...(House and Senate rules; non-binding resolutions) U.S. Constitution Federal Law U.S. treaties and executive agreements, orders, and proclamations of the President Acts and Resolutions of Congress Rules and regulations adopted by federal agencies (Opinions of the U.S. Attorney General) Georgia Constitution Executive orders and proclamations of the Governor State Law State court decisions (1) interpreting Georgia Constitution, acts of the General Assembly, and rules of state agencies and authorities, (2) resolving conflict between state law and local ordinances, rules of local agencies, and rules of local authorities and special districts. Orders, writs, and rules of state courts, including rules and regulations of the State Bar of Georgia General Acts and Resolutions of the General Assembly Rules and regulations adopted by state agencies and authorities (House and Senate rules; non-binding resolutions) (Opinions of the Georgia Attorney General) Local Acts of the General Assembly Common law Local Law Rules and regulations adopted by local school boards, authorities, and special districts Rules and regulations adopted by city and county agencies City and County Ordinances and Resolutions Local court decisions interpreting city and county ordinances (though decisions may be appealed to state courts for retrial) (Parliamentary rules adopted by each city council and county commission; non- binding resolutions)...
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...THE ROLE OF UNO IN COUNTERING TERRORISM UNO ROLE IN COUNTERING TERRORISM ABSTRACT: The UNO is one of the most significant international organizations for maintaining world peace and security.Today this peace is threatened by the scourge of terrorism especially after 9/11 incident in 2001.As the main aim of UNO is to maintain international peace and security; therefore it takes the responsibility of countering this menance.This paper gives a detail of some of the resolutions, conventions and other activities that UNO has carried out to counter terrorism. The worth mentioning of these are the Global Counter terrorism strategy, Counter Terrorism Implementation Task Force and the resolutions passed by UNO. All the organs of the Organization especially the Security Council and the General Assembly are playing an active role. In this paper the main focus is on the General Assembly and Security Councils response to Terrorism Although there is lack of practical implementation but still a hope is there that by mutual cooperation and collective actions they would be able to fight terrorism and establish peace in the world. INTRODUCTION: The UN Charter provided the legal basis of the activities of countering terrorism on 25 June 1945.The states declared their determination to work together for maintaining world peace and security. The UN charter has been used as a tool to combat terrorism but with the passage of time this issue has...
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...The General Assembly Uniting for Peace Resolution During the drafting of the U.n charter it ws decided that the objective of maintaining peace and security will be the primarly responsibity of SECURITY COUNCIL. it is unsc's responsibility to maintain intl. paece and security and for restoring peace wen it breaks down Acoording to Article 12 of U.N charter "Security Council has the power gven acco. to the charter of exercising its functions in respect of any dispute or situation concerning the international peace and security. The general asembly on the other hand can not make any reccomendation regarding the dispute unless security council requests to." But with the rise of Korean Crisis in 1950 , the ineffectiveness of security council was seen. Due to the the Veto power exercised by the soviet union on any unsc decision taken against the north korean, no strong action was taken during the korean crisis. This situation led to an important modification in the working of U.N. U.S.A with the support of France and the United kingdom was determined to have the United Nations provided with additional machinery handle such a situation. it was introduced in the assumption by USA that in future that in the Soviet Union veto in the security council would surely block any action similar to that taken in korea. Thus soon the UNITED FOR PEACE RESOLUTION was adopted by the general assembly. The resolution had 5 main provision: a) if during any case where there appear to be a threat...
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...Nations A/68/124 (Part II) Distr.: General 3 October 2013 Original: English General Assembly Sixty-eighth session Agenda items 95 and 102 Establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East The risk of nuclear proliferation in the Middle East The risk of nuclear proliferation in the Middle East Report of the Secretary-General 1. In its resolution 67/73, entitled “The risk of nuclear proliferation in the Middle East”, the General Assembly: (a) Welcomed the conclusions on the Middle East of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons; (b) Reaffirmed the importance of Israel’s accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and placement of all its nuclear facilities under comprehensive International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards, in realizing the goal of universal adherence to the Treaty in the Middle East; (c) Called upon that State to accede to the Treaty without further delay, not to develop, produce, test or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons to renounce possession of nuclear weapons, and to place all its unsafeguarded nuclear facilities under full-scope Agency safeguards as an important confidence-building measure among all States of the region and as a step towards enhancing peace and security; (d) Requested the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-eighth session on the implementation of the resolution. 2. The present report is submitted...
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...Megan Webb Parker Tankersley & Miesha Williams Dr. Zahariadis PSC 266 11 March 2013 The UN and the Apartheid The apartheid was a system of institutionalized racism present in South Africa that lasted from 1948, with the election of Daniel Francois Malan, to 1994, with the election of Nelson Mandela. The roots of the apartheid go as far back as the European settlers, and they encountered numerous problems with the native Africans when the Dutch and English settlers began to move inland from Cape Town and encountered the Xhosa’s. The ensuing disputes over farm land evolved into Xhosa Wars, which lasted from nearly one-hundred years from 1779 to 1878. At the same time, the English and the Dutch, also known as “Boers”, warred against each other, leading the Boers to establish their own countries of the Orange Free State and the Transvaal. The British then would go on to fight other African tribes, and the most prominent was known as the Zulu. To put it simply, South Africa has a long, extensive history of racial discrimination. It is far from surprising that it would have one of the most extensive and infamous racial segregation policies in modern history, but the apartheid eventually grew out of this history of racial divides and wars. Although it may be true that racism was part of their history, in reality it also became their national shame. In addition, South Africa had one of the most comprehensive instances of de jure segregation. It began when the Afrikaans (Boer)...
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...Following World War II, United States and the USSR split the Korean peninsula at the 38th Parallel as occupying forces. In 1947 The Temporary Commission on Korea (UNCOK) was established by the United Nations (UN). The UNCOK’s mission was to supervise the elections of a National Assembly to establish a new government. Due to political, and one would assume strategic reasons, the USSR prevented the UNCOK from entering into North Korea, preventing the people in the North from participating in the election of a new government. On 12 July 1947 the Assembly adopted the Constitution of the Republic of Korea (ROK.) A little over one year later, on 15 August 1948, the Republic of Korea was formally inaugurated with Syngman Rhee as President. 10...
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...BENTLEY COLLEGE Bentley Model United Nations Program 16th Annual BMUN High School Conference 28-31 May 2004 La Cava Campus Center BACKGROUND PAPER AND TOPIC SUMMARY Third World Debt Executive Summary: The debt problems of developing countries that began in the 1980s still remain a huge burden in the new millennium. Although there have been several initiatives like the Baker Plan, the Brady Plan, and the HIPC Initiative to ease the burdens of those countries, many still experience unsustainable debt. The debt burdens of developing and middle-income countries increased from $500 billion in 1980 to $1 trillion by 1985. By 2000, their debt was about $2 trillion. The debts of HIPC countries increased from $60 billion in 1980 to $190 billion by 1990. Even with relief programs like the HIPC Initiative, 8 countries under the Initiative experienced worsening debt indicators even after reaching their completion points. The consequences of developing countries’ inability to exit from debt payments go beyond the financial level. In addition to economies being hurt, the peoples of developing countries will also feel the affects. The United Nations established the Millennium Development Goals in 2000 that pledged to halve income poverty between 1990 and 2015, but countries like those in Sub-Saharan Africa will most likely not meet this goal. The problems delaying debt relief result from numerous actors. Creditors need to provide additional financing...
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...The Subject, Object, Addressee and Source Analysis of The Right to Development (RTD) | 2011 | By Giday Meles | | The Right to Development The Declaration on the Right to Development which clearly stated that the right to development (hereafter RTD) as a human right was adopted by the United Nations in 1986 by an overwhelming majority, with the US casting the single nonconforming vote. The concept of the RTD attracted much attention after it was incorporated in the Declaration on the Right to Development. In spite of such incorporation, however, it is far from clearly establishing the source, content, subject and addressee under the realm of international law and as result it has been subject of contention. By taking what has been stated above as a background, this paper examines the narratives on such issues as ‘the right to development’; ‘the source of right to development’; ‘subject of the right to development’; the object of the right to development’ and ‘the addressee analysis’. In terms of methodology, the paper uses information that will be gathered from books, articles, declarations and covenants as well as official legal documents, and others. The first article of the Declaration on the Right to Development puts the concept of the right to development as ‘an inalienable human right by virtue of which every human person and all peoples are entitled to participate in and contribute to and enjoy economic, social...
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...Economic Rights and Duties UN- habitat Conference | | | Submitted to:- Mrs. Anu Kohli | | UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE 1974-1976Twenty-eighth session Agenda item 51 Resolutions adopted by the General Assembly 3082 (XXVIII). Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States | | Bearing in mind that the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, in its resolution 45 (III) of 18 May 1972,/8 decided to establish a Working Group of governmental representatives to draw up a draft Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States, Recalling its resolution 3037 (XXVII) of 19 December 1972, by which it decided to enlarge the composition of the Working Group on the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States, Reaffirming its conviction of the urgent need to establish or improve norms of universal application for the development of international economic relations on a just and equitable basis, 1.Takes note with appreciation of the report of the Working Group on the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States and of the comments made thereon as reflected in the report of the Trade and Development Board on its thirteenth session; 2.Decides, in the light of the progress achieved, to extend the mandate of the Working Group as established by resolution 45 (III) of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development; 3.Further decides that the Working Group shall hold two sessions in 1974, each of three weeks' duration, as recommended by the...
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...A/RES/68/45 United Nations Distr.: General 10 December 2013 General Assembly Sixty-eighth session Agenda item 99 (v) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 5 December 2013 [on the report of the First Committee (A/68/411)] 68/45. Implementation of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction The General Assembly, Recalling its previous resolutions on the subject of chemical weapons, in particular resolution 67/54 of 3 December 2012, adopted without a vote, in which the General Assembly noted with appreciation the ongoing work to achieve the object and purpose of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction, 1 Determined to achieve the effective prohibition of the development, production, acquisition, transfer, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction, Noting that, since the adoption of resolution 67/54, two additional States have acceded to the Convention, namely, Somalia and the Syrian Arab Republic, bringing the total number of States parties to the Convention to 190, Taking note of the report of the United Nations Mission to Investigate Allegations of the Use of Chemical Weapons in the Syrian Arab Republic on the alleged use of chemical weapons in the Ghouta area of Damascus on 21 August 2013, 2 in which the Mission concludes that chemical...
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...Introduction The History of the United Nations Following the end of World War II, many nations decided that the League of Nations; an organization that was founded after World War I by the United States of America upon the Treaty of Versailles, needed to be replaced by an organization that could better foresee the needs of the international community and undertake the responsibility of maintaining international peace and security. The United Nations, with its six principle organs was founded in 1945, as a replacement to the failed League of Nations.1 The fifty founding countries of the United Nations met in San Francisco, California in 1945 in order to draft a new charter. The United Nations Charter was essentially based upon the principles of the Dumbarton Oaks conference of 1944. It was then that these fifty countries, alongside Poland, signed the charter and became the fifty-one original member states. The United Nations, a term coined by the American President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1942, was founded to increase “cooperation on specific matters” and essentially establish world peace. Given the immense cultural diversity of the 192 current member states of the UN, the organization opted to adopt six official languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish. Alongside the two major headquarters for the organization where meetings are usually held found both in New York, USA and Geneva, Switzerland, local Offices are set up in other capitals across...
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...purposes of the organization the promotion and encouragement of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion. Article 13(1) notes that the general Assembly shall initiate studies and make recommendation regarding the realization of human rights for all, while Article 55 provides that the United Nation shall promote universal respect for and observance of human rights, in a significant provision Article 56 states that: all members pledge themselves to take joint and separate action in co-operation with the organization for the achievement of the purposes set forth in article 55 . The United Nations officially became an institution with the ratification of the UN Charter on October 24, 1945. From then on, it quickly became an active international body. On January 10, 1946, the first General Assembly met at Westminster, London. There were 51 nations represented at this first meeting. One week later, on January 17, the Security Council first met, also in London. The following week, on January 24, the General Assembly adopted its first resolution, focusing on peaceful uses of atomic energy and the elimination of weapons of mass destruction. February 1 of that year saw the appointment of the first Secretary-General, Trygve Lie, from Norway. The UN Headquarters were first established in New York City on October 24, 1949 . The elucidation, development and protection of human rights through the UN has proved to be a...
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...On 21 December 2001, the United Nations General Assembly by approving Resolution 56/183 endorsed the holding of the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) to discuss on information society opportunities and challenges.[9] According to this resolution, the General Assembly related the Summit to the United Nations Millennium Declaration to implement ICT to facilitate achieving Millennium Development Goals. It also emphasize on the multistakeholder approach to use all stakeholders including civil society and private sector beside the governments. The resolution gave ITU the leading managerial role to organize the event in cooperation with other UN bodies as well as the other international organizations and the host countries and recommended that preparations for the Summit take place through an open-ended intergovernmental Preparatory Committee – or PrepCom – that would define the agenda of the Summit, decide on the modalities of the participation of other stakeholders, and finalize both the draft Declaration of Principles and the draft Plan of Action.[10] In 2003 at Geneva, delegates from 175 countries took part in the first phase of WSIS where they adopted a Declaration of Principles.[11] This is a road map for achieving an information society accessible to all and based on shared knowledge. A Plan of Action[12] sets out a goal of bringing 50 percent of the world's population online by 2015. The second phase took place from November 16 through 18, 2005, in Tunis...
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...of the most important issues that the United Nations has focused on since its founding in 1945. It has been the central topic for many resolutions, special committees, and peacekeeping efforts over the last sixty years. The United Nations has served as a platform for discussion about this conflict and has been used as a mediator between the opposing groups as a peaceful resolution to the issues is sought. Its main interest is in creating a peaceful end to this conflict and ensuring that both sides are just in their actions. At the time that the United Nations was founded, Great Britain administered the area of Palestine as a result of a mandate that had been assigned to them by the League of Nations. The British supported the establishment of a Jewish state in the area and Jewish immigration was greatly increasing especially following the Holocaust during World War II. This was met by opposition from the Arab population in Palestine and, as violence between the groups increased, the British were forced to turn the region over to the United Nations. On 28 April 1947 a special session of the UN General Assembly established the Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP), which had the task of investigating all of the questions surrounding the problems in Palestine and to recommend solutions to be considered by the General Assembly later that year. UNSCOP recommended two solutions. The first was that the area be divided into two independent states, one Arab and one...
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...settlement of disputes: # The parties to any dispute, threat to International peace and security, shall seek a solution by negotiation, enquiry, mediation, arbitration, judicial settlement. #The Security Council shall, when it deems necessary, call upon the parties to settle their dispute. # The security council may investigation any dispute, which might lead to international conflict, in order to determine whether the continuance of the dispute is likely endanger international peace and security. # Any member of the UN may bring any disputes to the attention of the Security Council or the General Assembly. A state which is not a member of the UN may also bring any disputes to the attention of the Security Council or General Assembly. # Security Council should take into consideration any procedure for the settlement of dispute, which have already been adopted by the parties. # Security Council should take into consideration the legal disputes referred to the International court of justice by parties in accordance with the provisions of the statute of the court. # If the Security Council deems that the continuance of the disputes, threat to International peace and security, it shall decide; i. Whether to recommend appropriate procedures or method of settlement or ii. Whether to recommend actual terms of settlement. # Moreover, the Security...
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