...STUDENTS’ CONSTRUCTION OF THE BODY IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Kinesiology by Laura Azzarito B.S., Universita’ di Scienze Motorie di Torino, Italy, 1994 M.S., University of Maryland, College Park, 2000 December 2004 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I’m very grateful to all the students and teachers who are the subjects of this work. I greatly appreciate their willingness to participate in this research and the time they dedicated to all of the interviews and member checks. I also thank the principals who gave me permission to conduct this study. I especially acknowledge and thank physical education teachers Celeste Alfred, for welcoming me to her school, and Vickie Braud for her great help in making contacts necessary to complete my data collection. Both Vickie and Celeste were wonderful throughout my research process, helping me to observe classes and arrange student interviews at the schools. I greatly appreciate all the suggestions, insights and comments of my committee members. Thank you to all of them: Dr. Kuttruff, my external committee member, for her interest in following the steps of my dissertation; Dr. Magill, for bringing a very challenging and valuable perspective to my research; Dr. Lee, for her deep knowledge and expertise in the field of physical education;...
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...shooting her 3times. In a part of the story, the misfit says the only pleasure in life is meaness; being mean. But when he kills the grandma and one of his buddies comment on the fact that it is pleasurable, he says it is no real pleasure in life. So althought throughout his conversation with the grandma about religion (which you will read in the last part of the story) the misfit seemed against jesus and religion, in the end he showed a bit of grace, which is what religion is all about, grace. He showed this by saying that killing is no real pleasure in life. How lit illustrates and challenges gender roles: At the beginning of the play "A Doll's House," Nora is clearly shown as the silly housewife whose only concern is clothes, housekeeping, and caring for her 3 children while her husband Trovald is shown as the strong in-control husband who is the "man of the house." These are the gender roles we continuously see in societies as well as much of old literature since a woman's worth was equal to almost nothing back then. But throughout the play, we see that slowly, Nora's real stand in her house unravels. She is not the silly girl that is first portrayed to be. It is revealed to us that Nora's father did not give her the money for their family trip, but that she borrowed money as a loan from the man who was also Travold's classmate. Nora had to hide...
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...Gender Identity August 5, 2013 Gender Identity Paper Gender identity and sexual differentiation form a complex, interrelated paradigm involving genetic inheritance, internal and external physiology, endocrinology, neurological structure, sexual orientation, and socio-environmental factors. Before the 1950’s gender assignment at birth was a matter of ‘predominant sex’; in other words, dependent on external genitalia, structure of gonads, and sex chromosomes (Cohen-Kettenis, 2005). In the wake of the behavioral-cognitive movement that sprang up shortly thereafter, the ‘psychosexual neutrality’ theory was embraced, built upon the supposed, all-encompassing mechanism of experiential learning. More recently a policy of ‘optimal gender’ has been adopted, in which gender assignment is based on reproductive abilities, overall psychological functionality, and psychosexual efficacy. Regardless of which policy is used for gender assignment, an understanding of the underlying genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors involved in sexual differentiation is the key to elucidating the more complicated subjects of gender identity and sexual orientation. When the 23 single chromosomes of the male sperm and female ovum combine to create a genetically unique human zygote, complete with 23 pairs of chromosomes, it is the 23rd chromosome that determines genetic sex (Wickens, 2005). If the alleles of the 23rd chromosome are both an X, then the zygote is genetically female; if one X and one...
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...Encaged Gender roles throughout the years have greatly progressed in the right direction. However compared to their counterparts of today, women in the 19th and 20th century were restrained by a metaphoric glass ceiling. Nora Helmer from Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House and Minnie Foster from Susan Glaspell’s Trifles are both victims of falling into gender roles of their time and trying to challenge or break out of the cultural mold made for females. Nora’s husband Torvald continually treats Nora as an inferior and she accepts the treatment to conform to his needs. This is common for the time as the story takes place in Norway in 1879. Minnie Foster also known as Mrs. Wright, is also treated as an inferior by her husband, Mr. Wright. However, unlike Nora, Mrs. Wright’s story takes place in the Midwest. Mrs. Wright had no one to gather support from due to isolation. By today’s standards, both women were subject to conforming to gender roles, but both women were also able to challenge these ideas. Both stories closely relate to each other in a way that disputes gender roles of the time. Nora Helmer seems to have conformed to her gender role. It seems that everything she does must get Torvald’s approval. She is a house wife, Torvald provides her with everything. For example, he gives her money and he even has hired a nanny to watch after their children. Torvald is a man that is deeply concerned with public image; he is very worried about his and the family’s reputation. When she...
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... MA student: Șerban Agurița Dorinela 1 st year – R.F. 2012 – 2013 Feminism is political label indicating support for the aims of the new woman’s movement which emerged in the late 1960s. This includes seeking to establish equal opportunities for women in education and employment. A feminist is an advocate or supporter of the rights and equality of women. Feminist theory, which emerged from these feminist movements, aims to understand the nature of gender inequality by examining women's social roles and lived experience; it has developed theories in a variety of disciplines in order to respond to issues such as the social construction of sex and gender. Some of the earlier forms of feminism have been criticized for taking into account only white, middle-class, educated perspectives. This led to the creation of ethnically specific or multiculturalism forms of feminism. The feminist movement produced both feminist fiction and non-fiction, and created new interest in women's writing. Nights at the Circus is a novel by Angela Carter, first published in 1984 and that year's winner of the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction. The novel focuses on the life and exploits of Sophie Fevvers, a woman who is – or so she would have people believe – a Cockney virgin, hatched from an egg laid...
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...Vanessa Smith Professor James Williamson Psychology 6 April 2013 Transgender between Boys and Girls While researching articles and sources about transgender between boys and girls, I found several articles and authors who published books about the topic that I felt to be interested in reading and researching. (Transgender is a global term that encompasses, cross dressers, transsexuals, and transgenderists). However, when taken to mean transgressively gendered, and transgender can be seen as encompassing anyone who feels uncomfortable with, dislikes, or resists John Wayne/Marilyn Monroe gender stereotypes). In growing up in the state of Tennessee I was very young but knew of girls my aged that did not like to play with dolls or do girly things. I often notice with this girl named Lillian which is my best friend as of today she liked everything little boys like to do. For an example watching her play boys sport like football, basketball, playing marbles on the ground with boys to me that wasn’t what girls would participate in. On the other hand I did not understand why she was different that all the rest. It was until I invited her to go the church with me and she answered me with reply of no. I asked her why and she stated she doesn’t wear dresses she only prefer pants. In this interpretation, there is good evidence that the intangible feeling we have of being male or female is actually far less susceptible to hormonal influences than either our sexual orientation or our...
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...law—whether or not it should expand to allow same-sex marriages. A decision on such an issue is undeniably difficult as it not only affect the society, but also future generations. I believe that the marriage law should be taken into account on current theories of sexual identity because every individual is unique and we should not expect them to be part of the norm. The development of sexual identity is a complex process and there are many factors that may affect it—genes, prenatal hormones, socialization, and many more that we have yet to discover. For this reason, we should consider all of these possible factors before calling someone a queer or setting the marriage law. First, when a woman becomes pregnant, her body will undergo so many changes that sometimes the baby will be born with an extra X chromosome (Klinefelter’s syndrome). Though a person who is born with this syndrome usually have a male sexual identity, but the incapability for him to produce testosterone will cause breast developments so this factor may change his sexual identity. In other words, when a person with Klinefelter’s syndrome reaches puberty and breast development begins, he might think he is actually a female and will have a female sexual identity and become attracted to men. If a man is psychologically a woman and so it will be normal for him to be attracted to male. We cannot force him to change what he thinks of himself, nor can we force him to marry a female because he appears to be a male. Second...
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...Personal Response on Sexuality Identity Lillian M. Floyd PSY/265 Lauren Lappe February 16.2014 A person’s sexual identity may seem like something obvious, something that should be an essential characteristic of our lives. However as we have found, these things are not always so simple, often finding that our sexual identity, is ever changing most of our lives. I have given my own identity some thought and I find for me it wasn’t easy. In this essay I will be discussing my own identity and my reasons for coming to the conclusions that I have come to, and why I came to them (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2005) Sexuality is and will always be a natural and healthy part of living. All of us have different values or strong beliefs. Our sexuality is like a beautiful diamond being multifaceted with different ethical, emotional, psychological, and physical dimensions. Regardless, there are effects and consequences for any sexual decision we make (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2005) I was a reckless teenager never taking into consideration the consequences of my actions by being so promiscuous. After looking over the different sexual values in our text it seem that when I was younger I favored hedonism because I was more into the pleasure that I received from it (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2005) I can relate to more than one sexual value system(s). Legalism for example, because I come from a very religious family...
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...PSY 410 Defining Abnormalities Gender and sexual preferences/practices Gender and gender roles have different influences. Prenanatal exposure to androgen or the media both show influences (Kenyon, 2006). To be in consideration of normal a boy child should play with a truck and a girl a doll. Many children like to experiment, such as a little boy who wants to try on his “mommy’s” shoes. The able normal behavior occurs if the little boy prefers mommy’s clothing over that of his specific gender. Although in society no one seems to look twice at a women wearing men’s clothing. It is difficult to define what normal and abnormal behavior by gender and sexual preferences or practices in a changing world. The DSM-II defines sexual orientation disorders as a person who is in conflict with his or her own sexual identity, disturbed by the sexual identity, or a desire to change his or her own sexual identity (DSM-II Homosexuality_Revision.pdf, 1973). This should not be in confusion with homosexuality. Homosexuality is the sexual activity between two members of the same gender (Lecture 21, 2010). Homosexuality was historically a sexual deviation disorder according to the DSM-II. However, during the 60s and 70s the definition of homosexuality was reexamined and was no longer thought to be a disorder. The reexamination states defining homosexuality as a disorder was on a basis of values not on the collection of data. The DSM-III made the changes necessary to form a new category...
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...Gender Role Analysis The roles of gender in today’s society vary according to history, one’s personal biases, environment, and society’s input in education, government, and the workplace. History has shown that gender roles have made great strides of accomplishments in roles that were once very similar in each area of life; particularly the role of females in that they were considered to be the property of men and played the role of the helpmeet, which was a biblical term that was taken to what is considered extreme in today’s U.S. culture. Through various social movements throughout history gender roles have changed greatly. Those changes that were affected by such social movements caused great opportunities and advancement for women and minorities in education, government, and the workplace. Social Movements From the beginning of this nation women did not have the same rights as men and were considered to be more of a second class citizen. In the early years of this nation, women along with minorities were considered the property of men. Women were not permitted to be educated in most cases, did not count as a citizen, could not vote, could not own anything, could not enter into contracts, obtain credit, work without her father or husband’s permission and could not even receive a paycheck in her own name. Social movements have made great impacts on gender roles in society throughout history. From social movements in the beginning of this nations’ history such as...
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...Background: You have been assigned to teach a 1-session class to adults regarding gender Identity and gender roles. • Resources: the information in chapter 6 of the text book, supplemental research as needed, scoring rubric. • Outline a lesson plan describing the factors which contribute to gender identification and gender roles. Include the following in your lesson plan: o State the factors that determine gender identity. o Explain how a person’s masculine and feminine traits can be described using the continuum of masculinity-femininity. o Describe three (3) factors in your own life that have helped determine your gender identity. o Discuss the masculine and feminine traits that you attribute to yourself using the continuum of masculinity-femininity. • Write 750- to 1,000-words. Format the lesson plan as a sentence outline. However, do NOT use phrases, Use complete sentences. [An example of a sentence-style outline will be posted to the Course Materials Forum. Complete documentation, proper grammar, spelling, etc. are still required. Gender Identity Lesson Plan Outline I. Gender Identity is started at the moment of conception. A. When a sperm fertilizes an egg there are twenty-three chromosomes from the sperm and twenty-three chromosomes from the egg. B. At the moment of conception the tiny cells know already what color hair, color eyes, if they will be bald and if they will be...
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...The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/1756-6266.htm Situating the subject: gender and entrepreneurship in international contexts Fidelma Ashe University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, UK, and Gender and entrepreneurship 185 Lorna Treanor Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to offer a perspective to further the understanding of gender entrepreneurship. This paper considers the situatedness of the gendered entrepreneur within diverse international contexts marked by different constitutions of gender identities and networks of power, both within the context of contributions within this special issue but also more broadly within the field of gender and entrepreneurship research. Design/methodology/approach – The authors adopt a feminist perspective and analyse the different framings of identity within gender and entrepreneurship literature and their contributions to our understandings of the concepts of both power and gendered identities. Findings – The paper finds that power and identity are configured in different contexts in ways that open arenas for future analysis. Originality/value – The paper highlights the importance of considering masculinities within gender and entrepreneurship research offering support for further analyses of entrepreneurial masculinities by examining two studies that expose entrepreneurial masculinities as shifting subjectivities...
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...with transgenders. My first thought when I think about transgenders are how they transformed their body from it’s natural state. I never once judge gays or Lesbians because I felt as if they couldn't control the way felt about the same sex. However I started wonder why would someone want to distort themselves and disrespect most religions. Majority of my biases are develope from my religion. I was taught that the body is your temple, and always treat it with respect. Therefor I’m little uncomfortable about someone disfiguring the body god gave them. It’s a curious topic for me because i never really engage with someone that was transgender. My mission is to understand and become comfortable with transgenders, I plan to visit Gender-Queer Chicago. At Gender-Queer Chicago I will be exploring the way transgenders interact with each other and how they express themselves as individuals. I have biases about transgenders because I feel that their trying to be something their not and I often feel that they are misleading heterosexual men. For example, I was attending a party and their was a lady their who I thought was a born women but she in fact was a transgender . I felt she should have let us know that she was previously a man instead manipulating us. Nevertheless ,I also plan to visit the a event on central and halsted called charm school. The event is transgender women showing off their elegance. While researching transgender societies it came as a surprise when i read that...
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...proclaims that "all men are created equal" and that they are "endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights" including "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness”. Yet, it is still legal in 29 states to be fired for just being gay. In 33 of the 50 states of the United States of America, one can be fired for being transgendered. These states do not have legal protections for members of the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Community (Solmonese, 2009). So does the “American Dream” only apply to “first class citizens”? This paper explores if the Employee Non Discrimination Act (ENDA) would protect employment decisions, which should be based upon a person's qualifications and job performance, not sexual orientation or gender identity (Solmonese, 2009). For over 50 years when there has been a case of an American being denied employment or promotions for reasons that were unrelated to their skills in the workplace, Congress responded by passing laws which were aimed at designing a system based solely on employee- merit and guaranteeing that subjective considerations do not govern access to employment (Herman, 2009). A specific act that has been brought to legislation, although has not passed, is the Employee Non Discrimination Act. ENDA is modeled after Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which forbids employers from discriminating with regard to hiring, termination,...
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...Abstract: Identity is an abstract, complex and dynamic concept. As a result of those characteristics, identity is not easily defined. According to Pinney, a principal objective of one’s adolescent years is the formation of an identity, and “those who fail to achieve a secure identity are faced with identity confusion, a lack of clarity about who they are and what their role is in life” This suggest that identity development plays a critical role in the individual’s psychological well-being. Thus the necessity of understanding your sense of identity is self-evident. In summary, in this assignment, I’m going to discuss the importance of identity, and the relation between the identity and role of a person portray and enact. To begin with, identity plays an important role in our daily life, and the Identity I’m talking about here is not just a set of computerised data that distinguish me from you and you from me; Identity is a complex term, which links self attitudes, or identities, to the role relationships and role-related behaviour of individuals. Identity theorists argue that the self consists of a collection of identities, each of which is based on occupying a particular role (Stryker, 1968; Stryker & Burke, 2000). Identities can be defined as one's answers to the question 'Who am I?" (Stryker & Serpe, 1982). Many of the "answers" (e.g., "I am a student") are linked to the roles we occupy, so they are often referred to as "role identities" or simply, "identities." For...
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