...Al Shoubaki, Aymen Salim Khraim | Factors Affecting Jodanian Consumers’ Adoption of Mobile Banking Services | International Journal of Business and Social Science | *Self-efficacy*Trailability*Compatibility*Complexity*Risk*Relative advantage | Questionnaire | *Self-efficacy has a direct effect on consumers‟ adoption of mobile banking services * Trailability has a direct effect on consumers‟ adoption of mobile banking services * Compatibility has a direct effect on consumers‟ adoption of mobile banking services * Complexity has a direct effect on consumers‟ adoption of mobile banking services*Risk has a direct effect on consumers‟ adoption of mobile banking services*Relative advantage has a direct effect on consumers‟ adoption of mobile banking services | 2 | Malaysia | 2011 | Ching Mun Cheah, Aik Chuan Teo, Jia Jia Sim, Kam Hoe Oon and Boon In Tan | Factors Affecting Malaysian Mobile Banking Adoption: An Empirical Analysis | International Journal of Network and Mobile Technologies | *Perceived usefulness*Perceived ease of use*Relative advantages*Perceived Risk*personal innovativeness | Questionnaire | *Factors such as perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease ofuse (PEOU), relative advantages (RA) and personal innovativeness (PI) were found positively related with theintention to adopt mobile banking services. However, social norms (SN) were the only factor found insignificant.As expected, perceived risks (PR) was negatively associated with the mobile banking adoption. | 3...
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...The Effects of Brand Relationship Norms on Consumer Attitudes and Behavior PANKAJ AGGARWAL* The key premise underlying this work is that when consumers form relationships with brands they use norms of interpersonal relationships as a guide in their brand assessments. Two relationship types are examined: exchange relationships in which benefits are given to others to get something back and communal relationships in which benefits are given to show concern for other’s needs. The conceptual model proposes that an adherence to or a violation of these relationship norms influences the appraisal of the specific marketing action and also the overall brand evaluations. Results of three experiments provide converging evidence in support of the theory. B randing and brand-based differentiation are powerful means for creating and sustaining competitive advantage. Prior research has examined differences in how consumers perceive and evaluate brands, for example, through investigating brand equity (Keller 1993; McQueen, Foley, and Deighton 1993), brand personality (Aaker 1997; Plummer 1985) and brand extensions (Aaker and Keller 1990; Nakamoto, MacInnis, and Jung 1993). More recently, researchers have noted that consumers differ not only in how they perceive brands but also in how they relate to brands (Fournier 1998; Muniz and O’Guinn 2001). This line of research has suggested that people sometimes form rela- *Pankaj Aggarwal is an assistant professor of marketing at the Division of...
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...87 2004 by JOURNAL OF CONSUMER RESEARCH, Inc. ● Vol. 31 ● June 2004 All rights reserved. 0093-5301/2004/3101-0008$10.00 The Effects of Brand Relationship Norms on Consumer Attitudes and Behavior PANKAJ AGGARWAL* The key premise underlying this work is that when consumers form relationships with brands they use norms of interpersonal relationships as a guide in their brand assessments. Two relationship types are examined: exchange relationships in which benefits are given to others to get something back and communal relationships in which benefits are given to show concern for other’s needs. The conceptual model proposes that an adherence to or a violation of these relationship norms influences the appraisal of the specific marketing action and also the overall brand evaluations. Results of three experiments provide converging evidence in support of the theory. Branding and brand-based differentiation are powerful means for creating and sustaining competitive advantage. Prior research has examined differences in how consumers perceive and evaluate brands, for example, through investigating brand equity (Keller 1993; McQueen, Foley, and Deighton 1993), brand personality (Aaker 1997; Plummer 1985) and brand extensions (Aaker and Keller 1990; Nakamoto, MacInnis, and Jung 1993). More recently, researchers have noted that consumers differ not only in how they perceive brands but also in how they relate to brands (Fournier 1998; Muniz and O’Guinn 2001). This...
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...Deviance is any behaviour that violates social norms, there can be many different reasons why people display deviant behaviour. People who engage in deviant behaviour are referred to as deviants. Deviant behaviour is any behaviour that is contrary to the dominant norms of society. In practice however most deviance is ignored or mildly punished is sometimes regarded as amusing or even supported. Mugging a person is classed as deviant, smoking in a public place is now regarded as deviant (smoking ban in public places was introduced in Ireland March 2004). Most of us at one point or time in our lives have been labeled deviant or at least sightly deviant. As I mentioned Deviance is the recognised violation of cultural norms. Norms are rules and expectations which guide the behaviour of a society, therefore norms guide human activities, so the concept of deviance is broad. As we develop from childhood to teenager to adult we gain experience and exposure to many situations either alone or with others. We are taught what we should and should not do, what is good and what is bad what is right and what is wrong within our society, learning habits that conform to the customs, traditions of the group into which we are born. We start to develop a system of values, these values are why we refrain from behaviour that is frowned on or disapproved off. Most of us have at some time or other have misgivings or second thoughts about something we may have done in the past. Maybe, told a lie...
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...Deviance, in a sociological context, describes actions or behaviors that violate social norms, including formally-enacted rules (e.g., crime),[1] as well as informal violations of social norms (e.g., rejecting folkways and mores). It is the purview of sociologists, psychologists, psychiatrists, and criminologists to study how these norms are created, how they change over time and how they are enforced. Norms are rules and expectations by which members of society are conventionally guided. Deviance is an absence of conformity to these norms. Social norms differ from culture to culture. For example, a deviant act can be committed in one society that breaks a social norm there, but may be normal for another society. Viewing deviance as a violation of social norms, sociologists have characterized it as "any thought, feeling, or action that members of a social group judge to be a violation of their values or rules "or group" conduct, that violates definitions of appropriate and inappropriate conduct shared by the members of a social system. The departure of certain types of behavior from the norms of a particular society at a particular time and "violation of certain types of group norms where behavior is in a disapproved direction and of sufficient degree to exceed the tolerance limit of the community. Deviance can be relative to time and place because what is considered deviant in one social context may be non-deviant in another (e.g., fighting during a hockey game vs. fighting...
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...demand strict rules for specific members to cults who do not demand such strict rules and have more freedom for their members. One reason for these new religious movements appealing to others is the practical reasons. For religions such as Catholicism the main mass is on a Sunday. In our modern society sport is very popular and it tends to take place on Sunday. This means that people who may play sport or work may not be able to attend this mass and so cannot feel part of their religion which reduces social solidarity and cohesion as certain members may not feel they are part of the community. This shows how new religious movements will appeal to these people as they do not require you to attend mass on a Sunday but just of a time of your choosing when it best suits you, this means members can work their religion around their jobs making it more appealing. Another reason that is put across by Webber is that it is the people who are categorised under the bottom of the social hierarchy that are more likely to be part of these movements. Webber says these groups develop a ‘Theory of Disprivilege’ meaning a religious explanation for why they are in their position in society. As sects normally promise a privileged afterlife these underprivileged people (mostly proletariats) feel that they belong to something bigger than everyone else, because of this promise of salvation they see themselves as superior to anyone who is not a member of their sect. This shows how to the proletariats...
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...most extreme definition, poverty manifests itself in the form of outright starvation and destitution because individuals or households do not possess the resources which give access to the basics for survival or which enable them to enjoy some minimum standard of living. (Christine Barrow; 2001) From a theoretical Perspective of Poverty. Culture of Poverty The underlying idea is that the lifestyle of the poor differs in many respects to that of the non poor in society. Similarities have been found in this poverty lifestyle even across different societies. This leads to the development of a sub culture, with its own norms and values, which can now be transmitted from one generation to the next. Technically, the culture of poverty is a subculture of poor people in ghettos, poor regions or social contexts where they develop a shared set of beliefs, values and norms for behaviour that are separate from but embedded in the culture of the main society. Once the culture of poverty has come into existence it tends to perpetuate itself. By the time slum children are six or seven they usually absorbed the basic attitudes and values of their subculture. Thereafter they are psychologically unready to take full advantage of changing conditions or improving opportunities that may develop in their lifetime. Oscar Lewis. Marxist Perspectives Conflict theorists posit that poverty results from the failure of the state to allocate resources equitably. They view poverty from several different...
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...Crime is a relative concept. This means that how society views criminal acts, can differ. Criminal acts in one society, may not be perceived as a criminal act in another society. Society may also differ in how to punish people for committing specific criminal acts (Broom and Selzsnck, 1963 p540, 541). Deviance can be defined as behaviour which does not conform to certain norms of a specific society. (Haralambos & Holborn, 2008). Defining crime or deviance is diverse amongst the many different cultures, history and from one social context to another (new texts p138) which causes big problems whilst defining and measuring crime or deviance as what is believed to be criminal or deviant behaviour in one society may be seen as legal or normal behaviour be another society. There are many theories relating to deviance and crime with each theory illustrating a different aspect of the procedure by which people break rules and are classed as deviants or criminals. (New texts p 138) This highlights the problems in defining crime or deviance. Many believe crime and deviance developed on separate tracks over the years as criminologist serve only for legality, crime and crime-related phenomena. The study of deviance however serves for a wide range of behaviours that are not necessarily illegal for example suicide, alcoholism, homosexuality, mentally disordered behaviours. (Bader et al) the man difference between crime and deviance is deviant behaviour is when a social norm has been broken...
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...Social Disorganization Summary CJA/384 Criminal Organizations In some instances, individuals can become a product of his or her environment. Low income and poverty stricken communities tend to lack adequate education, health care, and community programs, thus creating social disorganization. This paper will define social disorganization, identify and discuss two theories in association with social disorganization, and expound on how social disorganization relate to organized crime and its proliferation. Social Disorganization “[S]ocial disorganization theories suggest that a breakdown in social norms and opportunities has occurred and that the resulting frustration causes people to choose criminality as their only source of success” (Lyman & Potter, 2007, p. 81). Typically, delinquency or criminal behavior is approved because of a subculture within disadvantage communities. One of the core principles relating to the social disorganization theory is an individual’s environment is a factor when influencing an individual’s involvement in criminal activities. “[A]reas characterized by economic deprivation had high rates of population turnover, since these were undesirable residential communities, which people left once it became feasible for them to do so. Socio-economically deprived areas also tended to be settled by newly arrived immigrants, which resulted in the ethnic and racial heterogeneity of these areas” ("Review Of The Roots Of Youth Violence: Literature...
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...Culture encompasses the beliefs and behaviors of a particular ethnic or social group. “Mexican” culture mainly defines me. However, it has been influenced by the “American” culture I have been surrounded by extensively. Values define what is wrong or right within a group while norms are considered social rules and guidelines followed by this group as proper behavior. Having been born and raised in the border town of El Paso has taught me to appreciate both Mexican and American cultures in their similar and contrasting characteristics. Having Mexican roots, I was initially taught to speak Spanish. To the elders in my family, it is disrespectful to mix English with Spanish while speaking. It is referred to as “Spanglish,” like my uncle says. Although the majority of my relatives are bilingual, it is a norm to converse in one language only. The kitchen is probably the most important area of a Mexican household. Cooking brings families together during family reunions or special events and it is normally done by the female members. My mom would rather make us enchiladas as opposed to buying them because she conveys her care and affection through her cooking. It is common to place family above all else in the Mexican culture, and cooking reflects that to an extent. As children, my mother stayed home to care for my brother and myself while my dad worked. Consequently, we received much parental care and attention, which is not common in the American culture. As a member of the Mexican...
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...Analysis | The Effects of Attitude, Subjective Norm, andPerceived Behavioral Control on Consumers’Purchase Intentions: The Moderating Effectsof Product Knowledge and Attention toSocial Comparison Information.Jyh-Shen Chiou1998 | northernTaiwan | 300 student subjects from universities around northernTaiwan | Independent Variables : * Attitude * Subjective norm * Perceived behavioral control. Moderating Variable : * Subjective knowledge * ATSCI (attention to social comparison information) | Purchase intention | Questionnaire | Individual | Findings & contribution | Limitations | Suggestion for future research | Key word | Objective/ purpose | - This study showed that the relative importance ofattitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control in the prediction of intention varies when consumers possess different subjective product knowledge or social information comparison disposition.- This research has strong implications for marketers. It can help them develop more effective marketing programs to affect consumers’ purchase intentions under different situations. | - In this study only one product type, the computer printer was examined.- This study just use of student subjects may limit the generalizabilities of the findings. | - Future research should identify more product characteristics that can affect the results.- Study for consumers in different countries may have different sources of social pressure. -Study people in different generations...
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...Chapter Eight: Deviance and Social Control Chapter Summary Sociologists use the term deviance to refer to any violation of rules and norms. From a sociological perspective, deviance is relative. Definitions of “what is deviant” vary across societies and from one group to another within the same society. Howard S. Becker described the interpretation of deviance as, “…not the act itself, but the reaction to the act that makes something deviant.” This coincides with the symbolic interactionist view. In some cases, an individual need not do anything to be labeled a deviant. He or she may be falsely accused or discredited because of a birth defect, race, or disease. Even crime is relative when interpreting the deviance of the actor. Deviance is based on adherence to and violation of norms. Human groups need norms to exist. By making behavior predictable, norms make social life possible. Consequently, all human groups develop a system of social control, which involves formal and informal means of enforcing norms. Those who violate these norms face the danger of being labeled “deviant.” Violators can expect to experience negative sanctions for the violation of norms. Members of society who conform to societal norms, especially those who go above and beyond what is commonly expected, receive positive sanctions. In some societies, such as the Amish, shaming is a common negative sanction that acts strongly as a means of social control, minimizing deviance. Biologists...
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...Assess the view that the Nuclear family is no longer the norm. The definition of a nuclear family is a family unit that consists of a mother, father and their children, who all live together. It can be argued that the nuclear family is no longer the norm but some sociologists, like Murdock and Talcott Parsons, would argue that the nuclear family is the norm. The three different types of sociologists; functionalists, feminists and new right all have different views on the family and its importance. Functionalists believe the function of the family is to socialist children, which in turn benefits both society and children. Feminists believe the purpose of the family is to reinforce the dominant position of men without a patriarchal society. New Right believe the role of the family is to teach children the difference between right and wrong, and to provide a sense of morality more widely known as “family values.” Functionalists such as Murdock and Parsons would say that the nuclear family is the norm. Murdock felt that all families fulfil four functions. The first function being sexual which is where married adults enjoy a healthy sex life which prevents them having affairs and ensures children are raised by their natural parents. The second function is reproductive which involves making the next generation. The third function is economic, by this Murdoch means providing food and shelter. Ideally the man will go out to work and the woman will look after the house...
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...Chapter Eight: Deviance and Social Control Chapter Summary Sociologists use the term deviance to refer to any violation of rules and norms. From a sociological perspective, deviance is relative. Definitions of “what is deviant” vary across societies and from one group to another within the same society. Howard S. Becker described the interpretation of deviance as, “…not the act itself, but the reaction to the act that makes something deviant.” This coincides with the symbolic interactionist view. In some cases, an individual need not do anything to be labeled a deviant. He or she may be falsely accused or discredited because of a birth defect, race, or disease. Even crime is relative when interpreting the deviance of the actor. Deviance is based on adherence to and violation of norms. Human groups need norms to exist. By making behavior predictable, norms make social life possible. Consequently, all human groups develop a system of social control, which involves formal and informal means of enforcing norms. Those who violate these norms face the danger of being labeled “deviant.” Violators can expect to experience negative sanctions for the violation of norms. Members of society who conform to societal norms, especially those who go above and beyond what is commonly expected, receive positive sanctions. In some societies, such as the Amish, shaming is a common negative sanction that acts strongly as a means of social control, minimizing deviance. Biologists, psychologists, and...
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...buy into the collective sentiments of society, and will deviate from these norms and beliefs. Durkheim said a certain amount of crime and deviance as normal and an integral part of all healthy societies. This is because it acts as a ‘safety valve’, providing a relatively harmless way for someone to express their discontent. For example, Cohen said that “prostitution performs such a safety valve function without threatening the institution of the family”, this is because he believed this crime of prostitution could relieve the stress in a discrete way without damaging the rest of the clients life. Clinard said crime also served the function of acting as a warning device. This is because the crime indicates that there is an aspect of society that is malfunctioning. So the crime draws attention to the problem within society, which can then be fixed. Durkheim said that crime in society isn’t genetically produced, but is natural in society. However, he did say that too much crime was dangerous in a society, and this is an idea Merton developed. Merton and Anomie Merton observed American culture. He said that this society bought into the ‘American dream’ of having a successful career with lots of money, material possessions and a nice family. Merton said that in a balanced society everyone will be happy, however, he said American society isn’t balanced, so when people struggle to live up to societies norms and values they try and find other ways of achieving this success, and act...
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