...106 J. Phyiiol. (1962), 160, pp. 106-154 With 2 plate and 20 text-ftgutre8 Printed in Gret Britain RECEPTIVE FIELDS, BINOCULAR INTERACTION AND FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE IN THE CAT'S VISUAL CORTEX BY D. H. HUBEL AD T. N. WIESEL From the Neurophysiolojy Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology Harvard Aledical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. (Received 31 July 1961) What chiefly distinguishes cerebral cortex from other parts of the central nervous system is the great diversity of its cell types and interconnexions. It would be astonishing if such a structure did not profoundly modify the response patterns of fibres coming into it. In the cat's visual cortex, the receptive field arrangements of single cells suggest that there is indeed a degree of complexity far exceeding anything yet seen at lower levels in the visual system. In a previous paper we described receptive fields of single cortical cells, observing responses to spots of light shone on one or both retinas (Hubel & Wiesel, 1959). In the present work this method is used to examine receptive fields of a more complex type (Part I) and to make additional observations on binocular interaction (Part II). This approach is necessary in order to understand the behaviour of individual cells, but it fails to deal with the problem of the relationship of one cell to its neighbours. In the past, the technique of recording evoked slow waves has been used with great success in studies of functional...
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...touch receptor system and are influenced by physical actions like distortions, bending, and probing. Through various actions of stimulation, I was able to see what types of mechanoreceptors the space worm touch receptors contained. Rather than being located in a specialized location, the space worm touch receptors are located throughout the whole space worm. As a consequence, different areas of the spaces worm touch receptors reacted and traduced different electrical signals. This difference of electrical signals ultimately revealed the different mechanoreceptors present in the space worm touch receptors. After discovering space worm touch receptors, I will conduct a specific test to identify the receptive field of the space worm touch receptors. The receptive field of the space worm involves the area of the surface where stimulation creates the firing of an action potential in the touch receptor neuron of the space worm (Sherwood 2004). This test will help me determine the the different types of mechanoreceptors that are connected to the areas of skin on the space worm....
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...Company Huffman Trucking is a privately owned transportation company that has been in business for 60 years. The company has grown into a multi million-dollar company with over 1,400 employees and hundreds of vehicles. Huffman Trucking needs a better way to track the maintenance on their fleet of tractors, trailer and the roll-on/roll-offs. The fleet has to undergo periodic maintenance. Plan Putting the equipment's maintenance history, the parts used and vendor information into one database will save Huffman Trucking time and money. The database can include parts inventory information, parts catalogue information, the vendors used and their associated information, and parts purchasing history. The database will include all the maintenance history on each piece of equipment, such as the maintenance of the equipment itself, tire maintenance, the type of maintenance and the maintenance work orders. Conclusion Building a database saves money on maintenance by reducing redundant information and improving record keeping. Both the service and accounting departments will be able to utilize this database to keep track of parts purchases and costs. Having all the information in one central database would allow the diverse facilities to use the database. This type of centralization would bring more accuracy in Huffman Trucking's record keeping and would save money, time and manpower. Huffman Trucking Fleet Maintenance Database Solution Introduction Huffman Trucking is a...
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...Here are my two expressions X^2-36/3x and 7w-2/16w^2-1 The domain of a rational expression is the set of all numbers which are allowed to substitute for the variable in the expression. It is possible that some numbers will not be allowed depending on what the denominator has in it. In our Real Number System division by zero cannot be done. There is no number (or any other object)which can be the answer to division by zero so we must simply call the attempt “undefined.” A denominator cannot be zero because in a rational number or expression the denominator divides the numerator. In my first expression, the denominator is a constant term, meaning there is no variable present. Since it is impossible for 3x to equal zero, there are no excluded values for the domain. We can say the domain (D) is the set of all Real Numbers, written in set notation that would look like this: For my second expression, I need to set the denominator equal to zero to find my excluded values for w. 16w^2– 1 = 0 I notice this is a difference of squares which I can factor. (4w +1)(4w - 1) = 0 Set each factor equal to zero. 3w – 2 = 0 or 3w + 2 = 0 Add or subtract 2 from both sides. 4w = -1 or 4w = 1 Divide both sides by 4. w = 1/4 or w = -1/4 These are the excluded values for my second expression. The domain (D) for my second expression is the set of all Reals excluding ±1/4. In set notation, this can be written as D = {w| w ∈ ℜ, w ≠ ±1/4} Now, both of my...
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...ACC 3300- Access Assignment Table: Customer, field name customer phone number. I placed a validation rule and a text rule where the area code of a customer’s telephone number can only contain 303 or 720. I did because I felt that the company was too small and did not have the resources to ship baskets outside Colorado. If the company should grow and expand and if revenue increases, the validation rule will no longer exist. Table: Custom Gift Basket Order/ Design, field name order date. One of the controls that I placed in this field was that the date needed to be entered in the system a specific way. I placed an input mask of the format for the date that I wanted the system to recognize. The format for the date is 99/99/0000, once a date is added to Access; Access will then rewrite it and display it in a written format of the date and the month. An example will look something like this 04/16/2013 will equal out to be Wednesday, April 16, 2013. Table: Customer, field customer name, customer address. Another control added to these fields is that a limit was placed on how many characters a field would contain; instead of having the limit that Access provides which are 255 characters in a field. I thought was too much and decided to shorten the length requirement. In the fields the customers name can only contain 12 characters and customers address is only limited to 50 characters. Basic information is needed from the customers; the company doesn’t need any explanations...
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...boxes that appear on the screen. When you are done, click on the right arrow to go to the next page. Next Page Keep reading each page until you come to page 9. On this page you are given a task to perform. Notice that where you are to click is outlined in red. Be sure to perform all tasks as you go through the lab. Perform this task 10. Take each quick quiz as you go through the topics to help ensure that you are mastering the material. 11. You are not required to turn in any work from this online lab. Part 2 – Designing databases Review and Definitions: * The hierarchy of data begins with a character, a collection of related characters is a field, a collection of related fields is a record, a collection of related records is a file, and a collection of related files is a database. Example of fields used in a student database would be “Last Name”, “First Name”, “SSN”, “Major”, and “GPA”. A record in a student...
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...A set of real numbers used in place of a variable (x, y, z, etc…) is called the domain. Real numbers are used in place of variables to assist in the functionality of the equations. This excludes any real number that causes the denominator to be zero. The reason a denominator cannot be zero is because when we divide the denominator with the numerator, you cannot divide by zero. You can’t have a value that is undefined. The two problems that I was assigned are as follows: 1-x2x 2b-22b2-8 In my first expression, I start by transforming it to a rational expression (1-x) (1+x). Since each set contains terms that are perfect squares, I will factor using the difference of squares formula: a²-b²= (a-b) (a+b). In my problem, a = x and gives me: (-x+1) (x+1). Next, I reorder the polynomial from left to right starting with highest order term which is x = 0 As stated above, the domain of an expression is all real numbers except when the expression is undefined. Type equation here. (1-x)(1+x)x I simply the FOIL expression by multiplying and combining like terms giving me: 1-x2x I divide each term in the numerator and denominator. Then I reduce the term by removing the factor of x giving me the expression: 1x-x The Domain (D) is the set of all Real Numbers, written in set notation that would look like this: D = {x| x ∈ ℜ} The final answer is: x≠0 Undefined written in set notation. D={x|x ∈ R, x ≠ 0} In my second expression, I will start by factoring...
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...CMIS102 Homework Assignment # 1 Student Name: Matt Marshall Problem definition: Calculate the usable area in square feet of a house. Assume that the house has a maximum of four rooms, and that each room is rectangular. A. Problem Analysis – Desired Output: The sum of the two integers Required Input: 2 integers. a and b Calculations: A*B=C B. Program Design – This program will sum two integer numbers to receive a third integer number. //Declare variables Declare a,b,c as Integer // Set values of Integers Set a= Set b= Set c=a+b // Print c Print a,b,c C. Program Comments and Test Data – Following the directions in the assignment, include your test data and expected results in this section. (The Comments section is for specifics about how you designed your program, any problems you had, how you solved them, lessons learned, and how you would improve the program if you had more time. This is normally used by programmers who may come back to the program later.) Table 1. Include your test data table here. Show at least 3 examples sets of test data. Test data is normally designed before the program is written. It is used after the program is completed to test and ensure it works as it was designed to work. |Test Case # |Input |Expected Output | |1 ...
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...corn on this day got most of it because not many people were doing it on green Thursday. That left Killdee with a big decision to make, knowing Rose would be very angry with him if he went out and worked on this day. With him having a second baby on the way he knew this was the only chance he hadto make good money. Killdee also wanted to buy Rose a new dress, and Mike was a very old mule and he was sick so Killdee needed money to buy a new mule. Mike was a very good loyal mule. His bones were bad and his belly was full of old bad corn. Mike teeth were too rotten to bite into his food. Killdee knew that he needed a fresh mule to help him work in the fields. Killdee decided he and Mike would go and work in the fields. That made Rose really worried because she took it so serious. Killdee returned home after a long day in the fields. Rose was really upset with Killdee as she fixed him a plate of food. She says, “Somet’ing bad’ll happen to you sho as Gawd’s enn heaben. People ain’ fo’ plow today.” (p. 163) Rose is telling Killdee that something bad is going to happen to him and that he knows people are not suppose to work...
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...using Access. Describe the process of adding a calculated field to a query using Access. Describe the process of using aggregate functions to calculate totals in queries using Access. 5. Describe how to format results displayed in calculated fields using Access. Introduction A query is a tool for extracting, combining, and displaying data from one or more tables, according to criteria you specify. For example, in a book inventory database, you could create a query to view a list of all hardcover books with more than 500 pages that you purchased in the past five months. In a query, you can sort information, summarize data (display totals, averages, counts, and so on), display the results of calculations on data, and choose exactly which fields are shown. You can view the results of a query in a tabular format, or you can view the query’s data through a form or on a report (which is covered in Plug-In T8, “Decision Making Using Access 2007”). In this plug-in, you will learn how to use the Query Wizard and Query-By-Example (QBE) tool to solve problems using Microsoft Access 2007. Creating Simple Queries Use the Query Wizard to create a select query. A select query displays data from a table or tables, based on the fields that you select, but it does not sort or filter the data. For example, if you owned a bicycle shop and wanted a list of customer names that rented bikes, you could use a simple query that would show fields from a CUSTOMER table. To create a query using the Simple...
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...improved through better management of the patient data. Since the CART research project did not advanced , the three founders decided to stop the research. CART did not go as far as hoped, and never developed a functioning integrated system. Helax AB was created to take the work further, and to develop commercial applications. They implemented the good and improved from the bad. The new venture was founded based on the knowledge of the three founders in the fields of physics, computer science and mathematics, plus their experience in the domains of informatics and radiography. The knowledge base of the new venture was, and largely remained, a detailed knowledge of the whole radiography process, combined with the specific knowledge of dose planning. Over time, the need for new internal knowledge of production systems and formal software development and engineering grew, and to a great extent these had to be satisfied by the recruitment of new staff with knowledge and experience of these fields. This shows that you will always need new people coming in to get new ideas. The three founders had the knowledge but eventually could not successfully finish the project. They learn that they need fresh brains to help them develop the idea better or just improve it. They would also need to relearn the new technology that was coming out. They also learn that by having more people, the project would be likely more successful. In the case study it mentions that...
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...LOGISTICS INFORMATION ACCESS Detailed Description of the Program Objectives 1. Migrate the existing Logistics Information Access from an .asp web application to a Microsoft SharePoint 2007 operating platform. 2. Shorten the process flow by eliminating repeating and irrelevant processes and information. 3. Synchronize the flow of information within the processes involved. 4. Provide alerts every time there is a new form created as well as whenever there are some changes with the information in the form. 5. Automatically generate reports. Process Flow [pic] [pic] Assumptions: • Logistics Information Access forms are initially created every time there is a new purchase order. • Request for Freight forms are initially created every time a buyer receives a quotation from the suppliers • Each purchase order may contain single or several job orders and work orders. • Normal shipments are those purchase orders which contain a single job order or work order. On the other hand, purchase orders which have several job orders or work orders are referred as consolidated shipments. • The number of work order is equal to the number of job order for a certain purchase order. • Work order numbers will be automatically generated for the request for freight form on the basis of the current month and year. • Duties and Taxes information can only be inputted to those purchase orders which have job orders. • Abridged Contract...
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...New Perspectives Access 2013 Tutorial 3: SAM Project 1a PHYSICAL THERAPY SPECIALISTS, P.C. USING QUERIES TO UPDATE AND RETRIEVE INFORMATIONName New Perspectives Access 2013 Tutorial 3: SAM Project 1a PHYSICAL THERAPY SPECIALISTS, P.C. USING QUERIES TO UPDATE AND RETRIEVE INFORMATIONName PROJECT DESCRIPTION Jennifer Christie needs to update some of the data in the Therapist and Location tables to reflect a contract change and the closure of a business location for Physical Therapy Specialists. She also needs to view specific data about patients, therapists, and billing. She asks you to help her maintain the data in the database and to create query objects to view the data she needs to review. GETTING STARTED * Download the following file from the SAM website: * NP_Access2013_T3_P1a_FirstLastName_1.accdb * Open the file you just downloaded and save it with the name: * NP_Access2013_T3_P1a_FirstLastName_2.accdb * Hint: If you do not see the .accdb file extension in the Save file dialog box, do not type it. Access will add the file extension for you automatically. * Open the _GradingInfoTable table and ensure that your first and last name is displayed as the first record in the table. If the table does not contain your name, delete the file and download a new copy from the SAM website. * PROJECT STEPS Open the Therapist table in Datasheet view. Display the subdatasheet for the record with Therapist ID 699...
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...cleaning agent to be used on turf and astro turf fields for any sport which is played on these. When a lot of people hear turf fields they only associate it with football; however, soccer, field hockey, lacrosse are just some other options as well. The product is a foam solution that will be sprayed on the entire field to completely sanitize it and remove blood, sweat and germs, which cannot be flushed away the same way a grass field would allow. The foam solution will allow for easy and simple distribution over the entire surface. It can either be sprayed directly from the can in which it comes or added to a water solution which can be dispersed with a hose. AstroCleaner works for spot cleaning as well and can be applied and rinsed off within minutes for re-sanitation. What makes AstroCleaner unique is that it will be the first product target directly at turf fields. The governing boards of professional and school sports have been tightening the rules with regards to blood etc. on a field. Currently, if there is a blood pool on a field, a game has to be stopped so that it can be cleaned – AstroCleaner will make this process much easier if not completely unnecessary due to the leftover residues that will stay on the field after the initial foaming of the field. Market: With more than 1,000 turf fields in Massachusetts alone the need for AstroCleaner is there. The target market will be anyone who has a turf or astro turf field related to sports. From highschools, colleges...
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...GENERALIZED RADICALS OF IDEALS IN ALGEBRAS Introduction. Let. k be a field. The purpose of this article is to introduce, for each field extension K of k, the concept of the /C-radical of ideals in &-algebras. We show that the /f-radical generalizes the usuai radicai of ideals and that it satisfies almost ali the properties of the usuai radicai. Moreover, we introduce /f-Jacobson algebras, that generalize the Jacobson algebras, and give some of their properties. The reason for introducing the /f-radicai of an ideal is that this radicai appears naturally in a generalization of the Hilbert NuUstellensatz to a NuUstellensatz where the zeroes of the ideals in polynomial rings over k are taken in (affine spaces over) K rather than in the algebraic closure of k. We have in a previous article ("Radicais and the Hilbert NuUstellensatz over not necessarily algebraically closed fieids", Preprint, Uppsala Univ. 1985) given such a generalization. There we did, however, give only those properties needed for the proof of the NuUstellensatz and only for the case when K is an algebraic extension of k. Here we give a more complete treatment, valid for any extension K of k. We hope that the theory developed here, and particularly the introduction of iC-Jacobson rings, will make it possible to generalize the algebraic forms of the Hilbert NuUstellensatz to more refined forms where the "rationality" properties of maximal ideals of the &-algebras with respect to K are taken into account. 1980 AMS...
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