...(d) military strength of the Germanics. The Frankish leader who defeated the Moors at the Battle of Tours was ___. (a) Clovis. (c) Charlemagne. (b) Pepin. (d) Charles Martel. Areas that Charlemagne united within his empire are now part of _____. (a) France and Germany. (c) England and Spain (b) Spain and Portugal. (d) Austria and Russia. An important result of Clovis’ conquests was the _____. (a) spread of Christianity in Europe (b) union of the Western and Eastern Roman empires (c) expulsion of the Moslems from western Europe (d) decline of feudalism in central Europe. The "Dark Ages" in western Europe refers to the period _____. (a) after the creation of the Feudal system (b) soon after the assassination of Julius Caesar (c) followed the collapse of the Roman Empire (d.) strengthening the central authority of Rome within the Empire. Which was not a result of the Germanic invasions of the Roman Empire? (a) Raising the level of civilization (c) Curtailing trade (b) Overthrowing the Roman government (d) Destroying many fine buildings The tithe was _____. (a.) an asylum for the poor. (c.) a monastic order. (b.) a tax levied by the Church. (d.) a special vestment for nuns. The Holy Inquisition was established to _____. (a.) combat heresy. (c.) stamp out Church corruption. (b.) convert the Jews. (d.) punish traitors to the king. Whenever...
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...Tanya Spinella 2-18-11 History 102 Essay # 1 The feudal system of Europe was created in response to a need by the king of the Franks, Charles Martel, to pay his warriors. Martel began to give fiefs owned by the church, in return for a well-trained vessel to protect his kingdom from the Moors, who were threatening their attack. This system, feudalism, is a hierarchical structure used to govern and oppress the peasants. The Catholic church played a major role in the upholding of the feudal system by threatening excommunication to the lowly servants of God. The end of feudalism was a gradual happening caused by the Black Death, the commercial revolution, and humanism in European Society resulting in the enlightened, free thinking peoples of the Renaissance. The Black Death was one of the leading causes for the disintegration of the feudal system. Also known as the Bubonic Plague, the Black Death originated in China in the early 1000’s A.D.[1] The epidemic spread to Europe around 1347 A.D. killing two-thirds of the population. Denser populated areas of Europe, like London, were affected the most however; because of it’s crowded towns, and poorer families housing at least twelve people, the black plague swept through these places easily. [2] Because of the drastic drop off in population, new opportunities began to present themselves to the once hapless citizens who survived the bubonic plague. An increase in available land was one of these many benefits resulting in more crop...
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...Richard Goldthwaite examines in excerpts from his 1993 publication Wealth and the Demand for art in Italy, 1300-1600, the evolution and literary study of consumer habits of Renaissance Italians between the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Goldthwaite argues that by examining Renaissance palaces and their decorations, furnishings, etc. and the spending habits of nobles, artisans, etc. These factors contributed to a new emerging consumer society. Goldthwaite explains how Renaissance consumption encompassed a variety of aspects that reflected sociocultural changes within feudal and political systems, religious views, and interior and exterior architecture; contributing to new ideas about wealth and nobility. Goldthwaite starts by examining...
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...total population of more than 120 million, but a 1393 census found only 65 million Chinese surviving which shows that from its origin at the eastern end of the Silk Road, the Black Death ended up infecting people all across Asia. The Silk Road connected Italy to Persia, to the Middle East, to India which was extremely depopulated and into China and Mongolia. The Black Death also had a dramatic effect on life in Medieval Europe. The first signs of the Black Plague in Europe were around the fall of 1347. In the span of three years about one-third of the European Population died from the plague. This traumatic population change coming into the Late Middle Ages caused great changes in European culture and lifestyle, deeply influencing the Renaissance. In North Africa the Black Death started around September 1st however Africa like many other countries did not have sufficient dependable sources for historians to study so the mortality rate is unknown, however it is suggested that the cases of the Black Death were not as severe in Africa as in other countries such as Europe and Asia as there were only few trade routes to Africa nevertheless it is known that Africa have had multiple recurrences of the Black Death even after the disease was clearing up in...
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...There were many different theories about the origin of the Black Death during the outbreak during the Dark Ages. Some believed the disease was caused by miasma, bad water, bad smells, by sight, by poison, by Jews or simply as vengeance sent from God. Some of these combined Jews poisoning wells, God and miasma. None of them came close to understanding that the disease was bacterial in nature and was being spread by fleas infecting rats. Perhaps the closest to the truth was Girolamo Fracastoro who described the cause as a seed of contagion. The response to the disease varied and changed as time went by. Quarantine and Isolation were used to stop the spread of the disease. There were attempts at masking the bad smells believed to cause the disease...
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...The Renaissance is the coined term for a period of rebirth that spread throughout Europe between the 14th and 16th centuries (Brotton, 28). All forms of knowledge, art, and expression manifested into new directions and aspirations. It was a major building block in the advancement of human thought. The Renaissance focused on learning through natural sciences and newfound knowledge rather than accepting older teachings (Brotton, 39). It fostered curiosity and innovation in many industries and aspects of life. In a sense, it was a new chapter or book in our human history index. The Renaissance also paved the way for the Protest Reformation to eventually occur (Brotton, 101). There are many factors that led the Renaissance to occur. It was a combination of the Crusades and the Mongols expansion that began under Genghis Khan that led to the fruition of the Renaissance. The Crusades brought the two worlds of Islam and Christianity in a manner like never before. The death toll of the Crusades varies among academia between one and five million people (Madden, 172). Besides all the bloodshed, the Crusades allowed Europeans to rediscover new forms of art, expressions, and ways of life. Europe became too involved in their feudal and monarchy type systems. They had forgotten the importance of the arts and sciences and were more focused on building fortunes and spreading salvation. Europeans, by way of the Crusades, were astonished at the advancements of the Muslim world and sought to learn...
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...advancements to grand masterpieces, the Middle Ages and Renaissance periods were pivotal periods in our history that today are still greatly recognizable and appreciated for their beauty and awe inspiring captivation of humanity. The Middle Ages, a time of great turmoil, forced people to seek order in their lives and stay alive through dependence on community while the Renaissance period pushed the boundaries of personal enlightenment and ‘rebirth’ of classical humanism. Throughout the 700 year period, the development and advancements of innovations, art, and humanities clearly deviates between the Middle Ages and Renaissance period, displaying a striking portrayal of individualism versus community. The Middle Ages began in the early 10th century with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and continued throughout the late 15th century. During this time the Middle Ages experienced great political and social change from religious and political crusaders conquering lands, to the establishment of the first universities (Bishop, 1968). The Middle Ages was an age of revolts, religious imbalances, and devastating plagues that led to an economic depression (Bishop, 1968). With all of these external factors affecting their lives, the people of the Middle Ages sought to find order through a feudal government system and community outreach. The ‘dark’ time of the Middle Ages resulted in the expansion of knowledge and ideas known as the Renaissance period from the late 13th to the late 17th century...
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...Goya’s Ghost Goya’s Ghost is a beautiful, melodrama movie, directed by Milos Forman, that took place in the 18th century of Spain. The movie shows us how Spain was during that time, which I think was intriguing. The plot with the church against Napoleon was also interesting because It made me learn something new. It showed me that there are some people that do not agree with the Church and does not see it as healthy for the system during the Renaissance Era. The movie starts off with priests reviewing Francisco Goya’s art, and all of the priests disliked the art except for Brother Lorenzo. “These images show us the true face of our country,” said Lorenzo. The images depicted played an important part because it gives us a hint on what the movie would be about. Francisco Goya is an excellent painter recognized by Lorenzo and Queen...
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...Mencius is regarded as second only to that of Confucius himself. Mencius, like Confucius, was very saddened by the quality of life during his time. Mencius spoke of the deaf and the blind often and the terrible events that had happened to them. According to Mencius “the natural goodness of humans had become perverted by the circumstances that they had raised. Yet he also says that “A person has the potential to become perfect.” One cannot discuss Confucianism without at least mentioning the man the Chinese call "The Second Sage," Meng Tzu, or in Latinized form, Mencius (372-289 B.C.) Mencius, like Confucius and Mo Tzu before him, concerned himself entirely with political theory and political practice; he spent his life bouncing from one feudal court to another trying to find some ruler who would follow his teachings (Hooker, 1996). Looking at the philosophy of Mencius, One of the main concerns that some may have with his philosophy is the matter of the natural goodness of humans has become perverted. Mencius mentioned that a person also has the ability to become perfect. I don’t necessarily believe that any one person can become perfect. One might be able to call it perfect in their mind, but in the mind of another they would not be called perfect. To phase that a little different “I could see myself as perfect and you would not see me as perfect.” Mencius says that by recovering your lost mind and forgotten heart and feeling and thinking naturally is the key. There are...
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...novel, A Tale of Two Cities, describes the lives of the peasantry in Europe between 1300 to 1650. For many peasants, their lives could be depicted as overwhelming, depressing, discouraging, and hopeless; yet, many events during these 350 years opened up opportunities for the peasantry to improve their lives. Events ranging from the Hundred Years War to the Black Death, and up until the beginning years of the Renaissance, changed the lives of the peasantry dramatically, all for the better. Before the Black Death reached Europe, peasants’ lives were very difficult. They usually never left the manor on which they served without the master’s permission. It was illegal for them to even move to another city or manor, if they so desired. They were forced to pay rent to their landlords for the land they cultivated themselves. In addition to the rent that was required of them, “they were also required to provide free labor on the lands used by the lord, known as a demesne.”[1] Although there were rewards to living on a manor, the peasantry had more advantages when the manorial system began to break down at the beginning of the fourteenth century. Even though the nobility still dominated rural Europe, peasants were beginning to move out of their status as servants. The Black Death, striking Italy in 1347, was one of the events that began to shape the lives of the peasantry. It is seen throughout history as one of the worst epidemics to ever hit the European nations. Later it became known...
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...two observation”(Vesalius). Andreas like many great scientist believed that you must conduct several experiments before making a conclusion. Andreas Vesalius deserves to be the next Renaissance Idol because he demonstrates the skills, devotion, and creativity that other have lacked to present. The word Renaissance means the “rebirth”, the Renaissance era followed the decline of the feudal system. This allowed individuals to express themselves through art, architecture, and science, it was the idea of being free to pursue dreams that drove the success of many people.The three main values of the Renaissance are individualism, humanism, and secularism. The Renaissance era not only made a huge impact during the Renaissance but it also made an impact on the way we see art, the way we read literature, and the way we dared to dream today....
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...The middle ages is a period that most certainly cannot be addressed as a period that no events occurred and all was so called "dark". Many Tragic events did happen, but during this period many events happened that weren't so dark. Such things as the rise of new Universities, the division of Christianity and the Renaissance. Let's begin to think of the middle ages as the birth of Western Civilization, instead of the images we have in our heads due to movies and high school history. During the High Middle Ages(1000CE-1300), ideas were changing, society became more interested in art, sports, education, and literature. Occupations and preoccupations differed from the feudal nobility and labouring peasants(McKay,Hill, Buckler,Crowston,Wiesner-Hanks, & Perry, 2012, p.298). Cities were now crowed and polluted and caused improvement in legal status. The sumptuary laws were laws that social groups needed to wear certain items clothing to distinguish from one another. The high social group wore velvet , silk, pearls while peasants wore dark clothing made of linen and wood blending(McKay,2012., p.300). So the interaction between the wealthy and peasants was common. Games and sports were a popular form of entertainment that united society. With that, Primary schooling was most of the time in monasteries, convents and cathedrals. By the 12th century the demand for trained officials increased, trade and feudalism were the cause of this development(History of Western Civilization...
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...Middle Ages and Renaissance Art Western Governor’s University It is interesting how two different artistic periods can compare to each other. When comparing Middle Age art to art of the Renaissance, I find a vast transformation of ideas and mentality between the two eras. The Middle Ages, also called the Medieval period, lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. Christianity, religion and the church played an important role in life in the Middle Ages. Life seemed difficult in the Middle Ages. A vast majority of the population could read or write. The population’s hope was declining and this lead to a strong belief that the next life in heaven would be better than the current life that they were in. The basic government and society in Europe during the middle ages was based around the feudal system. (Eco, U. (1986). Because Christianity played an important role during the Middle Ages, early Christian art icons were popular such as images of Christ, the Virgin Mary or saints. Also popular were illuminated manuscripts that were of a religious nature. Because of the radiant glow created by the gold, silver, and other colors that were used, these handwritten and decorated or painted texts were called illuminations. These were still being created in the Middle Ages. Architecture of the Middle Ages also focused on a Christianity theme. Two...
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...be dead. That is what life was like when the bubonic plague took hold of Europe. Within three years nearly half of the European population was killed off. Like most sad stories, the tragedy of the bubonic plague has a silver lining. The drastic change in population destroyed the feudal system, allowed freedom of thought and gave birth to a new middle class. There was nothing pretty about the bubonic plague. It likely came from China and was carried to Europe by a few merchants and the rats/fleas that came with them on the ships. Once an individual caught the disease they had approximately 4 days to live. On the first day you would feel sick and start to develop patches of swelling. On the second day you might begin to vomit, developed a fever and the swellings would grow. On the third day bleeding under the skin would begin appearing and an unpleasant odor would arise. On the fourth day the illness attacked the nervous system, convulsions begin. Most people died on the fourth day. The disease was so contagious that nearly everyone who came into contact with a victim would also be dead in a matter of days. Before the days of the plague Europe operated on the Feudal system which basically involved three parties; the church, nobility and serfs. The lords owned all of the land while the vassals and serfs farmed it, in turn paying very high taxes to the lords. When the plague came the only way to survive was to leave the cities and move to the country,...
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...1. Absolute Monarch-form of government where the monarch (usually a king or queen) has absolute power; monarch has unrestricted political power over the sovereign state and it’s people; usually born into power 2. Age of Reason-18th century movement that followed after the mysticism, religion, and superstition of the Middle Ages 3. Agrarian-cultivated land; person who advocates a redistribution of landed property, especially as part of a social movement 4. Akbar The Great (Mughal India)-Mughal emperor from 1556-death; extended power over most of India Continent; united Muslim and Hindu peoples with his policy of religious cooperation 5. Atheists-person who lacks the belief in the existence in God’s or a God 6. Batavia, Indonesia-Fort established in 1619 as headquarters of Dutch East India Company operations in Indonesia; today the city of Jakarta. 7. Calvin, John-1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism - believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings. 8. Cash Crop-readily salable crop that is grown and gathered for the market (vegetables, cotton, tobacco) 9. Circumnavigation- travel all the way around the Earth 10. Colonization-physical process whereby the colonizer takes over another place, putting its own government in charge and either moving its own people into the place or bringing in indentured outsiders to gain control of the people...
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