...off-label uses. Due to such behavior they were fined and penalized. Many companies that sold the drug made several attempts to convince the Food and Drug Administration, (FDA) to approve some of these uses. Pfizer and Parke-Davis skewed research results to get the FDA to extend the approved uses. Behavior Involved Many pharmaceuticals go through extreme lengths to prove that their product is not only safe but effective. This includes practices which are morally unethical. Neurontin is a drug manufactured by Pfizer and Parke-Davis and has been approved to treat epilepsy, and post-herpetic neuralgia (Annette B. Ramírez de Arellano, 2009). Despite there being only two approved uses, it’s often used for migraines, bipolar disorder, and restless leg syndrome. These uses have not been approved by the FDA. Physicians have been known to presribe Neurontin for other conditions such as hot flashes, insomnia, and ringing in the ears. As time went on and sales increased it was obvious that the unapproved uses by far exceeded the approved uses. Due to such a drastic increases in sales Pfizer began to urge physicians to continue prescribing the drug for unapproved uses (Annette B. Ramírez de Arellano, 2009). Once they were caught and penalized, Pfizer along with companies which sold the drug conducted research to prove to the FDA that the drug was safe. They used several strategies. “The deceptive tactics that were first revealed to the public in 2008 included delaying...
Words: 837 - Pages: 4
...relationships are some of the effects of insomnia and will be what I will be talking about. One cause for insomnia can include waking from sound or pain. I have known a lot of people who suffer from insomnia from physical pain. Joint or muscle problems, such as fibromyalgia or arthritis can be painful enough to cause insomnia. Also people who suffer from gastrointestinal disease, such as gastro-esophageal reflux disease or irritable bowel syndrome can develop enough pain to cause insomnia. Another cause for insomnia can be breathing problems. Respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma can cause insomnia. Asthma causes a person’s airway to close up making it hard for them to breathe which can lead to problems sleeping causing issues like insomnia. Sleep apnea is also a breathing disorder that has been found to cause insomnia. However, many people may suffer from sleep apnea without suffering from insomnia. One of the biggest causes of insomnia is mental disorders. Sleep disorders, such as restless leg syndrome...
Words: 1115 - Pages: 5
...experience these. The most common cause of sleep deprivation is that a person may have some sort of a sleep disorder. There seems to be hundreds of different sleep disorders that can affect someone. People can suffer from insomnia, delayed sleep phase syndrome, hypopnea, syndrome, night terrors, rapid eye movement behavior disorder, restless leg syndrome and sleep apnea. Some are very common while others are found in very few patients. I was intrigued by restless leg syndrome because I have heard of it on several occasions. Restless Leg Syndrom is also known as Willis-Ekborn disease is a neurological disorder that causes a person to move uncontrollably at moments where they may feel uncomfortable. It is common referred as RLS and the symptoms can occur anywhere on the body despite the more commonly used name implying that the problem occurs in the leg. There are several symptoms that are common and they can affect a person at almost any age. According to the Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation, around 45% of patients exhibited their first symptoms of the ailments before their twentieth birthday. The most common of these symptoms is an “urge to move, usually due to uncomfortable sensations that occur primarily in the legs but occasionally in the arms or elsewhere.” People usually describe this as being itchy, uncomfortable and sometimes as having insects inside their skin. Some people claim to have no sensation yet still want to move. The sensations usually go away with...
Words: 857 - Pages: 4
...Keyontaye Meariday February 18, 2015 LRC project #3 Restless Leg Syndrome: * Restless Leg Syndrome is a disorder characterized by an unpleasant tickling or twitching sensation in the leg muscles when sitting or lying down, which is relieved only by moving the legs. Causative Agent: * RLS also appears to be related to the following factors or conditions, although researchers do not yet know if these factors actually cause RLS, chronic diseases such as kidney failure, diabetes, and peripheral neuropathy. Transmission: * Experts believe that restless legs syndrome is caused by an imbalance of dopamine, a chemical that transmits signals between nerve cells in the brain. Restless legs syndrome is usually genetic, about 60% of people with restless legs have a family member with the condition. Although anyone can have restless legs syndrome, it is more common in older adults and women. In fact, about 40% of mothers experience temporary restless legs syndrome during pregnancy. Health conditions such as diabetes, iron deficiency, rheumatoid arthritis, and kidney failure can also trigger restless legs syndrome. Signs of Symptoms: * Not only are the signs and symptoms of restless legs syndrome different from person to person, but also they can be tricky to explain. Some describe the leg sensations as creeping, prickling, burning, tingling, or tugging. Others say it feels as if bugs are crawling up their legs, a fizzy soda is bubbling through their veins, or they...
Words: 402 - Pages: 2
...HEALTH HISTORY AND EXAMINATION OF AN OLDER ADULT HEALTH HISTORY AND EXAMINATION OF AN OLDER ADULT On March 1, 2016, with the permission of Mr. P.F. henceforth known as the client, a health history assessment and physical examination was conducted and the detailed results dictated within the appropriate assessment templates which are attached for review. In an effort to summarize the health history assessment and physical examination, the summarized assessment findings will be henceforth reported in SBAR format. Situation The client is a Caucasian 64 year old male, whom is alert and oriented to person, place and time whom presents as a well-groomed, well- rested, and well-nourished man that looks his age. English is spoken fluently by the client and is reported as his first language therefore interpreter services were not required. The client states that he worked and supported his family over forty years as a truck driver however has been retired since 2012. Additionally he reports living alone in a single story home which he has owned for over forty years. His plans are to continue to live in his home as long as he is able to care for himself and continue to maintain the home independently. He further states that he is able to complete all his activities of daily living independently, routinely cooks for himself three cardiac meals per day, and takes walks daily for exercise. Client does not report to currently be in a relationship or sexuality active, however did...
Words: 1283 - Pages: 6
...Analyzing Psychological Disorders University of Phoenix June 2, 2011 Analyzing Psychological Disorders For the last duration of my interview process I will analyze the psychiatric disorder of schizophrenia. I will discuss the various parts of the brain that this disorder affects as well as the causes and symptoms of schizophrenia. I will then analyze two different case studies the first one being anorexia and the second being insomnia. Within my analysis of the two case studies I will examine the problem as a biopsychologist and relate it the nature-nurture issue. I will conclude the interview with possible helpful drug interventions or solutions as well as the side effects that they may cause. PART A “The term schizophrenia means the splitting of psychic function and is most commonly associated with the concept of madness” (Pinel, 2007). Schizophrenia affects three different parts of the brain the forebrain, hindbrain, and the limbic system. “As a whole the forebrain serves to control cognition (the process of thinking, knowing, learning, and judging), sensory and motor function, temperature regulation, reproduction, hunger, sleep cycle and emotional expression” (Walding, 2011). Damage or abnormalities in the forebrain causes delusions within people who suffer from schizophrenia. The temporal lobe also located in the forebrain assists in visual and auditory functions. In schizophrenics this may cause hallucinations through both hearing and visual perceptions. The hindbrain...
Words: 1782 - Pages: 8
...Unethical Marketing of Prescription Drugs: Misleading Direct-To-Consumer Advertising and Disease Mongering. October 3, 2011 Unethical Marketing of Prescription Drugs Introduction The purpose of this ethical paper is to investigate the marketing tactics being used by pharmaceutical companies and discuss the ethical issues involved. The primary source of information discussed in this paper was gathered from analysis of business and scholar journals, case studies, and current news articles. The main focus of my research was placed on the unethical practices of pharmaceutical companies and the current marketing regulations in the United States. The unethical practices primarily covered in this paper include disease/fear mongering, and the misuse of direct-to-consumer & physician-directed marketing to increase the profits of pharmaceutical firms. But before we get into the unethical practices taking place in today’s pharmaceutical industry, let’s take a look at the idea of ethics. So, what exactly is ethics? Merriam-Webster defines ethics as “the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation,” and “a theory or system of moral values” (Merriam-Webster, 2011). As you can see, this is a complex but vague definition to say the least. In today’s world of international business where firms operate across cultural boundaries and face stiff competition in the fight for profits, it’s even more difficult to clearly define the meaning of...
Words: 3386 - Pages: 14
...Insomnia Chapter I: Introduction General Consideration Statement of the Problem Objectives of the Problem Importance of the Problem Definition of Terms Chapter II: Definition of Insomnia Chapter III: Insomnia Causes Causes of Chronic Insomnia Physiological Causes Psychological Chapter IV: Symptoms of Insomnia Possible Diagnosis Chapter V: Types of Insomnia Chapter VI: Prevention of Insomnia Prevention in Insomnia from Shift Changes Prevention in Insomnia from Jet lag Tips for getting a better night sleep Chapetr VII: Treatment of Insomnia Music Theraphy Cognitive Behavioral Theraphy Medicines Relaxation Exercise Chapter VIII: Statistics of Insomnia Chapter IX: Conclusion Final Bibliography Chapter I Introduction General Consideration Insomnia is a symptoms,not a stand-alone diagnosis or disease.It is an abnormal wakefulness or inability to fall asleep throughout the night.Insomnia can be related to a medical or psychiatric illness,can be caused by mental stress or excitement or can be caused by your daytome and bedtime habits.It causes may be divided into situational factors,medical or emotional problems are probably the principal cause of insomnia. Insomnia can be prevented and treated in many ways. To prevent it, the patient is urged to try to avoid focusing his/her thoughts on the problem of insomnia and to learn and practice relaxation techniques. The main focus or treatment for insomnia should be directed toward...
Words: 4761 - Pages: 20
...Drug Analysis Kaplan University Danielle DeCook CJ 411 Drugs and Alcohol in the Criminal Justice System Professor Deborah Robinson February 28, 2012 Depressants, Stimulants, and Hallucinogens have many similarities and differences but the main commonality is they are all highly addictive. Depressants are considered downers; they are sedating drugs that depress the Central Nervous System. An example of depressant would be heroin. Heroin is an opioid - a very powerful painkiller. The body and the brain are packed with opioid receptors meant for endorphins, the body's own natural pain-killing substances produced in emergency moments of shock or injury. The body also produces this substance when an individual is engaging in physical activity. Endorphins are also produced when a person is under stress. Heroin mimics endorphins and binds rapidly with endorphin receptors, extending and magnifying their natural painkilling effect (NIDA 1986). The result is a surge of pleasurable sensation, or "rush." This rush is usually accompanied by a warm feeling and a sense of well-being. Humans are pleasure-seeking entities, and are naturally attracted to things that make them feel good. The effects are rapid but will depend on the method of ingestion. Intravenous injection provides the greatest intensity and the most rapid onset of euphoria (7 to 8 seconds). Intra-muscular injection produces a relatively slow onset (between 5 to 8 minutes). Sniffing or smoking usually provides peak effects...
Words: 1714 - Pages: 7
...Critical Pathway: Case Study of Chronic Renal Failure Advanced Pathophysiology NURS 5104 October 4, 2013 Critical Pathway: Case Study of Chronic Renal Failure I. Introduction Mr. P. J., a 38-year-old African American male, presented to the Emergency Department by the rescue squad team, with a six day old complaint of increased swelling of the bilateral lower extremities, unusual weight gain, and a feeling of ‘I can not breathe’ per patient. Patient was sent as a direct admit to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and placed on 2 liters NC with hydration and adult special care monitoring. Vital signs were taken by the paramedic enroute revealing the following: Ambulance Vitals: * BP 202/112 * Pulse 101 * Respirations 20 * O2 86% before O2 * Temp. 98.4 * Height 5’10 Patient stating * Weight 222 lbs. Patient stating (weighed the day before) The paramedic started a 20 gauge IV into Mr. J’s right antecubital and started him on 2 liters nasal cannula; due to the “presence of crackles no Procardia was administered” (J. Madden, personal communication, August 14, 2013). The paramedic monitored the vitals and reported to medical control the situation and estimated time of their arrival in five minutes. Mr. P. J. has been married to K for twenty years and they have one child, a twelve-year-old daughter. Mr. P. J. has worked in construction for twenty years; Mr. J stated working on his feet all day he noticed the swelling six days ago...
Words: 7925 - Pages: 32
...Nursing care plans for Diabetes Mellitus Submitted by lifenurses on Monday, 4 January 2010 2 Comments Nursing care plans for Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes mellitus is a disorder in which the level of blood glucose is persistently raised above the normal range. Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome with disordered metabolism and inappropriate hyperglycemia due to either a deficiency of insulin secretion or to a combination of insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion to compensate. Diabetes mellitus occurs in two primary forms: type 1, characterized by absolute insufficiency, and the more prevalent type 2, characterized by insulin resistance with varying degrees of insulin secretory defects. Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by elevated levels of glucose in the blood (hyperglycemia) resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both (ADA], Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus, 2003. Causes for Diabetes Mellitus The cause of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes remains unknown, although genetic factors may play a role. Diabetes mellitus results from insulin deficiency or resistance. Insulin transports glucose into the cell for use as energy and storage as glycogen. It also stimulates protein synthesis and free fatty acid storage. Insulin deficiency or resistance compromises the body tissues’ access to essential nutrients for fuel and storage. The resulting hyperglycemia can damage many of the...
Words: 5609 - Pages: 23
...Business Research Ethics “Ethics are norms or standards of behavior that guide moral and choices about our behavior and our relationship with others” (Cooper & Schindler, 2011, p.). When a business conducts a research, the business uses ethics to guarantee that no individual will be hurt or suffers from the consequences from the research. When a business is planning a research, some of the ethics a business must consider are to: protect the rights of the individual, follow the ethical standards, and to ensure that the information that is acquire is ethical. The purpose of the research is not to allow any type of physical harm, discomfort, pain, embarrassment, and the loss of privacy (Cooper & Schindler, 2011). According to “Copper & Schindler” (2011), “Many corporations, professional associations, and universities have a code of ethics.” Ethics are an important part for a business and researcher when conducting a research, but sometimes ethics are violated. Some of the ways a business or a researcher may violate the ethical standards are by violating an individual’s confidentiality, and changing data, or creating false data. Unethical research behavior does not only affects the business but can also have an effect the individual(s) participating in the research. Pfizer and Parke-Davis who are a pharmaceutical companies and Dr. Potti who studies cancer and works at Duke University are an example of how organizations can be part of an unethical behavior. Because of...
Words: 2006 - Pages: 9
...Diarrhea / ORT DEFINITION | SIGNS/SYMPTOMS | Most commonly due to acute infectious diarrhea (gastroenteritis) from a variety of causative organismsAntibiotics are a common cause of acute diarrhea! | Acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines caused by viruses, bacteria or their toxins or parasitesPresents commonly with diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting.CommunicabilityOften fecal-oral route (especially viruses)Food poisoning (especially bacteria)Day care centers, crowded living conditions, poor sanitation and cleanliness | DIAGNOSTIC TESTS | MAIN TREATMENT | Stool gram stain and culture (if bloody stools)Stool for Ova & Parasites (if hx suggestive)CBC – assess for anemia/infectionUrinalysis and urine culture (r/o UTI)Electrolytes | Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is one of the major worldwide health advances of the last decade:Safer, less painful, and less costly than IV rehydrationOral rehydration solution enhances and promotes reabsorption of H2O and NaReduces vomiting, diarrhea, and duration of illnessORT GuidelinesDiarrhea w/o dehydrationMild dehydrationMod dehydrationSevere dehydrationReplacing ongoing losses | MAJOR TEACHING POINTS | NURSING CONSIDERATIONS | Teach parents at well childcare visits in first yearKeep 24 hour supply of ORT in homeBegin with first sign of diarrheaReplace with ½ cup ORT for each diarrheal stoolSeek medical attention prn signs or dehydrationAfter re-hydration resume breast/formula feeding or normal diet...
Words: 6492 - Pages: 26
...Conditions A-Z Acne ADHD Allergies Alzheimer's Anxiety Arthritis Asthma Backache Breast Health Cancer Cervical Cancer Cholesterol COPD Cough Depression Diabetes Digestive Health Epilepsy Erectile Dysfunction Eye Health Feet Flu & Colds Headache & Migraine Hearing Problems Heart Health Heartburn HIV/Aids Hypertension Leg health Menopause Menstruation Oral health Osteoporosis Pain PMS Prostate Sinusitis Sleep Problems STI Stress Stroke See all Conditions Your Body Hair loss for men Hair loss for women Anaemia Anaemia and diet Athlete's foot Bedwetting Burns Cellulite Cold sores Colic Constipation Cough Cuts & Wounds Cystitis Dandruff Dehydration Diarrhoea Dry skin Dysmenorrhoea Earache Endometriosis Eczema Fatigue Female infertility Female organ prolapse Fever Gout Haemorrhoids Hangover Head lice Heavy Uterine bleeding Insect bites IBS Itching Nappy rash Nausea & vomiting OAB Overactive Thryroid PMS Psoriasis Restless Leg Syndrome...
Words: 4628 - Pages: 19
...Aims and Objectives Aims On the completion of the seminar students gain the knowledge regarding hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis and will utilize this knowledge with a positive attitude. Specific Objectives The group will able to; * Define dialysis * Describe the history of dialysis * Explain the principles of dialysis * Enumerate the indication of dialysis * Explain details about hemodialysis * Describe details about peritoneal dialysis * List down the Psychosocial Issues In ESRD Patients * Dietary Management Dialysis Patient * Nursing Responsibilities Introduction The introduction of dialysis as a lifesaving treatment for kidney failure was not the result for any large scale research programme, rather it emerged from the activities of a new pioneering individuals who were able to utilize ideas, materials, and methods from a range of developing technologies. Hemodialysis as a routine treatment for renal failure was introduced in the late 1970s. The recognition for the need for immunosuppression in the transplantation and the lack of availability of transplant in the 1960s enabled it to become the preferred treatment for many patients. Definition Dialysis is the movement of fluid and molecules across a semipermeable membrane from one compartment to another. Clinically dialysis is a technique in which substances move from the blood through a semipermeable membrane and in to a dialysis solution called dialysate. Historical Evolution...
Words: 4337 - Pages: 18
