...One of the most controversial concepts that has spread throughout the United States stems from the notion that many have forgotten that this nation is, in fact, not a direct democracy. Because of this element, based on population, each state receives a certain number of representatives meant to properly epitomize that state’s needs in Congress. The qualms that arise with this idea, primarily from the left wing of the government, revolve around a disproportional depiction. To quantify this issue, in smaller states, such as Wyoming, one representative stands for 563,767 citizens while in more populous state, such as Texas, one representative stands for 698,503 citizens. This problem flows into the disagreement surrounding the idea of redistricting,...
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...favor your opponents into a few throwaway districts where the other side will win crooked victories. Through artful drawing of district boundaries, it is potential to put large groups of electors on the losing side of every election. The procedure for making a congressional district map starts out with the Census population data, information collected by the legislatures, because of the State’s population changes that will take place. Redistricting is a process of redrawing election districts and redistributing legislative...
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...Constitution of the State of Illinois ARTICLE I BILL OF RIGHTS SECTION 1. INHERENT AND INALIENABLE RIGHTS All men are by nature free and independent and have certain inherent and inalienable rights among which are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. To secure these rights and the protection of property, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. (Source: Illinois Constitution.) SECTION 2. DUE PROCESS AND EQUAL PROTECTION No person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law nor be denied the equal protection of the laws. (Source: Illinois Constitution.) SECTION 3. RELIGIOUS FREEDOM The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination, shall forever be guaranteed, and no person shall be denied any civil or political right, privilege or capacity, on account of his religious opinions; but the liberty of conscience hereby secured shall not be construed to dispense with oaths or affirmations, excuse acts of licentiousness, or justify practices inconsistent with the peace or safety of the State. No person shall be required to attend or support any ministry or place of worship against his consent, nor shall any preference be given by law to any religious denomination or mode of worship. (Source: Illinois Constitution.) SECTION 4. FREEDOM OF SPEECH All persons may speak, write and publish freely, being ...
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...The Texas State Legislature is responsible for controlling redistricting in Texas. After the U.S. Census Bureau sends the data to the state, both houses of legislature present new bills to redraw the congressional and state legislative boundaries. When and if legislature fails to agree on a redistricting plan, the Texas constitution requires a state redistricting board to be formed to finish the plan. Those plans must also be precleared from the U.S. District of Columbia, being consistent with the Voting Rights Act. In 2010, Texas gained four seats in the U.S. House of Representatives in the last round of decennial redistricting. This number made Texas have 36 total seats, more than any other state in the U.S. Arguments of redistricting...
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...Which if you look up the word paradox in the dictionary it reads as this: a statement or proposition that, despite sound (or apparently sound) reasoning from acceptable premises, leads to a conclusion that seems senseless, logically unacceptable, or self-contradictory. I think that explains in and of itself that gerrymandering is not and will never be a smart idea and why it can and is seamlessly hurting the United States’ democracy today. Another example of gerrymandering affecting democracy in the United States would be around the time of the 2002 elections, when Republicans quickly charge of the state house in Texas. Congressman Tom DeLay, who also serves as House Majority Leader in Washington, decided he wanted to reopen the redistricting question because “the current makeup of the congressional did not reflect the state’s true political orientation”. As time passed, according to Jeffrey Toobin, the Republican Legislative leaders “candidly admitted that they intended to draw lines to favor their party as much as possible.”...
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...Cassandra Nevel Professor Morgan Introduction to Law November 8th, 2015 Harris, et al v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission, et al. The following paper analyzes a current Supreme Court case that has yet to be decided, Harris, et al v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission, et al., from a legal perspective. The legal issue in question is can political motivations or the desire to achieve preclearance by the Justice Department allow for the unequal drawing of legislative districts, even after the Supreme Court ruling in Shelby County., Ala. v. Holder? Part I focuses on briefly describing facts of the case to clarify the current issue as well as the concept of one person, one vote. Part II discusses the Voting Rights Act of...
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...In the Alabama Legislative Black Caucus v. Alabama case, the lower courts decided that the redistricting conducted by the Republicans after the 2010 census was not motivated by racial gerrymandering, but instead was the result of being in compliance with the law. The Republicans, at the time, had increased the African American population in already predominantly African American districts, which had upset people because they believed that it was racial gerrymandering. The basis of the argument against opponents revolved around the idea of “one person, one vote.” Coupled with this equality that has been ingrained into society is the Voting Right Acts, more specifically Section Five, which stated that when redistricting, the same number of majority-minority districts was to be maintained along with the...
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...have stated that is pernicious to our voting system. Other stakeholders include, “The Republican National Committee, the National Republican Congressional Committee and the Republican State Leadership Committee. They urged the Supreme Court to reject a challenge to State Assembly districts in Wisconsin.”1 State legislators, also have proposals to solve gerrymandering using independent commissions specifically in the state governments. “The most common proposal is using independent or non-partisan commissions for re-redistricting, which is done in several states including Alaska, Arizona, California, Idaho, Montana, and Washington. Nevertheless, many opponents say it is difficult to find “non-partisan” committee members.”5 Colorado proposed, “The League of Women Voters, who plans to run two ballot initiatives that would create an independent commission to draw Colorado’s congressional and state legislative lines in an effort to end the partisan battle over redistricting.”6 Another is advocacy groups like Fair Vote and the Brennan Center for Justice. Some...
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...Gerrymandering in Texas Gerrymandering refers to the act of shaping of districts by acting majority party for their electoral gain at the cost of minority parties. Texas Senate redistricting was passed in May of 2011 and signed by the governor in the 82nd legislative session. The Texas attorney general petitioned a declaratory case under section five of the Voting Rights Act. The Supreme Court ruled that the coverage formula for determining states and local governments fall under the Voting Right Act. Following these rulings, Texas County was allotted 36 congressional districts which paved the way for a congressional redistricting bill which was passed during the first called session in June of 2011. The process for creating a Congressional...
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...Miami School District Negotiation MGT/445 An increase in student enrollment has caused the demand for a restructure of the Miami School District. The school board has hired experts to redraw school boundaries to be submitted for next year. Under the restructure, there will be many students that will not be able to stay at his or her present schools. There will also be local businesses, homeowners, and other areas that are affected by the redistricting. At first talk of the redistricting the school district did not mention anything to the current stakeholders of the district. When the word of the redistricting gained the attention of parents, they starting voicing their opinions to the school board with the concerns of the quality of education, increased travel time, the crossing of economic and cultural boundaries, the effect of property values and the social effects of this move on the children. The following paper will address the concerns of the stakeholders, and the best way to handle the negotiation process between the Miami School District and its stakeholders. Quality of Education Parents of the children in the Miami School District are concerned of how the transition into a new school is going to affect their children. For the younger children in preschool and elementary the concerns are being in new surroundings, having new teachers and trying to make new friends. Some children will be taken away from their comfort zone. In the middle school and high school...
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...Gerrymandering is the practice of redrawing congressional district lines so that one political party has an advantage over the other. In most states the state legislature has control over redrawing district lines, thus the majority party has control of congressional districts. The party in control of the state legislature will redraw district boundaries to give them more seats in Congress. The U.S. Constitution calls for a national census to be taken every ten years for reapportionment purposes (which is determining how many representatives each state gets based on its population at that time). This means that the federal redistricting process takes place the year after each census is taken. For example, the last national census was in 2010, and the redistricting process started to take place in 2011....
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...gerrymandering was utilized to racially discriminate in voting, which violated the fifteenth amendment to the Constitution. Later in 1962, in Baker v. Carr, and in 1964, in Reynolds v. Sims, the Supreme Court established the provision that voting districts must contain essentially equal population. Five years following the historic decision in Gomillion v. Lightfoot, President Lyndon Baines Johnson and the Congress affirmed the cases primary principle by passing the momentous Voting Rights Act of 1965. These three primary concepts made by policymakers laid the foundation for “order” in redistricting. Likewise, in 1986, in Davis v. Bandemer, the Supreme Court found that partisan-based redistricting posited a constitutional query and was justiciable. Yet contrariwise, in 2004, in Vieth v. Jubelirer, the Supreme Court overruled its previously described decision. It held and now holds that partisan-based redistricting is an issue non-justiciable by the Supreme...
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...In order to finalize these district lines, there must be a majority vote in each legislative chamber, and can be vetoed by the governor if gerrymandering is suspected. This system facilitates a checks and balances system to eliminate any foul play within the redistricting process. Although with both systems have their own way making it difficult for instances of gerrymandering, it can still happen since corruption will always find its way into...
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...property values, as well as the social effects on the children. We will consider who the stakeholders are, the negotiation strategy of the school board, and conclude with the ethical and cultural effect of the decision. When the lines are drawn those doing so approach it by way of necessity not popularity. These lines do not take into consideration how they affect the neighborhoods they divide. They do not consider who the stakeholders are. The stakeholders are not limited to merely the students and their parents who live in the area. They include many others as well. First and foremost, the students, they will experience the most drastic changes. They will not only be switching teachers, but also entire schools as a result of the redistricting lines. Another party affected by these lines are the parents of the children and the residents who happen to live there. Those involved will be affected in multiple ways. Not only do they have the...
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...* Controversy- etymology (word origin) From Latin: “against” (contra) and “versus” (verse) Contra = against or in comparison with Implies difference of opinion or contrast Verse = line of writing Implies opinions expressed in some type of public arena Controversy- definition A prolonged public dispute or debate. Disputation concerning a matter of opinion. “Prolonged” - matters are unsettled over time, lasting “Public” – not private, concerning people as a whole “Dispute / debate” – challenge, taking exception to “Opinion” – personal belief or judgment Synonyms of controversy- disagreement, difference ALSO- contention, strife, argument, dissonance, lack of harmony, heated conflict Controversy- Denotation v. connotation Denotation = meaning The most direct, exact, specific meaning of a work or expression Literal meaning- meaning without interpretation, embellishment, or exaggeration A dictionary definition. Subjective and “cold” Connotation = suggestion Emotional coloration Suggested or implied meaning in addition to what is explicit, objected, denoted Impression that goes beyond a defined meaning Emotional association with a word, phrase, idea Subjective and emotively “loaded” September 17 Democracy- people, common people. People’s rule. Types of democracy Direct- when all members of a community (polity, group) gather together and individuals cast a vote or make decisions=each person is given a chance to influence the policymaking process Representative-...
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