...Introduction To sum of the differences between ROM RAM BIOS and Post I will simply define the basis of each component while defining what they do. ROM is short for (Read-only Memory) Memory which data is prerecorded on a computer. ROM is simply data that cannot be eliminated even when the computer is off. When working in ROM it is difficult or nearly impossible to change. BIOS is short for the acronym (Basic Input Output System) it is a program which stores detailed information and enable the computer to boot. In addition a ROM chip located on the motherboard, it lets you access the basic setup and ensures that the BIOS will readily be available and will not de damaged by disk failures. RAM is (Random Access Memory) Memory that can be access randomly memory that can be access without touching preceding bytes. RAM is the typical memory found in most computers or printers. In addition, RAM is a volatile memory that requires power to keep information accessible. If power is lost, then memory can be lost. Lastly Post is the self-test which is activated by Bios. The post is designed to run checks on the motherboard. It necessary to use ROM for the BIOS because the ROM retains information on the computer even while shut down whereas RAM does not. Whenever a computer is being use the information is being stored on the RAM if the is ever a power shortage or the computer lose power the information is lost. RAM does not store memory when there is no power. POST beep codes make...
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...William Rivas 02-09-2014 MR. Jones NT1110 A History of BIOS and CMOS The relationship between the BIOS and CMOS is important to the proper functionality of any computer. The BIOS is an integrated circuit which tells the CPU or Processor how to act. BIOS is neither hardware or software and is called firmware. Firmware is essentially software on a “chip” or integrated circuit, “chip” being the slang term. The BIOS is the “network administrator of each individual computer”, in other words, it is the reason all the physical parts i.e. motherboard, keyboard , cd drive, monitor, etcetera are able to communicate with each other. The CMOS chip or Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor chip is a different integrated circuit in which the BIOS is dependent upon for storage of computer configuration settings. CMOS memory is attached to the motherboard upon assembly at the factory and uses DC power, from a battery to store BIOS settings. It is not the same as RAM (Random Access Memory) which is used by the Operating System to access instructions from different software added by the end user to perform whatever function desired. This type of memory is lost when power is shut down on the computer. The history of the CMOS appears to begin somewhere around 1963 in a conference paper by C.T. Sah and Frank Wanlass. In 1965 RCA and Somerville Manufacturing pioneered the production of CMOS technology. IN 1968 they created what would prove to be the forerunner of engine control processors...
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...Video Summary BIOS One of the most common uses of Flash memory is for the basic input/out put system of you computer, commonly known as the BIOS. The BIOS makes sure all other chips, hard drives, ports and CPU function together. BIOS is the first program that is activated during the boot, running on ROM, ready only memory. Start up BIOS activates the POST bootstrap loader which runs POST. POST checks the basic system hardware testing memory and assigning system resources. Startup BIOS also check the CMOS, comparing them to the hardware found during POST. CMOS setting are stored in the RAM ( Random Access Memory) and are not permanent as BIOS setting are and can be changed by the user. BOIS and CMOS are different they are stored on different chips. BIOS are stored in ROM and CMOS are stored in RAM. BIOS are permanent, while CMOS are volatile, it can be erased if the power goes off. BIOS cannot be edited by users. CMOS can be edited by users, configuration can be saved. CMOS setting are not lost because of the CMOS battery, providing power during shutdown. Preserves CMOS configuration stored in RAM. If the battery dies the symptoms would be low battery= slow clock, dead battery which means checksum error during boot. The system will reboot once you clear the checksum error. After POST is complete and the CMOS are checked, the BIOS check the MBR (Master Boot Record), which is located on the first sector on the hard drive. MBR finds the activate partition and loads the 1st...
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...CMOS A complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) is a type of integrated circuit technology. The term is often used to refer to a battery-powered chip found in many personal computers that holds some basic information, including the date and time and system configuration settings, needed by the basic input/output system (BIOS) to start the computer. This name is somewhat misleading, however, as most modern computers no longer use CMOS chips for this function, but instead depend on other forms of non-volatile memory. CMOS chips are still found in many other electronic devices, including digital cameras. In a computer, the CMOS controls a variety of functions, including the Power On Self Test (POST). When the computer’s power supply fires up, CMOS runs a series of checks to make sure the system is functioning properly. One of these checks includes counting up random access memory (RAM). This delays boot time, so some people disable this feature in the CMOS settings, opting for a quick boot. If installing new RAM it is better to enable the feature until the RAM has been checked. Ad Once POST has completed, CMOS runs through its other settings. Hard disks and formats are detected, along with Redundant Array of Independent Disk (RAID) configurations, boot preferences, the presence of peripherals, and overclocking tweaks. Many settings can be manually changed within the CMOS configuration screen to improve performance; however, changes should be made by experienced users...
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...commonly known as the BIOS. The BIOS makes sure all other chips, hard drives, ports and CPU function together. BIOS is the first program that is activated during the boot, running on ROM, ready only memory. Startup BIOS activates the POST bootstrap loader which runs POST. POST checks the basic system hardware testing memory and assigning system resources. Startup BIOS also check the CMOS, comparing them to the hardware found during POST. CMOS setting are stored in the RAM ( Random Access Memory) and are not permanent as BIOS setting are and can be changed by the user. BOIS and CMOS are different they are stored on different chips. BIOS are stored in ROM and CMOS are stored in RAM. BIOS are permanent, while CMOS are volatile, it can be erased if the power goes off. BIOS cannot be edited by users. CMOS can be edited by users, configuration can be saved. CMOS setting are not lost because of the CMOS battery, providing power during shutdown. Preserves CMOS configuration stored in RAM. If the battery dies the symptoms would be low battery= slow clock, dead battery which means checksum error during boot. The system will reboot once you clear the checksum error. After POST is complete and the CMOS are checked, the BIOS check the MBR (Master Boot Record), which is located on the first sector on the hard drive. MBR finds the activate partition and loads the 1st operating system file. BIOS are referred to as firmware, which is a set if instructions that is in the BIOS chip. BIOS are either hardware...
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...Short answers 4/29/2014 Erich Dippel 1. What are the major components of a motherboard? There are various roles that a motherboard plays. It acts as glue which binds all the components together. It main job is to coordinate with the various operations performed by the various components. It serves as a interface for all the modular singular components of a system like Central processing Unit or CPU, Random Access Memory or RAM, Storage device or hard disk. The main parts include a power connector, and i/o, a CMOS battery, primary/secondary IDE, processor, ports, memory controller hub, PCI and the BIOS. 2. Upgrading the motherboard will give you some performance improvements to your computer but why is this improvement limited? This improvement is limited because you have to upgrade more than just the motherboard to improve speed and other things. Upgrading the RAM and other things along with your motherboard is a good way to get all around system performance improvements. 3. What is the need for all the different busses found on a motherboard and why can’t these be replaced with a single bus? The difference between computer busses break down as so. Data width, Cycle rate, Device management and type. The data width and cycle rate are used to determine the bandwidth, or the total amount of data the bus can transmit. The device management indicates the maximum number of supported devices and the difficulty of configuring them. The memory bus is the interface between...
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...BIOS (basic input/output system) is the program a personal computer's microprocessor uses to get the computer system started after you turn it on. It also manages data flow between the computer's operating system and attached devices such as the hard disk , video adapter , keyboard , mouse , and printer . BIOS is an integral part of your computer and comes with it when you bring it home. (In contrast, the operating system can either be pre-installed by the manufacturer or vendor or installed by the user.) BIOS is a program that is made accessible to the microprocessor on an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) chip. When you turn on your computer, the microprocessor passes control to the BIOS program, which is always located at the same place on EPROM. When BIOS boots up (starts up) your computer, it first determines whether all of the attachments are in place and operational and then it loads the operating system (or key parts of it) into your computer's random access memory (RAM) from your hard disk or diskette drive. With BIOS, your operating system and its applications are freed from having to understand exact details (such as hardware addresses) about the attached input/output devices. When device details change, only the BIOS program needs to be changed. Sometimes this change can be made during your system setup. In any case, neither your operating system or any applications you use need to be changed. Although BIOS is theoretically always the intermediary...
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...BASIC INPUT OUTPUT SYSTEM [BIOS] Seminar Presented by Milind Chile - 2591 Dipti Borkar - 2778 Freddy Gandhi - 2787 Raghav Shreyas Murthi - 2804 Introduction The BIOS, short for BASIC INPUT OUTPUT SYSTEM is a set of built-in software routines that give a PC its personality. Although, less than 32 kilobytes of code, the BIOS controls many of the most important functions of the PC: how it interprets keystrokes (Ctrl + Alt + Delete), how it puts characters on the screen, and how and at what speed it communicates through its ports. The BIOS also determines the compatibility of the computer and its flexibility in use. Although all BIOSs have the same function; all are not the same. The BIOS governs the inner complexities arising out of the odd mixing of hardware and software. It acts as a link between the material hardware of the PC and its circuits, and the transcendent realm of software ideas and instructions. More than a link, the BIOS is both hardware and software. Like software, the BIOS is a set of instructions to the computer’s microprocessor. Like hardware, however, these instructions are not evanescent; rather they are coded into the hard, worldly silicon of PROM, EPROM chips. Due to the twilight state of programs like the BIOS, existing in the netherworld between hardware and software, such PROM-based programs are often termed firmware. The personality comes from the firmware code. This code determines how the computer will carry out the basic functions needed to make...
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...NT1110 Short Answer 3.1 1/25/15 In this essay I will be describing what the major components of a motherboard are, why upgrading just the motherboard wouldn’t be necessary because it is limited, and deviate the need for different busses on the motherboard with 64bit busses and 32bit. Basically the processor socket is the input socket for the processor, the ddr2 memory slots are for the ram (random access memory), and the heat sink acts as a radiator for the processor on the north bridge, the south bridge chip is the side of the motherboard that manages Legacy, Bios, IDE, ISA, USB, and PCI. The PCI slot is for adapters for optional video input or modems, the CMOS battery remembers the BIOS of the motherboard even when pc is turned off or unplugged, unless it is removed and the board is discharged while everything is unplugged and removed and the power button is held down for a certain amount of time depending on the manufacturer of the product, the port cluster is the I/O(input output) port holes of the motherboard, The SATA host adapter is for high speed connection usually on laptop HDDS but are now on desktops as well, the ATX12 power connector is a cluster of resistors and components that transfer the power prom the external source, and the mounting holes are the holes to mount the motherboard to the tower. Just upgrading the motherboard isn’t going to give you much more performance increases, other hardware is required such as more ram, a faster processor, a more...
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...Exploring the Motherboard and Busses Short Answer Assignment Instructor Haroon Margaret Harm 2/18/2016 1. What are the major components of the motherboard? CPU-Central Processing Unit- also known as the microprocessor or processor. It is the “brain” of the computer. It is responsible for fetching, decoding, and executing program instructions and mathematical and logical calculations. RAM-Random Access Memory- is volatile memory, meaning that it loses its contents once the power is turned off. Basically, it is the work place of the computer where active programs and data are loaded so that any time the processor requests them, it doesn’t have to fetch them from the hard disk which will take longer access time. BIOS-Basic Input Output System- consists of low-level software that controls the system hardware and acts as an interface between the operating system and the hardware. BIOS is all the drivers- it is the link between hardware and software in a system. CMOS-Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor- a small separate block of memory made from CMOS RAM chips, supported by a CMOS battery even when the power is off. It is used to store basic information about the PC’s configuration, for example, floppy disk and hard disk drive types, CPU, RAM size, date and time, serial port information, plug and play information, and power saving settings. Cache memory- a small block of high speed memory that enhances PC performance by pre-loading information from the main memory...
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...Homework Assignment 1.1 1. List the number and name of each runlevel as used by Fedora/Red Hat Linux Provide a brief explanation of each runlevel. ID | Name | Description | 0 | Halt | Shuts down the system. | 1 | Single-user Mode | Mode for administrative tasks. | 2 | Multi-user Mode | Does not configure network interfaces and does not export networks services. | 3 | Multi-user Mode with Networking | Starts the system normally. | 4 | Not used/User-definable | For special purposes. | 5 | Start the system normally with appropriate display manager. ( with GUI ) | As runlevel 3 + display manager. | 6 | Reboot | Reboots the system. | 2. Which two runlevel should never be set as the default? 0 (HALT) and 6 (reboot) should never be set as default. 3. What script contains the default runlevel? /etc/rc <tab> 4. The init scripts for each runlevel are contained in which directory tree? Check /etc/inittab 5. What would you name the link to an init script that would start the fictitious bigd daemon early in the boot process? Open /etc/rc.local and write the script to run at boot time. 6. What would you name the link to kill the same daemon? Kill -9 <pid> 7. How would you use the service command to manually kill the bigd daemon? Kill -9 <pid /// You can get through ps for service> 8. How would use chkconfig to set the bigd daemon to start at runlevel 2 and 3? chkconfig bigd --level 23 on 9. How would you use...
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...Dell™ PowerEdge™ SC1435 Systems Hardware Owner’s Manual w w w. d e l l . c o m | s u p p o r t . d e l l . c o m Downloaded from www.Manualslib.com manuals search engine Notes, Notices, and Cautions NOTE: A NOTE indicates important information that helps you make better use of your computer. NOTICE: A NOTICE indicates either potential damage to hardware or loss of data and tells you how to avoid the problem. CAUTION: A CAUTION indicates a potential for property damage, personal injury, or death. ____________________ Information in this document is subject to change without notice. © 2006 Dell Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction in any manner whatsoever without the written permission of Dell Inc. is strictly forbidden. Trademarks used in this text: Dell, the DELL logo, Inspiron, Dell Precision, Dimension, OptiPlex, Latitude, PowerConnect, PowerEdge, PowerVault, PowerApp, Dell OpenManage, and Dell XPS are trademarks of Dell Inc.; Microsoft, Windows, MS-DOS, and Windows Server are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation; AMD and AMD PowerNow! are trademarks of Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.; EMC is a registered trademark of EMC Corporation. Other trademarks and trade names may be used in this document to refer to either the entities claiming the marks and names or their products. Dell Inc. disclaims any proprietary interest in trademarks and trade names other than its own. Model SVUA August 2006 P/N HJ362 Rev. A00 Downloaded from www.Manualslib...
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...IT320 Unit 5 HW 1. When a router is first powered on, it completes a four-step initialization process: 1. Preforming a power-on self test (POST) 2. Loading a bootstrap program 3. Loading an IOS 4. Loading a configuration file The last three of these steps require the router to copy the files into RAM. Normally, most routers load an IOS image that is stored in flash memory and an initial configuration stored in NVRAM. 2. Routers use the following logic, in order, to attempt to load an IOS: 1. Load a limited-function IOS if the configuration register’s last hex digit is set to 0 or 1. 2. Load an IOS based on the configuration of boot system commands in the startup-configuration file. 3. Load the first file in flash as the IOS. 4. Use TFTP broadcasts to find a TFTP server and download an IOS from that server. 5. Load a limited-function IOS from ROM. In Step 1, the configuration register is a16-bit number that Cisco routers store in a hidden area of NVRAM. It can be set in a couple of ways and can be seen using the show version command. The most commonly used way to set its value is to use the config-register global configuration command. Routers use the 4 low-order bits of the configuration register as the boot field, which tells the router what to do in the first of the preceding five decision steps. If the value of the field is set to 0, the router loads the ROMMON (ROM Monitor), which is used for password recovery. If the value is set to1, the router loads...
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...Knowledge Assessment Matching 1. Remote Desktop E. Based on the former Terminal Services 2. System image backup J. Saves data to a VHD file 3. BranchCache A. Conserves WAN bandwidth 4. Distributed cache mode B. Files cached on each client 5. Volume shadow copies H. Previous versions 6. Incremental backup D. Files changed since the last backup job 7. Windows RE I. Accessible from a Window 7 installation disk 8. Hosted cache mode C. Files cached on a central server 9. Windows Remote Management G. Executes PowerShell commands on remote computers 10. System restore point F. Configuration settings and registry information Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following service priority guidelines are not accurate? D. Departmental issues should be rated according to the function of the department. A problem with a computer belonging to a department that is critical to the organization, such as order entry or a customer service call center, should take precedence over a problem with a computer belonging to a department that can better tolerate a period of down time, such as research and development. 2. Place these troubleshooting steps in the correct order, using the procedure described in this lesson as your guide. B, D, C, A. B: Establishing the symptoms is the first step in troubleshooting any problem to determine exactly what is going wrong. D: Select the most probable cause. Once...
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...BitLocker Drive Encryption Overview 73 out of 98 rated this helpful - Rate this topic Applies To: Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Vista BitLocker Drive Encryption is a data protection feature available Windows Server 2008 R2 and in some editions of Windows 7. Having BitLocker integrated with the operating system addresses the threats of data theft or exposure from lost, stolen, or inappropriately decommissioned computers. Data on a lost or stolen computer is vulnerable to unauthorized access, either by running a software-attack tool against it or by transferring the computer's hard disk to a different computer. BitLocker helps mitigate unauthorized data access by enhancing file and system protections. BitLocker also helps render data inaccessible when BitLocker-protected computers are decommissioned or recycled. BitLocker provides the most protection when used with a Trusted Platform Module (TPM) version 1.2. The TPM is a hardware component installed in many newer computers by the computer manufacturers. It works with BitLocker to help protect user data and to ensure that a computer has not been tampered with while the system was offline. On computers that do not have a TPM version 1.2, you can still use BitLocker to encrypt the Windows operating system drive. However, this implementation will require the user to insert a USB startup key to start the computer or resume from hibernation, and it does not provide the pre-startup system integrity verification...
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