...The implications of the diminution in union forms of representation for the efficiency of employee voice within the workplace In the first decade of the 21st century, HR has been set a large significant number of issues and many subjects such as employee relationship, strategic HR approaches, employee rewarding, people resourcing, management ethics and so forth have attracted great deal of attention, concern and study to analysis their role, effect and contributions in organizations. Even though there are wide ranges of subjects playing different roles in human resource practices, an appreciation of operating the relationship between employees and employers has become an essential position of business and management recently. Traditionally, employers in employee relationship tried to maintain the control of the workforce with the goal of enhancing business performance. Clearly, if workers are treated fairly and respectively, in addition, they have appropriate influence on managerial decision-making, it could better for them perform improvably. Managers prefer grater work outcomes, nevertheless, it could bring employees’ requirements being disregarded or undermined (Budd, 2004). Therefore, employees bond to express their voice appropriately and their interests should be respected. The main way in which workers tend to voice their interests and representations in the workplace is to participate in collective unions so that they could in a position of greater strength; trade unionism...
Words: 2795 - Pages: 12
...preparation reasonably necessary for representation • Relevant factors: o Compelexity and specialized nature of the matter o General experience of lawyere o Lawyer’s training and expeience in the field in question o Preparation and stude o Consult with lawyer of established competence • No special training needed o Newly admitted atty can be competent • Emergency situation o Assistance should be limited if atty does not have the skill ordinarily required o Limit to that reasonably necessary • Reasonable preparation • Inquiry into the analysis of the factual and legal components of the problem required • Attention and preparation determined by what is at stake o See 1.2(c) to limit scope of representation • If reaching out to other atty’s for assistance o Obtain informed consent of client- must reasonably believe the other atty’s skills will contribute to the competent/ethical representation o See 1.2, 1.4, 1.5(e), 1.6, 5.5 o Consult with client about scope of representation and allocation of responsibility • Keep aware of changes in the law and its practice 1.2 SCOPE OF REPRESNETATION AND ALLOCATION OF AUTHORITY BETWEEN CLIENT AND LAWYER • Abide by clients decisions concerning objectives o Client has ultimate authority • Consult with client as to means (see 1.4) which are to be pursued o Clients normally defer to the knowledge/skill of atty • May take action which is impliedly authorized to carry out representation o May rely on advanced authorization ...
Words: 3118 - Pages: 13
...reorganization options regarding her ownership in KSA Industries, Inc. and its underlying investments including its investment in the Tennessee Titans. It is possible that our advice could be more or less beneficial from a tax perspective to one shareholder vs another shareholder. After carefully considering all the facts and circumstances, we believe that our firm can continue to represent all the affected parties in accordance with our professional responsibilities and the terms of our arrangement letter(s). We wish to make you aware of certain considerations relating to this representation and rules governing tax practitioners require that we obtain a signed waiver of any potential conflict of interest that may arise as a result of our representation described above. Please carefully consider the following implications of our representation: * Any information obtained during joint representation of parties is not confidential as to the other jointly represented parties. Any such information may be used in providing advice to any or all of the jointly represented parties. * Because of an actual or perceived potential for conflict, we cannot advise you...
Words: 589 - Pages: 3
...this opinion was decided May 18, 1989. A conflict of interest will arise when a lawyer can’t represent a client when they have a personal situation between the two that will adversely affect the lawyer’s representation of a client. A client was working with two separate law firms on unrelated matters. The client was dissatisfied with the representation they received from one firm, and filed a malpractice suit. Later those two firms merged into one firm. This opinion looks to address three questions: 1. Can the successor firm can continue to represent the same client using any member, including the sued lawyer? 2. Can the successor firm represent the client in the pending matters through members excluding the sued lawyer? 3. Can the successor firm represent the client with respect to one or more matters pending at the time of filing of malpractice suit against the individual lawyer and predecessor firm using lawyers who were not members of the predecessor firm? The lawyer must examine the situation impartially and carefully in a thought out manner, and arrive at a conclusion that the interest of the client in the ongoing matter as well as the future representation of the client will not be adversely affect. The test should consider how the confidentiality of the information protected by the lawyer-client privilege, as well as other secrets of the client will be handled in the future. The lawyer must believe the clients interest will not be adversely affected. If the lawyer disputes...
Words: 1419 - Pages: 6
...the time. To make things worse they also receive better political representation when it comes to dealing with social issues. These political benefits are given because the wealthy contribute heavily to political campaigns. It is given that the wealthy are better informed about politics than the poor, which makes them politically active. The poor on the other...
Words: 1867 - Pages: 8
...DUTIES TO CLIENT Fiduciary Duty Attorney Must place the client’s interests above their own for representation and must treat the client fairly. Duty of Loyalty Attorney must pursue clients objectives unfettered by conflicting responsibilities or interests Duty of Diligence Attorney must pursue clients interests without undue delay Duty of Competence Attorney must give client competent representation legal knowledge, skill thoroughness and preparation Duty of Confidentiality from the 6th Amendment Right to Effective Counsel Duty of Confidentiality versus Attorney-Client Privilege The Attorney Client privilege is a shield in evidence which protects all documents created for the client during discovery....if a third party is present the privilege is lost. Work-Product Doctrine this extends to memorializations of conversations with 3rd parties, but not the actual conversations themselves. Anything produced/recorded in the process of and bearing on the legal representation of a client is protected (e.g. interviews, artifacts, documents, mental impressions...meaning ideas/thoughts, etc) POLICY: We want attorneys to record their impressions so they can have more sophisticated representation, therefore we protect it. BUT, if your opponent can show a substantial need for the material AND they show that they cannot get it in any other way....then you have to hand it over. The attorney-client privilege is thus stronger than work product (because WP can be...
Words: 3198 - Pages: 13
...representatives rather than the people themselves. This form of democracy is common through the modern world, as it offers a viable alternative to the purest form of democracy; “Direct Democracy”, which is no longer effective in a modern society. Representation in the UK currently works in a number of ways. The main way is through MPs, who are members of Parliament who represent individual constituencies, whole constituencies, sometimes sectional interests, sometimes causes and sometimes the national interest. Most MP’s however, represent their party and its electoral manifesto. The public vote for the MP of their constitution, therefore presenting their views....
Words: 554 - Pages: 3
...Employee Relations What are the implications of the decline in union forms of representation for effective employee voice within workplace? Introduction: Union has been a very important part in employee relations. This was actually the voice of employees towards the management/ employers at workplace. Basically union is “an association, combination, or organization of employees who band together to secure favourable wages, improved working conditions, and better work hours and to resolve grievances against employers” (Bagchi, 2003). Unions always try to protect workers right and maintain a balanced relationship between workers and management. Unions’ existence can be traced from the 18th century, when the rapid growth of industrialisation took place. This industrial growth drew attention of women, children, rural workers and immigrants to the work force in different roles and actions. This unskilled and semi-skilled work force continuously organized them to fit in to the system from the beginning; and later become an important arena for the development of trade unions. In recent age the relationship between employee and employer has changed so does the process of representation process. The relationship between employee and employer should have some sort of equality in it. But as a matter of fact this has rarely be a case when an applicant or employee gets the choice to select the desired workplace or work itself from the employers. It’s rather more driven by employers’...
Words: 3906 - Pages: 16
...of Interest Rule 3.3 Candor Rule 3.4 Fairness to opposing party and counsel Rule 5.1 and 5.3 Duty to supervise Rule 1.1 Competency A Lawyer shall provide competent representation to a client competent representation requires the legal knowledge, skill thoroughness and preparation reasonably necessary for the legal representation. Rule 1.6 (A) Confidentiality A Lawyer shall not reveal information relating to the representation of a client unless the client gives informed consent. The disclosure is permitted by paragraph (b) (B) A lawyer may reveal information relating to the representation of a client to the extent the lawyer believes is necessary. The duty of confidentiality is just that for the legal team; a duty. It is a duty imposed on the attorney and each member of the legal team working under the supervision on the attorney. It enables clients to obtain legal advice by allowing them to freely and openly give the members of the legal team. All the relevant facts without fear of disclosure of these facts ( except in limited situations such as to prevent prevent commission of a crime or to defend against a client suit) Ethics Rules 3 The ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct provide a guideline in Rule 1.7 Conflict of Interest; General Rule, which provides in part that a lawyer shall not represent a client if the representation of that client will be directly adverse to another client unless the lawyer reasonably believes the representation with...
Words: 851 - Pages: 4
...terms of their presence in the political assemblies and in terms of their substantive representation. History has shown that minority groups have been continuously underrepresented in most of the world’s democratic societies, and while there have been small improvements in some countries, for the most part minorities in general have yet to make any impressive gain towards more effective political representation. In the existing literature, the under-representation of minorities in countries across the world and the potential impact of the Single Member Plurality and “pure” Proportional Representation systems on that representation have been studied extensively by authors and social scientists such as Norris (2004), Lijphart (1994), Blais (2008), Pitkin (1997), Reynolds and Reilly (2005) and Diamond (2008). While those studies have shown that minorities are better represented under “pure” proportional representation than under Single Member Plurality systems, little is known about the propensity of Mixed Member Proportional systems to provide minority groups with access to power and or better representation. If a pure PR system is conducive to the political representation of groups and majoritarian systems discourage it, the big question concerns the effects of mixed systems. By combining the two basic election principles, how do mixed systems contribute to fair representation of societal interests? And secondly, do they improve on the way the “pure” methods represent citizens? ...
Words: 945 - Pages: 4
...1) There are 535 members in Congress. 2) The minimum age of House member is 25 years. For Senate, this number is 30 years. 3) The dominant prior occupations of most Congress members are law and business. 4) Women are underrepresented in Congress due to sexism and family burden. Women are not as likely to get nominated from the party as men are and have a harder time getting votes in elections. The majority of them also has to take care of children and therefore do not have time for Congress. Women are also less likely to take risks if the odds are against them. 5) Incumbents are members who are already holding office. In congressional election, these members usually win with the reelection rate of 90%. They provide stability in Congress. 6) The reelection bids for House favor incumbents. Incumbents in House are already well known with financial backing. In Senate, the odds of re-election are not as good as in the House due to a larger base of opposition. Senators also have less personal contact with their constituency. In order to win against incumbents, challengers must take advantage of scandals and the reassignment of incumbents into unfamiliar turfs. 7) Case work is the act of helping constituents by cutting through bureaucratic red tapes. 8) A bicameral legislature is a two house legislature. It applies for every American state except for Nebraska. Each state is guaranteed two senators, and number of representatives is decided based on population. Bicameral legislature...
Words: 1215 - Pages: 5
...pay its $800 debt and includes a cheque for the entire amount. Part Two. 1. What is the net realizable value of the accounts receivable at June 30, 2012? ______________ 2. What is the net realizable value of the accounts receivable at July 5, 2012? _______________ Date Account Debit Credit Calculations: There is no representation that the practice questions reflect the actual exam questions. 1|Page Camosun College W13 Acct110 COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICE Final Exam B. Edwards Question Two: Capital Assets and amortization. (30 minutes) Townsend Engineers owns a piece of machinery that it purchased 3 years ago for $40,000. The machinery has an estimated salvage value of $5,000 and an estimated useful life of 10 years. Straight-line amortization is used. At December 31, 2011, the accumulated amortization account had a balance of $10,500. On April 1, 2013 Townsend sold the machinery for $27,000. 1. Record the amortization on December 31, 2012. 2. Record all of the necessary journal entries to record the sale of machinery on April 1, 2013. Date Account Debit Credit Calculations: There is no representation that the practice...
Words: 1440 - Pages: 6
...Management Representations 1941 AU Section 333 Management Representations (Supersedes SAS No. 19.) Source: SAS No. 85; SAS No. 89; SAS No. 99; SAS No. 113. See section 9333 for interpretations of this section. Effective for audits of financial statements for periods ending on or after June 30, 1998, unless otherwise indicated. Introduction .01 This section establishes a requirement that the independent auditor obtain written representations from management as a part of an audit of financial statements performed in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards and provides guidance concerning the representations to be obtained. Reliance on Management Representations .02 During an audit, management makes many representations to the auditor, both oral and written, in response to specific inquiries or through the financial statements. Such representations from management are part of the audit evidence the independent auditor obtains, but they are not a substitute for the application of those auditing procedures necessary to afford a reasonable basis for an opinion regarding the financial statements under audit. Written representations from management ordinarily confirm representations explicitly or implicitly given to the auditor, indicate and document the continuing appropriateness of such representations, and reduce the possibility of misunderstanding concerning the matters that are the subject of the representations. [Revised, March 2006, to reflect conforming...
Words: 6883 - Pages: 28
...Since America’s beginning, there has been intense debate about slavery, precisely because it raises questions about the nation’s dedication to liberty and human equality. Slavery in the Americas had a contentious history, dating back to the Aztecs. It played a major role in our history triggering at least one revolution, one civil war, and many rebellions. At the time of the America’s beginning, there were about half a million slaves in the United States, mostly in the southern states, where they made up about forty percent of the population. Slavery is a system which people are treated as property to be bought and to be sold. Slaves were held against their will from the time of capture, time of purchase or sale, or at birth, and most of them were forced to work without having any right to refuse work or the right to demand compensation. Most slaves worked long hours, they weren’t properly fed by some, didn’t get enough rest, and weren’t treated fairly as a human being. At a young age, Thomas Jefferson took the honorable but challenging task of drafting the Declaration of Independence. This was around the time when the American colonies had conflicts with their British colonies. The Declaration of Independence states some of the grievances that the American colonies had against the British. “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty...
Words: 1469 - Pages: 6
...the Articles • Weak and incomplete national govt. • Economic chaos o States fund the war by borrowing money from federal govt. o Govt. wants the money back o Economy dries up and leads to a “trade war” with competing interest o States taxes their own citizens since they can’t borrow money o People (mostly farmers) lose their possessions and property since they can’t pay taxes o Damages the economy even more since farm family is out of work • No sufficient national defense o Enemy 1 the British o French and the Spanish also potential threats o Native Indian tribes also potential threat • States are left largely on their own (13 separate states, no unity) D) Shay’s Rebellion 4 Key debates 1. Representation of the states (large population vs. small population) o States might be equal but not for individuals o Creates a Bicameral Legislation (2 houses) 1. Senate 2. House of reps (representation based on population) which is known as “the great compromise” o Defensive compromise; better at not getting stuff done than getting stuff done. 2. Slavery (north vs. south) • In the constitution, Slavery is OK • Importation of slaves is allowed for at least 20 years (1808) • Slaves counted as 3/5 of a person for state population – representation bonus for the south • Slaves counted as 3/5 of a person for state population – for taxes • Return of escaped slaves *South wins on the issue of slavery 3. Chief Executive (single vs. multiple)...
Words: 1863 - Pages: 8