in no way related. Although there are multiple facts about the effects of knuckle cracking, the true reason that people crack their knuckles is because it stimulates nerve endings that relax the muscles around joints. Even though knuckle cracking can cause slight joint inflammation later in life, knuckle cracking is helpful for the body because it increases joint flexibility and doesn’t cause any major damage....
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...Question1 First of all, what is Anthropometry? It is the scientific study of the morphology and composition of the human body in relation to movement and function, anthropometry are combination of measurements related to body size and composition. Anthropometry measures all physical aspects of your body. Measurements include height, width, skinfold, circumferences and mass. Here are some of the benefits and limitations of using anthropometric methods to assess body composition. One of the biggest advantages of anthropometry measurements is that the cost is very low due to equipment price are low and little equipment required. E.g. a skinfold caliper, Lufkin W606PM tape and a surgical skin marker will do for all ISAK level 1 measurements. Another benefit is that anthropometric measurements are easy to perform and all the equipment is transportable. The practical skill of anthropometric measurement is very easy and can be learn in a very short period of time. However the hard part is to take anthropometric measurements at the correct locations and for a precise and accurate result a skilled technician is required. In addition, because multiple measurements will be taken at each skinfold site, it is important to measure the exact same spot each time. For this reason it is necessary to mark each site before you take a measurement and make it precisely. A good technique would be marking the entire skinfold site and double check it first before taking a measure. Question 2 If I...
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...and musical skill can not be tied to superior memory skills found in all autistic savants (Hermelin, 2001). Some savants are shown to have eidetic imagery, which is the ability to retain an accurate, detailed visual image of a complex scene or pattern, while others are not (Kennedy & Squire, 2007). Eidetic imagery is considered to be more from brain damage than savant syndrome (Donnelly, n.d.). Forms of Savant Syndrome Savant syndrome comes in two forms, genetic or procured. Most autistic talents transpire during childhood and adolescence with an overshadowing learning disability discovered at childbirth. In some instances, savant skills do not emerge until someone has a neuro injury, or disease later in life (Treffert, 1989). Some studies have shown that elderly people with frontal temporal dementia acquire savant skills (Miller et al. 2000). With these findings, damage to the central nervous system could be a key variable of savant syndrome. (Fabricius, T....
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...other factors that needed to be taken into account. One of these factors is how the power is going to be delivered to the upcoming businesses. The answer to this question is power lines. Power lines are one of the cheapest was to deliver power across a distance. They are connected to tall posts which are convenient for the business and the power company. The heights at which they are located are far enough above ground that there is less noise and interference. Things such as builds or walls interfere with the electric and magnetic field that is being given off by the power lines. The problem really affects cities the most. In most major cities such as New York, there is no land to really build on so much business and homes build up. This is quite apparent because New York houses some of the world’s tallest buildings. One of which is the Empire State Building. Aside from this, the power companies still have to run and deliver power to the homes and businesses. The problem is the health problems that are caused by the electric and magnetic fields in children and the elderly. In order to investigate the problem, there is some basic information that needs to be analyzed. First, the definition of an electromagnetic field must be known. Electromagnetic fields (EMF) are areas that contain energy due to the flow of electric current. EMF’s are present around devices such as household...
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...The Soccer Mom: A Case Study on the Nervous System by Jennifer Bolognese, Misti Coronel, Anita Intorre, and Phil Stephens Biology Department Villanova University Part I—At the Soccer Game Thirty-two-year-old Phyllis Jackson was sitting on the bench at the side of the soccer field, sipping a bottle of Gatorade. Her husband, Steven, sat next to her with a concerned expression. “I’m really worried about you, honey,” he said. “I’m just a little dehydrated; I’ll be fine.” “If this were the first incident, then maybe I’d agree with you. But your boss has been on your case about your lack of concentration at work, you forgot to pick up the kids from school last week, and quite frankly, you haven’t exactly been yourself with me lately. Now you’re having fainting spells during games? Something doesn’t seem right.” “I know things haven’t been going well for me lately, but I don’t know why. I try so hard at work, at home, with the kids, to be a good wife. So maybe all this stress has made me a little unfocused and disoriented. What do you want me to do about it?” Phyllis said, blinking back tears. “I think you should see a doctor,” Steven replied, putting his arm around her and drawing her close. “The kids are getting worried, too.” Phyllis sighed. “Alright, if it will make you feel better. I really just think I need some time to relax, though.” “Well… I could drop the kids off at my sister’s tonight; that would give us a little free time…” “That’s really thoughtful of you. I could definitely...
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...Brain imaging techniques Introduction to brain imaging techniques and other methods A number of techniques are available to investigate the question of how and where in the brain particular perceptual and cognitive processes occur. Tasks or tests can be devised that place varying levels of demand on the cognitive, sensory or motor capacities of the participant being tested. Performance of these tasks is then correlated with physiological measurements, and on the basis of these results, we may go on to ascribe functions to areas of the brain. Whilst there is a growing fascination with imaging techniques in the popular media (e.g. ‘This is your brain on politics’), it’s important to bear in mind that each technique has limitations that often don’t get picked up on by newspaper editors who themselves have little-to-no experience using them. The most often overlooked limitation is the issue of ‘reverse inference’ – just because cognition X (e.g. using one’s memory) is associated with brain activation Y (e.g. activation in the prefrontal cortex), that doesn’t mean that if a participant displays activation Y, they are necessary engaging in cognition X. Below we highlight some key neuropsychological and neuroscientific techniques, and a few of their limitations. There are also a number of great blogs that deal with issues relating to neuroscience, particularly in the popular press (e.g. Bad Science, The Neurocritic, [citation needed]). Testing brain damaged subjects (Neuropsychology) ...
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...this question. Brain imaging like MRI’s, CAT, and PET scans all help in discovering the brains role in cognitive functioning. Advances in imaging technology have helped researchers pin point which areas of the brain are responsible for thinking, learning and memory. By recording activity of the brain in action, researchers can examine the systems of brain regions that participate in different cognitive functions, ranging from basic sensory and motor functions to complex functions like reasoning and language understanding. According to the Center for Neural Basis of Cognition (CNBC) at the University of Pittsburg “To discover how brain cells actually support cognitive processes, CNBC investigators use physiological studies of neuronal activity in animals. Such studies have uncovered neurons that encode basic sensory properties of stimuli as well as others that reflect deeper cognitive analyses, such as the relative location of one object with respect to other objects of interest, the emotional content of a facial expression, the location of the animal in extra personal space or the anticipated reward value...
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...development are involved in social cognitive function in adults. In the first section of this paper, I briefly describe evidence for a circumscribed network of brain regions involved in understanding other people. Next, I describe evidence that some of these brain regions undergo structural development during adolescence. Finally, I discuss recent studies that have investigated social cognitive development during adolescence. The first time Uta Frith made an impression on me was when I was 15. That year I was given a copy of her book Autism: Explaining the Enigma (U. Frith, 1989), which had recently been published. I knew nothing about autism and found Uta’s book captivating. It inspired me to write to its author and ask if I could do a week’s work experience in her lab. With characteristic generosity, Uta agreed. So in the summer of 1990, I spent a week in the Medical Research Council (MRC) Cognitive Development Unit, where I observed children with autism being tested on the Sally Anne task, and joined in when Uta’s group were generating spoonerisms like Dob Bylan and Himi Jendrix. At the time, I didn’t quite...
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...Pain is necessary and important. In fact, it is an inborn drive, vital to our very existence (Hebb). Pain prompts us to change something, for instance, to move our hand off of a hot stove. It, therefore, prevents us from causing damage or even death to ourselves. It motivates us to protect an injured area, and the abatement of that pain lets us know when it is safe to use that area of our body again (Doctor's Surgery Center). While pain is a crucial sensation, required for our survival, it’s no secret that in our day to day lives we want to avoid it at all cost. Pain doesn’t feel good. Therefore, if we can avoid it, we will. This desire to avoid pain makes pain control a very big business. Google the word “pain” and you will get a return of about 215 million websites. These websites offer a vast array of pain management options, including a variety of medications, surgeries, medical therapies, complementary therapies, alternative therapies, emotional therapies, products, tools, and more. Notice the next time you watch television or listen to the radio how many advertisements there are for these products. To get some idea of how much money is spent annually on pain control we will look at just a few of these pain management options. Acetaminophen is the pain relieving ingredient found in Tylenol as well as a few other prescription and over-the-counter medications. The sales of this drug in 2009 were 2.6 billion dollars (Aubuchon). More than 400,000 carpal tunnel surgeries are...
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...PART II INSTRUCTOR’S NOTES ON TEXT CASES CASE GUIDE CHAPTER CASE | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 1–1 Starbucks – Going Global Fast | X | X | | X | X | | | | | | X | X | | | | | | | | 1–2 Nestlé – The Infant Formula Incident | | X | X | X | X | | | X | | | X | X | | | | | | | | 1–3 Coke and Pepsi Learn to Compete in India | | | | X | X | X | | | | | X | X | | | | | | | | 1-4 Marketing Microwave Ovens to a New Market Segment | | | | X | X | | | | | | X | X | | | | | | X | | 2–1 The Not-So-Wonderful World of EuroDisney | | | | X | | X | X | X | | | X | | | | | | | X | | 2-2 Cultural Norms, Fair and Lovely, and Advertising | | | | X | X | | | X | | | X | X | | | | | | | | 2–3 Starnes-Brenner Machine Tool Company – To Bribe or Not to Bribe | | | | | X | | X | | | | | | | | | | X | | | 2-4 Ethics and Airbus* | | | | X | X | X | X | | | | | | X | | | | | | | 2–5 Coping with Corruption in Trading with China | | | | | X | X | X | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2–6 When International Buyers and Sellers Disagree | | | | | | | X | | | | | | | | X | | | | | 2-7 McDonald’s and Obesity | ...
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...psychology is based on the mental processes and behavior of human beings, and in some cases, animals. The foundations of psychology rely heavily upon four individual schools of thought. This includes the following perspectives: psychodynamic, behaviorist, cognitive, and evolutionary (Kowalski & Westen, 2009). Although the biopsychological approach is not considered as one of the four major schools of thought within psychology, it plays an important role in the foundations of psychology. These perspectives focus on a unique viewpoint or approach toward the field of psychology and each brings new ideas and theories to the table. The Psychodynamic Perspective It can be said that Sigmund Freud was the father of the psychodynamic perspective of psychology. Freud developed this perspective based upon the idea that the unconscious self is responsible for certain “underlying wishes, fears, and patterns of thought from an individual’s conscious, verbalized thought, and behavior” (Kowalski & Westen, 2009, p. 13). Essentially, the psychodynamic perspective suggests that people’s actions and thoughts are influenced by unconscious factors that they may not be aware of. The goal of psychodynamic psychologists was to discover how these unconscious factors influence the behavior and mental processes of human beings. Due to the nature of this perspective psychologists relied heavily upon the case study method which permitted observation and analysis of the patient’s dreams, fantasies...
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