...John Paul G. Cordova ME2-1 “Today’s Computers: How Did They Evolve?” I. Introduction A. Background of the Topic - The topic, entitled “Today’s Computers: How Did They Evolve?”, just like the life of a person, also has its own backgrounds, from the simplest form to its complex form. In other words, computers of today have their own histories. As I continue this term paper, you will be discovering the history behind the evolution of computers. B. Importance of the Topic - This topic is important to be known by the community because computers are very useful nowadays. As a student, knowing the story behind the evolution of computers is important in order for me to understand the computers more efficiently. For teachers, it is also important for them to know the history behind the evolution of computers because they also use computers in order to finish their jobs more accurately, making them aware of the computer’s history. II. Body of the Document A. Evolution of Computer in the late 16th century, the 18th century, and the early 19th century: 1. “Abacus was the first counting device, which is originally made from Asia. It worked on a place-value notion meaning that the place of a bead or rock on the apparatus determined how much it was worth. During the 1660s, John Napier discovered logarithms. Robert Bissaker invented the slide rule which will remain in popular...
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...Perfect Research (Griffiths, 1998, p97). The issue of whether doing a perfect research is feasible or not has in the recent years, become a key issue of debates in the world of research and inventions. It is usual that the level of perfection committed to any given research, is in most cases, is bent towards the achievement of the research’s primary goals. Based on the fact that human beings possess varied intellectual capabilities, have constructive, reflective and inquisitive minds, and are prone to the commission of errors, it is certain that nothing can be done to perfection. In spite of the fact that many discoveries, developments and inventions seem to be perfect, research has always proved that they can be improved upon. In the light of these lines, I do agree with Griffith on the statement that there is no hope of doing perfect research. The definition of the term research by the Merriam-Webster dictionary is a devoted and systematic study, investigation or examination of previously done work, with an aim of establishing or developing new inventions or conclusions. The term may also be used to imply to the revision of already existing laws, theories or experiments with a target of discovering new facts and findings. This makes the hope of doing perfect research unfeasible. The various developments and transformations, which the world has gone through since the dawn of civilization, satisfy the statement that there is no hope in doing perfect research. In this paper, I am...
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...Computer can be a helpful place to find information on certain topics. With their quick processing ability helping, it makes informed decisions more quickly and to perform our work faster and easier. That is why many people in the world were depending in computers. And yet computer is a very friendly use for us to do whatever and whenever task we want to do. The Computer has a great literacy for over fifty years; beginning with the famous ENIAC, a revolution has been taking place in the United States and the world. The personal computer has changed the way many people think and live. With its amazing versatility, it has found its way into every area of life, and knowing how to operate it is a requirement for today's world. Body of the Paper: Computers today are used in a way people commonly are doing work on it. There is more to computer typing there’s programming, troubleshooting, communications, and many of more uses from them people and I go through. People has know that there is more to computers then just typing more of it comes where in how other specific devices are used to convert data. Troubleshooting things such as viruses, networking, data loss, putting computer together, etc. has taught more in depth about computers today. Having to do all of this has shown me that computers are a source of reflection of how it used and done with. Communications and new software development has made people has their life’s saved is now another things used for computers to talk...
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...Page 1 of 13 Executive Summary Information Technology systems have expanded in all the companies. IT includes hardware and software as well. Besides, IT may consider telecommunications networks, the management of data and many technologies based on the use of the Internet. Many believe that IT has a controversial value in strategic arrangement of organizations and productivity implementation, while others believe that IT affects enterprises in all the above mentioned sectors and after all that it is the backbone of every modern company. Nobody can deny that Information Technology plays important role in strategy and productivity of companies who use it. However there is a growing opinion that Information Technology has become a commodity and that has already lost its competitive advantage. The alternative opinion is that speed and flexibility may occur, via IT, into businesses. Moreover improvement of organizational structure is one more of the benefits companies can gain by the proper use of Information Technology. However in any occasion companies should innovate in continuous matter in order to conserve the strategic value of Information Technology. Page 2 of 13 Content Executive Summary …………………………………… 1 History Of Information Technology …………………………………… 3 Why I.T. Matters and value of IT ……..…..………………………… 8 IT Doesn't Matter ……..…..………………………… 10 Conculsion ...
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...------------------------------------------------- Lessons learnt from unintended consequences of innovations in technology ------------------------------------------------- Individual Assignment: MT5014 Systems Approach to Technology and Innovation Ravi Raman – A0008484A Abstract There have been many great innovations over the course of human history and they had many unintended consequences to the human society and to the technology in general. The study of unintended consequence has been quite limited in the current day. This paper is a study of unintended consequences of the key technological innovation from 18th century to early 20th century. This paper details the technological innovation from holistic thinking perspective and critically analysis the unintended consequences of the innovations. * Table of Contents 1. Introduction 4 1.1 What is an unintended consequence? (Karl-Erik Sveiby Pernilla Gripenberg, 2009) 4 1.2 Kinds of unintended consequences (Andrews, 2005) 5 2 Nuclear Energy 7 2.1 Concept Map 7 2.1.1 Nuclear Fission Reaction 7 2.1.2 Nuclear Energy development history 7 2.2 Problem 8 2.3 Holistic Thinking Perspective 8 2.4 Technology Innovation 10 2.5 Managing Innovation & Moving to Market 11 2.6 Complexity Management 12 2.7 Quantitative 12 3 Internal Combustion Engine - Automobile industry till early 20th Century 14 3.1 Concept Map 14 3.1.1 History of Internal Combustible Engine 14 3.2 Problem 15 3...
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...QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY Fundamentals of ICT Midterm Reviewer Prepared by Ronald T. Sapiandante - BSIT Faculty Introduction: Hello class, here is our midterm reviewer. The reviewer was divided into five sections. The first part discusses history of computers, the second part is all about hardware, the third deals on software, fourth on communication and lastly, the peopleware will be tackled on the fifth. The outline of the reviewer was based on the Fundamental of ICT syllabus and course guide issued by the BSIT-Department for School Year 2011-2012. The content of this reviewer is largely based on the report you uploaded in our yahoo groups, while most of the other materials I personally included were taken from Wikipedia, Guestpaper.net httpEzineArticles.com/6069444 For your comments, suggestions, clarifications, or for any errors you found in this reviewer please post a message to our yahoo groups or bring it to my attention during university time. Remember I’m giving grades not only to those who can give the right answer to the question but also to those who can ask the right question! Read along!!! Part 1- History of Computer If we open a book on Introduction to Computer and look for the meaning of “Computer” though the author may use different words we will came across the common meaning of computer: a. That the computer is an electronic device; b. That the computer can accept input; c. That the computer are capable...
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...------------------------------------------------- omputer From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Computer (disambiguation). "Computer system" redirects here. For other uses, see Computer system (disambiguation). "Computer technology" redirects here. For the company, see Computer Technology Limited. Computer | | A computer is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a finite set of arithmetic or logical operations. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem. Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU) and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit that can change the order of operations based on stored information. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source, and the result of operations saved and retrieved. The first electronic digital computers were developed between 1940 and 1945 in the United Kingdom and United States. Originally they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs).[1] In this era mechanical analog computers were used for military applications. Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space.[2] Simple...
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...vA Very Brief History of Computer Science Written by Jeffrey Shallit for CS 134 at the University of Waterloo in the summer of 1995. This little web page was hastily stitched together in a few days. Perhaps eventually I will get around to doing a really good job. Suggestions are always welcome. A translation of this web page into French has been prepared by Anne Dicky at the University of Bordeaux. Before 1900 People have been using mechanical devices to aid calculation for thousands of years. For example, the abacus probably existed in Babylonia (present-day Iraq) about 3000 B.C.E. The ancient Greeks developed some very sophisticated analog computers. In 1901, an ancient Greek shipwreck was discovered off the island of Antikythera. Inside was a salt-encrusted device (now called the Antikythera mechanism) that consisted of rusted metal gears and pointers. When this c. 80 B.C.E. device was reconstructed, it produced a mechanism for predicting the motions of the stars and planets. (More Antikythera info here.) John Napier (1550-1617), the Scottish inventor of logarithms, invented Napier's rods (sometimes called "Napier's bones") c. 1610 to simplify the task of multiplication. In 1641 the French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) built a mechanical adding machine. Similar work was done by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716). Leibniz also advocated use of the binary system for doing calculations. Recently it was discovered that Wilhelm Schickard (1592-1635)...
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...From the Abacus to the PC: A Selective History of the Computer Thousands of years ago, the abacus was invented; it was this seemingly simple device that aided a human with calculations, which would be used as the conceptual model to build the computer. Looking back, one of the earliest instances of computer technology in action was not found in a computer at all but in a loom. The Jacquard loom, patented in 1804, was programmed by punched cards to create patterns in woven cloth (Keats 72). Charles Babbage, the English mathematician and many others would eventually use punch cards to program the computers they developed. The computer has taken many forms through the ages, and it would not be until almost 100 years later that the first fully electronic computer, the Atanasoff Berry Computer (ABC), would be developed, ushering in the age of electronic computing. The earliest computing device known, the abacus, a tool for counting and calculating, was invented thousands of years ago, and it consisted of beads on a frame whose numerical value was indicated by their position on the frame (Fernandes). In addition to being beads on a frame, an abacus was a stone or an area on the ground with grooves in which pebbles were placed and then manipulated for calculating. The abacus was in use centuries before the adoption of the written modern numeral system and is still widely used (“Abacus”). The abacus used the biquinary numbering system, a numbering system used in some early computers...
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...this project I hope to acquire a greater understanding of computers and the technology that is commonly used with them in the modern workplace. The carrying out of this project itself will also hopefully leave me better equipped with the skills to carry out projects in the workplace if I am required to do so in the future. For this project I will use the internet to research for the information that this report requires. Once I feel confident I have enough sources for the topics that need to be covered I will start choosing relevant information from these websites and use them in my report where needed. If needed the information taken from websites will be rephrased so that the content is fully relevant to the project. For this report I will use various Internet search engines to find my information. For browsing websites I will use Google Chrome and its syncing bookmarks feature. For typing up the report I will use Microsoft Word. For any image editing I will use Adobe Photoshop CS 6. By the end of this report I hope to have a greater knowledge of how to use Internet search engines for carrying out research. I also hope...
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...HISTORY OF THE COMPUTER ARTICLE WRITTEN BY: ADEBOWALE ONIFADE ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN NIGERIA REGION 8 HISTORY OF THE COMPUTER ABSTRACT This paper takes a keen look at the history of computer technology with a view to encouraging computer or electrical electronic engineering students to embrace and learn the history of their profession and its technologies. Reedy (1984) quoted Aldous Huxley thus: “that men do not learn very much from the lessons of history is the most important of all the lessons that history has to teach.” This paper therefore emphasizes the need to study history of the computer because a proper study and understanding of the evolution of computers will undoubtedly help to greatly improve on computer technologies. INTRODUCTION The word ‘computer’ is an old word that has changed its meaning several times in the last few centuries. Originating from the Latin, by the mid-17th century it meant ‘someone who computes’. The American Heritage Dictionary (1980) gives its first computer definition as “a person who computes.” The computer remained associated with human activity until about the middle of the 20th century when it became applied to “a programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data” as Webster’s Dictionary (1980) defines it. Today, the word computer refers to computing devices, whether or not they are electronic, programmable, or capable of ‘storing and retrieving’ data...
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...Computer From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see Computer (disambiguation). "Computer technology" redirects here. For the company, see Computer Technology Limited. A computer is a programmable machine designed to sequentially and automatically carry out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations. The particular sequence of operations can be changed readily, allowing the computer to solve more than one kind of problem. Conventionally a computer consists of some form of memory for data storage, at least one element that carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control element that can change the order of operations based on the information that is stored. Peripheral devices allow information to be entered from external source, and allow the results of operations to be sent out. A computer's processing unit executes series of instructions that make it read, manipulate and then store data. Conditional instructions change the sequence of instructions as a function of the current state of the machine or its environment. The first electronic computers were developed in the mid-20th century (1940–1945). Originally, they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs).[1] Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space.[2] Simple computers...
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...mechanism to perform lengthy calculations led to the invention of the first calculator and then the computers. The term 'computer' is derived from the word 'compute', which means to calculate. A computer is an electronic machine, devised for performing calculations and controlling operations that can be expressed either in logical or numerical terms. In simple words, a computer is an electronic device that performs mathematical and non-mathematical operations with the help of instructions to process the data to achieve desired results. Although the application domain of a computer depends totally on human creativity and imagination, it covers a huge area of applications including education, industries, government, medicine, scientific research, law and even music and arts. This chapter provides a detailed description of evolution, generations and characteristics of computers along with their classification and applications. CHAPTER 2: CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS Man developed computers so that it could perform intricate operations such as calculation and data processing or entertain him. Today, computers are everywhere—in our offices, homes, appliances and automobiles—the list is endless. Much of the world's infrastructure runs on computers, and the computers have profoundly changed our lives, mostly for the better. Let us discuss some of the characteristics of a computer, which make it an essential part of every emerging technology and such a desirable tool in human...
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...Does the "New Economy" Measure up to the Great Inventions of the Past? Robert J. Gordon Stanley G. Harris Professor in the Social Sciences, Northwestern University Research Associate, National Bureau of Economic Research April 28, 2000 draft of a paper for the Journal of Economic Perspectives _____________________ This research is supported by the National Science Foundation. I have benefitted from discussions on these topics with many people, especially Erik Brynjolfsson, Joel Mokyr, Jack Triplett, and the late Zvi Griliches. "The invention of the semiconductor transistor set in motion a technological revolution that is arguably even more impressive and pervasive than that of the Great Industrial Revolution of the last century." -- Flamm (1997, p. 1) "The chip has transformed us at least as pervasively as the internal-combustion engine or electric motor" -- Fortune magazine, June 8, 1998, pp. 86-87. The miracle of U. S. economic performance in the late 1990s was a source of pride at home, of envy abroad, and of puzzlement among economists and policymakers. 1 The Federal Reserve presided over rates of output growth believed only a few years earlier to be unachievable even for a few quarters, much less over the four glowing years 1996-99. As the unemployment rate inched ever lower, the Fed reacted with benign neglect, so that early in the year 2000 short-term interest rates were no higher than they had been five years earlier and long-term interest rates were considerably...
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...Information Technology in India 1 Information Technology in India: A look into how the Information Technology in India has come about over the Years Jessica Majeski, Lindsey Pavilonis, Mantsane Rantekoa, Long Nguyen, Miriam Moore DeVry University Online February 13, 2011 Information Technology in India 2 Contents Introduction to Information Technology in India………………………………………………...4 The Culture of India….....................................................................................................................5 Government……………………………………………………………………………….....5 Political Structure Government structure Economy……………………………………………………………………………………..6 Economic situation post Independence Economic crisis and impact of introduced reforms Education and Religious System of India……………………………………………….......7 History of Information Technology In India and it’s Development….........................................7 Four Periods of Information Technology…...........................................................................7-9 Pre-mechanical Mechanical Electromechanical Electronic Information Technology history in India..............................................................................9-10 No separate IT industry in 60’s and 70’s Tata Consulting Services (TCS) Indian IT professionals in U.S. Corporations sourcing IT services to India IT companies Leading growth engine for India The Specific Impact That Technology Has Had Upon the Culture of India…………………...10...
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