...Israel’s Reconciliation With Its Arab Citizens Israel achieved basic reconciliation with its Arab citizens, but it was a challenge. Likewise, the establishment of Israel was an extensive and difficult process. The idea of a Jewish state in the Middle East outraged the Arab community, especially the Palestinians that currently lived on the land of the proposed Jewish state. On November 2, 1917, Arabs started to become unnerved that a Jewish state might be created in the Middle East. British Foreign Secretary, Lord Arthur Balfour, issued a statement of British government policy, which has since become known as the Balfour Declaration. It stated: "His Majesty's government view with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people.” This is a major milestone for the Jews worldwide. Then in 1920, the borders of the proposed Jewish state were created, which was called, the British Mandate. The Council of the League of Nations appointed Britain as the Mandatory entrusted with the administration of the Land of Israel. The area designated for the Jewish homeland was displeasing for the Arabs. As a result, the Arabs who lived on the land, which was originally called Palestine, vocally and physically expressed their disapproval through riots and other means. The backlash from the Arabs forced the British government to create a commission to analyze how the British Mandate’s government was performing and how to create solutions for the causes of the riots...
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...for this century old conflict, however this reasoning is too simple for a conflict that has lasted for more than a century. An ancient claim, a nationalist movement, two wars, foreign powers, genocide and the UN created Israel, however there is more than one group of people; the other peoples that live in the land of Palestine can share the responsibility for the conflict alongside their Arab neighbours. However it is reasonable to say one can be held more responsible than the other. The Jewish people played an important part in the history of Palestine for many centuries before the birth of Christ. The Jewish version of this period is told in the Bible. It describes how God chose the Jews as his special people and gave them the land of Israel. Under the kings David and Solomon the Jews reached a peak of power in the 10th century before Christ however by the end of the second century AD Jews were no longer a majority in Palestine. The Diaspora had spread the Jewish people far across Europe where they suffered much anti-Semitic discrimination from persecution to the pogroms. This alongside the rise of nationalistic ideas in Europe paved the way for Zionism, the national movement of Jews and Jewish culture that supports the creation of a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Many Israelis believe Israel was founded not in 1948 but in 1897 by Theodor Herzl at the First Zionist Congress in Basel. Many also believe that it is Zionism itself...
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...recognition of the State of Palestine it's a problem hard to analyse considering the history of the belligerents and their argument about being hegemonic. The conflict emerged in 1917 when the Balfour Declaration gave Israelis permission to establish in Palestine and was soon followed by a Palestinian manifesto in 1933, but the dispute became military in 1948 when the civil war turned in the First Arab-Israeli War won by the Zionists with the help of the West. This followed the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel by David Ben-Gurion, the executive head of the World Zionist Organization. The armistice in 1949 led to a disjointed Palestine, with an Arab population of which half was made up of refugees. For twenty years, since the proclamation of the State of Israel and until the Six-Day War, Palestinians were reduced to silence under the occupation of Nasser's Egypt. As for the few who chose not to live under the occupation of Zionists, they were considered a mass of refugees under the protection of UN and UNRWA. In 1950, UNRWA was taking care of 957.000 Palestinians. On the other hand, Israel's population nearly doubled. This state of coercion, fear and insecurity led to the birth of The Palestine Liberation Organization by the Arab League in Cairo (1964) which brings into the open the political wishes of the Palestinians. It is recognized as the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people" by over 100 states with which it holds diplomatic...
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...signatories to the Israeli Declaration of Independence were women (“Establishment of Israel: Signatories to the Israeli Declaration of Independence”). One of those women became Israel’s first female Prime Minister: Golda Meir (“Golda Meir (1898-1978)”). In a country like Israel, where the constant threat of war or terrorism is prevalent, strong leaders were needed to safeguard the existence of a Jewish state (Sullivan and Koepp). From 1920 to 1974, Golda Meir spent decades in politics to protect the rights of Jewish refugees, worked in foreign affairs and labor, and became Israel’s first woman Prime Minister...
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...Issues that continue to block peace between Palestinians and Israelis The issue of Palestine and Israel is one that has been hotly contested for over a thousand years. The last fifty years have been especially important in the history of the Jewish people and Palestinians. Since the death of Yasser Arafat on the 11th of November 2004, and the election of Mahmoud Abbas as his successor as leader of the Palestinian Authority, significant steps have been taken towards a lasting peace. This will hopefully lead to a conclusion of the second Palestinian intifada, which began in late September 2000, and to an end of the oppression of the Palestinian people by the Israeli Defense Forces. Both Jews and Arabs have suffered heavily from the conflict, thousands of innocent civilians have died on both sides, and peace is in the interests of all. History of the Conflict The disputed territory that has been alternately referred to as Palestine and Israel is relatively small, the total area is only roughly 22 000 square kilometers. It is bordered by Jordan on the East, Lebanon on the North, Egypt and the Mediterranean Ocean on the West, and shares 76 kilometers of border with Syria in the North East. The two disputed territories that are occupied by the Israeli Army but under the autonomous control of the Palestinian Authority are the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. These two territories amount to roughly 6400 square kilometers, the West Bank makes up the majority of this area – it amounts...
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...5/8/2014 Israeli–Palestinian conflict - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Israeli–Palestinian conflict From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Israeli–Palestinian conflict (Arabic: اﻟﻨﺰاع اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻄﯿﻨﻲ - اﻹﺳﺮاﺋﯿﻠﻲ al-Niza'a al'Filastini al 'Israili; Hebrew: הסכסוך הישראלי-פלסטיני Ha'Sikhsukh Ha'YisraeliFalestini) is the ongoing struggle between Israelis and Palestinians that began in the mid-20th century.[1] The conflict is wide-ranging, and the term is sometimes also used in reference to the earlier sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine, between the Zionist yishuv and the Arab population under British rule. The Israeli–Palestinian conflict has formed the core part of the wider Arab–Israeli conflict. It has widely been referred to as the world's "most intractable conflict".[3][4][5] Despite a long-term peace process and the general reconciliation of Israel with Egypt and Jordan, Israelis and Palestinians have failed to reach a final peace agreement. The remaining key issues are: mutual recognition, borders, security, water rights, control of Jerusalem, Israeli settlements,[6] Palestinian freedom of movement,[7] and resolving Palestinian claims of a right of return for their refugees. The violence of the conflict, in a region rich in sites of historic, cultural and religious interest worldwide, has been the object of numerous international conferences dealing with historic rights, security issues and human rights, and has been a factor hampering tourism in and...
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...Shimon Peres Shimon Peres has impacted the Arab- Israeli conflict, a period of time when there was political tension between Israel and other Arab countries. Peres has been constantly figuring out solutions to create peace in Palestine. He believes if they don’t begin peace negotiations soon, they will lose the opportunity and receive disappointment. Shimon sworn into serve as the ninth president of Israel in 2007 and became the first prime minister elected as President of Israel. Over the years, he has been supporting peace in the Middle East, so later on, he became the founder of the Peres Center for Peace, an organization that promotes peace in the Middle East. In addition, he wrote many many books on history, literature,...
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...devastating tolls on both the Israeli peoples and the Palestinian peoples. The constant violence and killing has only remained a fuel for the hatred and blood thirsty motivation against one another. This conflict has torn families apart, ruined ties between two groups of people, and put the rest of the world in difficult position, as well as their neighboring countries, due to the fact that no one knows how to help. How do you calmly and efficiently resolve an issue that has ensued for over one hundred years? Which there lies another portion of the problem....
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...Assignment : Arab – Israel Conflict and Peace Process Subject : Conflict and Peace Studies Lecturer Date to be submitted : : Mrs. Nirmali 25th April 2014 Student Student no : : AGMPK Wijenayake PGDCPS 037 Class Institute : : Semester 1 UOC 1 Table of Contents 1. Background 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Geographical history of two states Who is Israelis Who is platinise Reason for the conflict 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 10 2. Conflict identification using conflict tree 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 What conflict tree Identification of conflict tree Root causes of the conflict Core problem of the conflict Result of the conflict 3. Time line of the WAR 3.1 List of battle 4. Time line of peace process 4.1 4.2 4.3 List of peace attempt Identification of failure of peace process Conflict through Galtung conflict Triangle 2 5. Possible answer for the conflict 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Common third party policy Identification by the United Nation One State Two State Three State 11 12 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 6. 7. . Recommendation Conclusion Bibliography 3 1. Background 1.1 Geographical history of two states Understanding Israel and the broader Middle East requires understanding the difference between a state and a nation, two words often used interchangeably. A state in the traditional sense is the political apparatus that governs a territory; a nation is a people who share a heritage, a culture, or perhaps a system of beliefs Israel, officially the State of Israel is a country...
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...During the time of this Declaration, Palestine was still under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. Although the British had promised Jews a home, their promises were not worth much. In 1916, a year prior to the the Balfour Declaration, the British had secretly promised the French that they would divide up the Arab countries that the British would maintain control over Palestine. A year prior to their promise to the French, in 1915, the British had promised Sharif Hussein, the ruler of Mecca that he would preside over an Arab state (including Palestine) if he led an Arab revolt over the Ottomans. The British promised Palestine to Zionists, to themselves and to the Meccans simultaneously. This would obviously lead to issues and in no way could result in a peaceful resolution. Shortly following the war, the British established a colony in Palestine. The did this under the idea that they would rule until the Palestinians were able to govern...
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...Special Political and Decolonization Berkeley Model United Nations S I X T Y - T H I R D III S E S S I O N Gabby Armato Gloria Cheung Adam Yankelevits Robert Purviance ! ! ! ! ! Table of Contents South Sudan Topic Background Past International Involvement and Attempted Solutions Case Studies 1 | Sudan 2 | China Questions to Consider Works Cited Palestinian Refugees Topic Background Past International Involvement and Attempted Solutions Case Studies 1 | United States 2 | Jordan Questions to Consider Works Cited ! ! 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 9 9 9 10 11 ! ! 1 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! South Sudan Topic Background It has been slightly over three years since this fledgling nation seceded from Sudan in July 2011. Now the country is fraught with a major political upheaval, a debilitating famine, a declining economy, and an impending civil war ripe with ethnic tension. The South Sudanese political and social schism erupted after President Salva Kiir began to crackdown on the supporters of his rival, former Vice President Riek Machard. Mr. Machard attempted a coup to overthrow the President shortly after Mr. Kiir dismissed the entirety of his government due to suspicion that they were plotting to overthrow his regime. The conflict boiled over and turned violent between the feuding army factions on December 15th 2013. The political struggle between these two factions quickly escalated into a full-scale ethnic conflict and has created a violent schism within...
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...The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has been one of the most important issues that the United Nations has focused on since its founding in 1945. It has been the central topic for many resolutions, special committees, and peacekeeping efforts over the last sixty years. The United Nations has served as a platform for discussion about this conflict and has been used as a mediator between the opposing groups as a peaceful resolution to the issues is sought. Its main interest is in creating a peaceful end to this conflict and ensuring that both sides are just in their actions. At the time that the United Nations was founded, Great Britain administered the area of Palestine as a result of a mandate that had been assigned to them by the League of Nations. The British supported the establishment of a Jewish state in the area and Jewish immigration was greatly increasing especially following the Holocaust during World War II. This was met by opposition from the Arab population in Palestine and, as violence between the groups increased, the British were forced to turn the region over to the United Nations. On 28 April 1947 a special session of the UN General Assembly established the Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP), which had the task of investigating all of the questions surrounding the problems in Palestine and to recommend solutions to be considered by the General Assembly later that year. UNSCOP recommended two solutions. The first was that the area be divided...
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...World Since 1945’’ Second Edition by Daniel R. Brower. New Jersey, 2005) * By 1960’s military dictatorship had taken power in most middle Eastern countries they justified their rule by promoting social reform and often by claiming to be defenders of the Muslim faith Jewish Problem: * Jewish settlers living among Arab-speaking peoples in Palestine achieved the Zionist dream of a Jewish nation-state shortly after ww2 * the inflexible opposition of Arab states to the very existence of Israel led to four separate wars between Israel and its Arab neighbors * Pan- Arab Nationalism To unite Arab peoples under one nation * Zionism- Jewish movement * Later, Palestinians entered into the struggle against the Jewish state in an effort to forge their own nation-state nationalism was at the heart of the Middle East turmoil in the last half of the century Oil Conflict/issue * Oil fields concentrated in the area around the Persian Golf contained greater petroleum reserves of higher quality than anywhere else in the world * The dependence of industrial countries on this vital resoourse brought the preasures of the cold war to bear on the oil-rich countries * SOVIETS AND U.S KEPT CLOSE WATCH ON THE UNSTABLE GOVERNMENTS THERE * Governments of land with large oil reserves nationalized their petroleum industry to get direct access to a share of the profits created an international cartel to set levels of production and prices for this increasingly...
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...The Arab-Israeli War of 1948 Looking back in time, it’s obvious that the Holocaust had an unflappable impact on the Eastern European Jewish population. A total of 5,962,129 European Jews were killed at the hands of Adolf Hitler and his crew of Nazi radicals. That left roughly 3.5 million survivors without family members, and a safe place to live. Life after the Holocaust was filled with fear and unknowingness for millions of Jews. According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum website, terror reigned upon the Jewish population even when the mass murders had subsided. “After liberation, many Jewish survivors feared to return to their former homes because of the anti-Semitism (hatred of Jews) that persisted in parts of Europe and the trauma they had suffered. Some who returned home feared for their lives. In postwar Poland, for example, there were a number of pogroms (violent anti-Jewish riots). The largest of these occurred in the town of Kielce in 1946 when Polish rioters killed at least 42 Jews and beat many others.” That description goes to show that safety was still a concern post-holocaust, and many survivors could not go back to their homes on the notion that they could be killed. One place that was considered a safe haven for Jewish refugees to start a new life was Palestine. Since Palestine was under British control, the Palestinian Arabs could do nothing but watch the Jewish migrants slowly take their land. By 1936, 30% of the population in Palestine comprised...
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...the advancement of the peace process between Israel and Palestine?“ was to provide a thorough examination of the Arab-Israeli conflict and estimate the possible courses of its development in case of UN interference into the matter. The method used in the process of investigation consisted in accessing English and Israeli websites, including the official website of the Parliament of Israel, in order to collect the necessary information on the issue. A vast amount of opinions was gathered and applied in the research, that helped to create the holistic picture of the problem under consideration. As a result of the investigation the conclusion has been drawn that at the present moment Palestinian bid for statehood and membership rather added to the problem than helped to solve it. Although each of the UN members has its own interests to pursue in this conflict, the majority of the UN member states still refrain from any steps towards the conflict resolution and consider the admission of Palestine to the UN impossible until certain agreement is achieved between the two countries. Page numbers Introduction to the Essay 2 Subheading 1: The attempts to negotiate peace between Israel and Palestine. 4 Subheading 2: The official standpoints of the sides involved. Reasons for obtaining UN membership and statehood. Public response in Palestinian and Israeli society. 7 Subheading 3: The position of the USA. The attitude of the UN member states to the Palestinian policy...
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