...1—“Critical Reading, Summary and Paraphrase” Research and Composing in the Disciplines 1. What is Summary? __ A summary is a brief restatement, in your own words, that focuses on the main idea or point of a passage. ___ 2. From this chapter, what are the 3 qualities of an effective summary? _brevity______, _completeness __and __objectivity____. 3. Why is objectivity difficult in summary? ___Objectivity is difficult in a summary because, in a summary you have to select certain content that you think is an important part of the passage. _ 4. What factor affects the nature and quality of your interpretation? _prior knowledge of a subject.__ 5. What else may affect your interpretation in writing a summary? _your personal or professional frame of reference. _____ 6. Why does summary have a bad reputation? _Summary has a bad reputation because many student have summarized books that they were supposed to review critically. ______ 7. What types of writing involve summary (4)? Academic Writing: • Critique Papers, Synthesis Papers, Analysis Papers, Research Papers, Literature Papers, Argument Papers, Essay Exams. Workplace Writing: • Policy Briefs, Business Plans, Memos, letters, and reports, Medical Charts, and Legal briefs. 8. In what 3 ways are summaries useful (4-5)? First, a summary is a form of academic study. Writing a summary can help you understand what you read, because you have to write the summary in your own words. Summaries also...
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...Research Skills 3: Using sources in your writing – paraphrasing and in-text references Aims In this lesson you will find out about: * what you can use from sources in your writing * how to paraphrase * how to make a basic in-text reference Homework review From your reading of the sources, discuss with a partner some of the themes or topics you think you could include in your Practice 1 Assignment, which has the following title: Discuss the influence of the internet on teenagers and young adults. Support your argument with examples and evidence. From talking to your partner, do you have any new thoughts about what you could include in your essay? What you can use from sources in academic writing (E) The sources you choose as your background reading for an essay topic will contain a great range of ideas and information. Part of your task, as a good academic writer and researcher, is to select those parts of the text that are most relevant to your topic. You will want to choose items that you think can help you develop and build the points and arguments you want to make in your writing assignments. Activity 1 (E) In the table below are types of ideas and information you might want to take from a source text to build your points in your own essay. * definitions | * explanations | * theories | * examples | * statistics | * trends | * causes | * effects | * problems | * solutions | * arguments | * recommendations | This is, of...
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...Dr. Pedro D. Abanador Problem : Factors Affecting Reading Comprehension of Students Solutions: A. Interactive 1. Story Retelling 2. Story Grammar Training 3. Question-Answer 4. Reading Tutorial 5. Recitation B. Self-Enrichment 1. Inferring 2. Synthesizing 3. Summarization 4. Paraphrasing Strategy 5. Repeated Readings C. Assessment 1. Giving exam 2. Giving assignments 3. Book report 4. Impromptu Speech 5. Story Mapping INTERACTIVE Story Retelling Retelling is a reading skill that demonstrates comprehension. Retelling is the ability to read or listen to a story, then summarize it in paraphrased form. Children begin learning the basics of retelling in kindergarten where teachers start to informally assess the students' overall understanding of a story. Retelling is a useful assessment tool throughout school because it can measure simple to advanced comprehension, as well as help the students improve their listening and speaking skills. Instructions 1. Review retelling strategy. Model it again for those who may struggle. Read a short story aloud to the class, then summarize the important details in the correct sequence. Write each summarizing statement on chart paper. Number the statements so students understand how to retell in the order that events happened. 2. Choose an instructional level text, like a short story from a reading book or a chapter from a novel, that is leveled for the...
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...discovered that internet-based sources have made it easy to “cut and paste” material into their own work, and too often they fail to properly document this material, resulting in plagiarism. Often this occurs accidentally through carelessness or mistakes. The key to understanding how plagiarism happens and how to avoid it is to understand the philosophy of writing and what makes an academic paper an essay. What is an Essay? Because academic essays involve using other people’s research, ideas, and opinions to support and defend the writer’s own thesis, many writers believe an essay simply assembles these outside sources. Too often, papers read like a series of quotations glued together with transition words like “additionally” or “in contrast.” This is not a real essay. This mistaken idea about what an essay is makes it easy to plagiarize because the writer is doing very little thinking or writing by him- or herself. A true academic essay develops a strong thesis statement in its introduction and spends the rest of the essay supporting and defending that thesis, both through the use of facts, ideas, and information from outside sources and, more importantly, through the writer’s own analysis and discussion of those outside sources. Remember that in an academic paper, the analysis and discussion is the most important part of the essay. This is where you the writer show the client and your readers that you understand the sources you have assembled and that you understand the assignment...
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...Plagiarism Exercise Instructions Plagiarism is a common error that is made in colleges and universities whether intentional or not. Please download this assignment and insert your answers beneath each question, then save and submit your work as Plag._Ex_Your Name. Below, you will complete an assignment where you will be required to review an excerpt from a journal article written by Martha Snyder. After reading the excerpt and reviewing all of the materials in the Reading & Study folder, please complete the questions related. Do not neglect to include citations as needed. In order to provide some clarification, please see the definitions below: * Paraphrase: When you paraphrase something, it means that you are restating the facts in your own words, clarifying facts, or rewording. * Summary: A summary requires that you take a passage or excerpt and break it down into the most basic points. To use a common metaphor, you are trimming the fat. The reader should be left with only the major points. * Quotation: A quotation requires that you take a portion of the text and replicate it exactly. This can be anywhere from 3 words to an entire sentence. Part One: 30 Points For the assignment, write as though each answer is a portion of your Adult Learning Theory Paper. Everything should be in current APA format (where necessary). Please read the excerpt below and answer the questions. In an effort to better understand how adults learn, adult learning theories are...
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...summary is a brief restatement, in your own words, of the content of a passage. You should focus on the central idea of the passage. Summarize when you want to present the main points of a lengthy passage or when you want to condense peripheral points necessary to your discussion. A summary should be brief, complete, and objective. In order to summarize information, you must first be able to understand it. This requires careful critical reading. Read the passage completely the first time to gain an overall understanding of the piece, begin making margin notes that identify important points, shifts in thoughts, . also want to consider at this point what the significance of the whole piece is, what the parts of the essay that fit into the whole are, and how the points are organized to support the whole. A paraphrase is very similar to a summary in that you use your own words to communicate to your reader what the original passage has stated; however, an important difference between the two is that the paraphrase is approximately the same length as the original rather that one quarter of its length, as a summary is. In a paraphrase, instead of only restating the writer's main points, you will follow the progression of the writer's ideas sentence by sentence. In other words, each sentence in the paraphrase corresponds to a sentence in the original, the main difference being, of course, you have replaced the language of the original with your own language. Paraphrasing is used most...
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... Essential Question(s): We are authors of own identity. 1. How would I describe the people in my community? Students will understand that… Stereotypes change over time; individuals must resist stereotyping. Individuals should consider themselves members of fluid or changeable groups. An extended metaphor can be a powerful way to structure an argument. 2. What are some different ways that I define my own identity? 3. How can a metaphor be extended to tell an entire narrative? 4. How can cultural differences within the United States strengthen us as a country? Student will know… Students will be able to… Comparisons (extended metaphors) are powerful ways to structure an argument 1.Trace the author’s argument in an article How different figures of speech can function in an argument or narrative: alliteration, onomatopoeia, simile, metaphor, personification, and imagery Background information on Ellis Island, and/or immigration, depending on visual texts chosen How to write a different type of Response to Literature…one modeled after the English Proficiency Test (EPT), rather than focusing on characterization or traits. 2. Make connections to themselves, other texts, and the outside world (text/self/world) 3. Use and reference words of others 4. Create and express ideas about their own identity 4. Analyze visual texts to “see into the lives” of immigrants 5. Create their own Response to Literature, including a...
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...order to do this properly you must, briefly restate, someone else’s content, in your own word’s (Behrens & Rosen, 2013, p. 3). When writing requires paraphrasing instead of quotations the writer needs to understand the work then put it to his/her own words. Quotation are only used when you need to use the exact language of someone else, these should be used scarcely. When writing, knowing how to write a summary, paraphrase, and quote a source is key conveying your ideas without plagiarizing someone else’s. While developing a summary there are some key things to remember. When you are summarizing someone else work you must read and understand the authors work. Without understanding the context and main points of someone’s work you will not be able to put it into your own words. Although it is unreasonable to think that while writing a summary someone can be completely objective, that is the goal. While writing a summary just like writing anything else a key in the process is preparation. As stated before understanding the work you are summarizing if crucial to the writing process. Reading, writing summary’s as you read the work, developing your thesis, writing your summary, checking it against the original and then final revision are the steps that should be taken to effectively write summaries. One of the keys to an effective paper is determining the length of your summary, by knowing your audience and what you are summarizing. Although the rule of thumb for the length...
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...Credit Where Credit is Due As a doctoral student, you’ll be spending enormous amounts of time reading, analyzing, and critiquing the work of scholars and researchers in your field. As you write about the ideas and research of others, you need to give credit where credit is due. That is, you need to be scrupulously clear when an idea, sentence, or phrase that you use is something you have read in the work of other scholars and not something you composed yourself. Before you dive into reading and analyzing research we want to ensure that you have the skills to ensure academic integrity in your work and give credit where credit is due. Many people think of plagiarism as simply copying the work of others and not giving credit (that is, not citing where the idea came from), but the most common Academic Integrity violation at Northcentral is related to improper paraphrasing (that is copying the work of others nearly word-for-word, or simply rearranging their words, even when you give credit to the source). To paraphrase correctly, you need to carefully read the material, think about it, and then express the idea in your own words. In this week, you will learn more about Northcentral University’s Academic Integrity Policy, how Northcentral deals with Academic Integrity violations, and what you can do to avoid all forms of plagiarism, intentional and unintentional. As a bonus, you’ll also consider the firsthand accounts of the professional development of two innovative and successful...
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...possibly can. I always struggled to find books that I would be interested in reading. I never enjoyed sitting down and reading, which doesn’t help me. Whenever I’m instructed to read a chapter out of a textbook for a certain class, I read what I’m required, but I never feel like I retain the information that I’m going through. This presentation today gave me a lot of helpful tools that I will use going forward in my college career. The five part reading system seems like a very effective way to go through material in a textbook. Prepare, preview, predict questions, process information and paraphrase and review, are the five steps in this system. Preparing yourself before you read a text is key, because if you don’t have the right mindset going into reading, you most likely will not retain the information. Previewing is also helpful because going through the text and understanding key words before you read is a very good way to approach a chapter before you read it. You won’t have to stop and figure out what a certain word means, if you go over it before hand, which allows for smooth reading. Predicting questions helps because if you’re asking questions throughout the text, which means that you are engaged in what you are reading and you will be able to retain information easier. Processing information is one of the key steps in this system because if you aren’t processing what you are reading, its like you never read the material in the first place. Paraphrasing and...
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...source material into your own words. A paraphrase must be attributed to the original source (Scholarly Writing, 2013). Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the original passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of the source and condensing it slightly. In this paper the following passage will be paraphrased. Original Passage "A good writer is one you can read without breaking a sweat. If you want a workout, you don’t lift a book you lift weights. Yet were brainwashed to believe that the more brilliant the writer, the tougher the going." "The truth is that the reader is always right. Chances are if something you’re reading doesn’t make sense, it’s not your fault it’s the writers. And if something you write doesn’t get your point across, it’s probably not the reader’s fault it’s yours. Too many readers are intimidated and humbled by what they can’t understand and in some cases that are precisely the effect the writer is after. But confusion is not complexity; it’s just confusion. A venerable tradition, dating back to the ancient Greek orators, teaches that if you don’t know what you’re talking about, just ratchet up the level of difficulty and no one will ever know." "Don’t confuse simplicity, though, with simplemindedness. A good writer can express an extremely complicated idea clearly and make the job look effortless. But such simplicity is a difficult thing to achieve because to be clear in your writing you have to be clear in your thinking. This...
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...Use it in your own writing in a legitimate way Step 1. Read the article, book, or other source: * If it is a brief article, read the entire article. * If it is a web source, check the author, organization, URL for .org or .edu, and other steps for evaluating the web source as listed in Writer’s Reference, page 355. * If it is a scholarly article, use the steps in the handout “On Reading a Scholarly Article”. Step 2. Process it mentally: First Reading * Read (skim) through each source a first time for the big ideas. Take notes in the margin as you read. Note the main topics or ideas that relate to your research question. * After completing your reading, put the article aside and write a summary of the article that reflects the author’s findings or main points. * Review your margin notes from each source to find common themes or ideas. * Begin to analyze your sources to develop an outline based on the common ideas. Put aside sources that don’t help develop your paper. * Search for additional sources that relate to your outline of ideas. Step 3. Use it in your own writing in a legitimate way – Three ways to use material from a source: * Summarize – Write a few sentences or short paragraph that summarizes the main points of the article. * Paraphrase – Write the ideas in a particular section of the article in your own words. * Quote – Use this sparingly, but quote when appropriate to include the exact words of the author...
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...Strong logic within paragraphs • Smooth transitions within and between paragraphs • Simple documentation of borrowed materials Conclusion: noticeable strategy that adds integrity to the essay Consider: 1. Title is first read 2. Lead-in is next 3. Conclusion is last read and probably most remembered The Qualities of a Good Essay • Even if the essay is about a personal experience, be sure there is a thesis statement (which may be implied). It should be: -declarative -simple, clear, and direct -one that requires explanation, illustration or proof -one that can be explained, illustrated or proven -one that makes a claim that not everyone would accept or automatically agree with. • Limit your essay (and your term paper) to something you can manage. Which of the following theses are too ambitious for a 2-page essay? - Jokes can reveal a great deal about culture. - Brazilians constantly communicate with each other nonverbally. - People in different cultures view illness differently. • All of the paragraphs in the essay should be related to the thesis statement, and each paragraph should have a topic sentence. Decide if the following topic sentence outline sticks to the subject stated in the thesis: 1. Thesis: Smoking is one sign of working-class membership. a. Teenagers smoke...
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...WRITING A SUMMARY OF AN ARTICLE WHAT IS A SUMMARY? A summary restates the main ideas of an author in your own words. It keeps the essential information from the original passage while eliminating most supporting details, such as the examples and illustrations. A good summary makes the author's ideas clear, perhaps even clearer than in the original. What is the difference between an abridgement, a paraphrase, and a summary? An abridgement is a shortened form of a work that to a great extent keeps the language of the original. Although an editor has made decisions about which words or passages to delete, the article or book is presented as the work of the original author. A paraphrase differs from an abridgement in that it is written in language different from the original. It follows the order of the original text and, unlike a summary, it recasts everything, not just the main ideas. It may be shorter than the original, but it could...
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...MUHAMAD AMIRUL RIFQI BIN MOHD HAMDAN 185196 Paraphrasing Paraphrasing means to use your own words to express someone else's ideas whilst still preserving the main ideas of the original source. Even when you paraphrase you must still give credit to the original author. EXERCISE 1 Rewrite the following sentences by leaving out examples and repeated or irrelevant points to make them more concise. 1. My sister went to the market to buy some bananas, oranges, apples and mangoes. My sister bought some fruits from the market. 2. The television, radio and video sets were not working. Since the audio-visual equipment was not functioning, the family could not use them, Since the audio-visual equipment is not functioning, the family could not use the television, radio and video sets. 3. Kelly was on top of the world when her father informed her that they would be going to Hong Kong. She could not wait for the day to come. She talked about the trip all the time. Kelly was very happy and could not wait for the vacation to Hong Kong which makes her talked about it all the day since her father told her. 4. Traffic came to a standstill. There were many cars, taxis, buses, lorries and motorcycles on the road. It was a bumper-to-bumper drive all the way. Everybody crawled slowly. The congestion was terrible. Traffic came jammed and worst because there were many transports till the cars cannot moving. 5. Samson likes to read....
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