...cytogenetic change and named chromosome 22, the Philadelphia chromosome and Janet Rowley later proved that it was a result of reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22. The demonstration of in vitro transformation by DNA paved the way to an understanding of why translocation can lead to cancer. In the ‘one-hit’ phase, CML is extremely different from multihit carcinomas. Many cancers acquire other chromosomal aberrations as they progress and the group as a whole teaches us that a genomic instability might occur after the cancer has resulted from what seems to be a specific translocation, a single event. Retinoblastoma, a cancer which arises from fetal retinoblasts, occurs when differentiation fails and the cell continue to cycle through. Retinoblastoma proved as a basis for the development of the ‘two-hit hypothesis’, which hypothesizes that retinoblastoma, involves two mutations, one in the germ line and the other somatic. ...
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...Pathophysiology: Neoplasia and Renal System School of Nursing 1. Cancer Staging Cancer staging describes the severity of a person’s cancer based on the person’s initial tumor, and whether or not the cancer has metastasized (American Cancer Society, 2012, www.cancer.org). Knowledge of the stage is very important in that is can be used to explain prognosis to the patient, and can be used by the doctor and the patient to plan treatment. Staging of cancer is based on knowledge of the way in which cancer progresses in the body. Malignant cells grow and reproduce without any control or order, and they do not die when they should. In most cases the cancer cells will form a mass called a tumor. As the tumor grows it can invade tissues and organs that are close to it. The malignant cells can also break away from the tumor and enter the bloodstream (Lemone, 2004, p. 284). There are five common elements considered in most staging systems: site of the primary tumor, tumor size and number, lymph node involvement, cell type, and the presence or absence of metastasis. A common staging system is called TNM, which stands for Tumor, lymph Nodes, and Metastasis. When staging a number is added to each letter to indicate the size of the primary tumor and the extent of the cancer spread. (Lemone, 2004, p. 284) Infection, immunity and inflammation in cancer patients are all interrelated. They form what could be...
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...Introduction Neuroblastoma is approximately 9% of all childhood cancers, occurring once out of 8,000 infants and that’s approximately 1 in 105 children less than 15 years of age world-wide. The median age at diagnosis is approximately 22 months with over one-third diagnosed at less than 1 year of age and over 88% diagnosed by the age of 5. Some studies indicate a bimodal age distribution with one peak at approximately 1 year and the second between 2 and 4 years. In children under 5 years of age, neuroblastoma usually presents in the abdominalregion involving the sympathetic ganglia of the paraspinalregion or the adrenal gland. In infants under a year of age there is a higher incidence of tumors in the thoracic region. In Stage 1 and 2 neuroblastoma where tumoris confined to the originating organ or surrounding tissue, the prognosis is quite favorable. However in Stage 3 and 4 where tumor extends beyond the midline, is metastatic or involves bony lesions the prognosis for patients is poor. It is possible that early stage disease is a distinct entity from late stage disease because their response rate to therapy and their molecular genetics and biologic characteristics are distinct. Of all human tumors Neuroblastomas have one of the highest rates of spontaneous tumor regression. This is primarily due to an unusual presentation of neuroblastoma called Stage IVS that occurs in infants under a year of age who present with widely disseminated disease that typically...
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...[pic] ----------------------- What is Osteosarcoma? ➢ Also known as Osteoganic Sarcoma ➢ A bone cancer that can occur at any age but is more common in young adults and children. ➢ This cancer begins in the bones of growing teens and then spreads to other parts of the body. ➢ An error in a child’s DNA of their growing bone cells causes Osteosarcoma. ➢ This cancer is not genetic and occurs at random. ➢ Causes the bones to grow weaker than normal. OSTEOSARCOMA Risk Factors: ➢ Growing teen boys are at a greater risk. ➢ Taller than average males have an added risk. ➢ Children who already have rare cancers such as: • Retinoblastoma (occurs in children 2 years or younger, this is a malignant tumor that develops in the retina.) • Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (an inherited genetic mutation) ➢ Children who are exposed to radiation ➢ More common in African Americans Symptoms: ➢ Pain or swelling in legs or arms(most pain may occur at night or after physical activity) ➢ A lump or swelling may develop a few weeks after the pain starts. ➢ Because this cancer weakens the bones a limp or broken bones may be the first sign of Osteosarcoma. Treatment options: ➢ Chemotherapy (using medical drugs to shrink the cancer and kill the cancer cells) ➢ Surgery (to remove cells or tumors) ➢ Additional chemo can kill...
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...Leishay Julian Write-up for Eyes Date: 2/21/2014 Time: 1200 Biographical: D.T, 42, Female, African American, D.O.B 12-4-1971, Student, referred by Dr. Thompson, Oriented to person, time, place, reliable source of information History of Present Illness - Chief Complaint: Difficulty with vision bilaterally Symptom Analysis: Difficultly with vision bilaterally 1. Where: States difficult vision in eyes bilaterally. Denies symptoms of increased pain patterns.. States symptoms first noted at school on 5/20//2002. 2. When: The symptoms occurred the afternoon of 5/20/2002. Symptoms developed gradually and have worsened since onset. States “my vision has remained poor, but stabilized since 2009.” Denies specific time or day of week correlated to symptoms. 3. What: Experiences blurry vision when viewing distant objects. Denies any specific event in relation to symptoms. States use of prescription lenses correct vision difficulty. Denies any aggravating factors. States symptoms as “an annoyance”. Denies any strenuous daily activities that contribute to blurry vision. 4. How: States “nearsightedness is likely due to genetics”. Denies any additional factors or stressors occurring at work, school, or home. States nearsightedness present in father and mother. Reports similar episodes occurred in the in the past. 5. Why: Suspects nearsightedness is likely due to genetics. Denies other symptoms occurring at same time. Denies any major changes...
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...In children or youthful it is grown-ups matured up to 20 years and is mainly found also in people who have gotten radiation treatment. It is also common in individuals with a background marked by Paget's illness but people who have adjacent relative with bone development suffered from bone cancer. In individuals with intrinsic retinoblastoma that is a kind of eye growth that most regularly influences extremely youthful kids. People who are suffering from Li-Fraumeni disorder that is a remarkable hereditary condition. But scientists are finding ways to prevent it. There are no way to prevent bone cancer. Genetic syndrome like Li – Fraumeni and hereditary retinoblasts. Paget disease of bone can increases the risk of bone cancer....
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...singing too. He started his own genre called trap&B. It combines his singing, rapping and memorable melodies. He grew up in a housing project which was a struggle for him. Fetty was diagnosed with glaucoma as a child, he then lost his right eye as a result of it. He used to have a prosthesis but he removed it after his rise to fame. He wanted to be an inspiration to kids around the world that are struggling with their own insecurities. There were many articles written about him that criticized him for only having one eye. Fetty didn’t get discouraged by all the rumors and he used his eye as an advantage. Fetty inspired a 10 year old boy named Jayden Burgos to remove his own prosthesis. Jayden lost his eye 2 weeks after birth due to retinoblastoma, a rare eye cancer. As soon as Jayden saw a picture of Fetty Wap he was immediately taken aback, “At first he didn’t say much, but then we would overhear him talking to family members and friends about this rapper Fetty Wap, who, like him, was missing an eye, and how he thought it was really...
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...Thesis Statement and Annotated Bibliography Thesis Statement: Studies indicate that occurrences of adult and pediatric cancer in the United States are on the rise and are caused by increased parental and prenatal environmental exposures and both adults and children whose lifestyles lack a healthy diet and physical activity. Annotated Bibliography American Cancer Society (2014) Diet and Physical Activity: What’s the cancer connection? Retrieved from: http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/dietandphysicalactivity/diet-and-physical-activity The American Cancer Society has been a leading organization in cancer prevention and awareness for over a century. They contribute to the fight against cancer in a variety of ways to include advocating and creating laws to prevent and treat cancer, investing in cancer fighting research, and helping those who are diagnosed with cancer cope and treat their illness. The information in this article states that there is indeed a link between cancer and poor diet and physical inactivity. The article provides several interventions and mitigating strategies an individual can take to manage risk of cancer due to a lack of exercise and heathy diet. This article is key in validating the second point in the thesis statement as a cause of cancer. National Cancer Institute (NCI) (2014) Cancer in Children and Adolescence. Retrieved from: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Sites-Types/childhood NCI is a part of the U.S....
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...demonstrates its suitability over the contemporary in-silico nuclear protein classification research. 1 Introduction Nucleus, popularly known as the control center of a cell, is the central unit of eukaryotic cells [2]. Unlike other organelles, its function is regulated by two genomes due to the presence of an explicit nuclear genome. It performs a plethora of biochemical reactions like oxidative phosphorylation, Krebs cycle, DNA replication, transcription, translation, etc. In addition nuclei are also involved in apoptosis and ionic homeostasis [3]. Because of their multidimensional utility, nuclear proteins are associated with several diseases, including Xeroderma pigmentosum, Fanconis anaemia, Bloom syndrome, Ataxia telangiectasia and Retinoblastoma [4] etc. Md. S. Islam · A. Kabir Institute of Information Technology, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh. e-mail: saifulit@univdhaka.edu, alaol kabir@yahoo.com K. Sakib · Md. A. Hossain Department of...
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...p27kip1 Protein Levels Reflect a Nexus of Oncogenic Signaling during Cell Transformation. Cancer can be defined as the disease caused by abnormal cell proliferation in parts of the body or a malignant growth of a tumor resulting from these cells. However, it is not just one disease instead a large group of diseases since the action can happen in any part of the body. There is this ability the cells have to migrate from the site of origin abnormal growth and spread to distant sites. One out of every four deaths in the United States is from this disease which drives scientists to study Cancer Biology and its pathways. In studying the different pathways, there is the hope that we can either make a cure or prevent these pathways from occurring to cause these cells to override the apoptosis. In order to understand the author specific point of research we must first understand SV40-small T antigen, Rb, and p27. To begin, SV40 is a proto-oncogene which is capable of transforming several of cell types. It seems to disturbed pRb function regulating cell cycle progression, and equivalent to a light switch turning transcription in cells. Compared to pRb functions in cell cycle suppression, it prevents the cell from replicating damaged DNA by preventing its progression of the cell cycle through G1 to S phase. In general, when it binds to E2F it act as a growth suppressor and prevents the cell from going through the cell cycle. Similarly, p27 controls cell proliferation by binding and...
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...33). On the other hand, appearance of a neocentromere might add selective advantage to a cancer cell during rapid microevolution of its unstable genome. Both ways, it is highly probable for a neocentromere to be found in cancer cells, compared to a healthy cell. Indeed, cytological analysis of tissue samples from many types of cancer patients have been reported to form neocentromere. These includes well documented case of well-differentiated liposarcomas (ALP-WDLPS), where lipomatous tumor cells are cytogenetically characterized by presence of a supernumerary ring or giant chromosome with amplified material from the 12q14-15 containing oncogenes and a neocentromere at the primary constriction (34-37, 32). Among several other types, retinoblastoma (38), non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (33), acute myeloid leukemia (39), and lung cancer (37) have been observed to acquire neocentromeres. Other neocentromeres that do not involve remarkable changes in karyotype might go undetected as well. Although, overexpression of CENP-A alone is not sufficient to drive neocentromere formation in a healthy cell, but interesting correlation exists for CENP-A overexpression in several types of cancer cells (40, 41) and increased level of CENP-A expression correlates with shorter survival times in lung cancer patients (42). Evolutionary implications of Neocentromere (formation)?: Gain of novel functional centromeres in human has been conceptualized as activation of latent centromere that protects from against...
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...BIOLOGY OF CANCER “Cancer affects all of us, whether you’re A Daughter, Mother, Sister, Friend, Coworker, Doctor, and Patient.” Jennifer Aniston INTRODUCTION: A multicellular organism can thrive only when all its cells function in accordance with the rules that govern cell growth and reproduction. Why does a normal cell suddenly become a “rebel,” breaking the rules, dividing recklessly, invading other tissues, usurping resources, and in some cases eventually killing the body in which it lives? To understand how and why cells rebel, we need to understand the normal functions of cell growth and reproduction. From the mid nineteenth century on, research in cell biology, biochemistry, and molecular biology has provided astonishingly detailed information about the molecules and processes that allow cells to divide, grow, differentiate, and perform their essential functions. This basic knowledge of cell biology has also led to practical discoveries about the mechanisms of cancer. Specific molecules that control the progression of a cell through the cell cycle regulate cell growth. An understanding of normal cell cycle processes and how those processes go awry provides key information about the mechanisms that trigger cancer. Loss of control of the cell cycle is one of the critical steps in the development of cancer. Although cancer comprises at least 100 different diseases, all cancer cells share one important characteristic: they are abnormal cells in which the...
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...Multiple Choice Questions 1. Regarding the lac operon, if lactose is present, which of the following occurs? A) Lactose binds to the operator preventing the promoter from attracting RNA polymerase and preventing transcription. B) Lactose bind to RNA polymerase, which then binds to the promoter and transcribes the needed genes. C) Lactose binds to the repressor, which does not bind to the operator, and RNA polymerase transcribes the needed genes. D) Lactose binds to the operon, which attracts RNA polymerase, then transcription of the needed genes occurs. E) Lactose binds to the CAP site to prevent the CAP protein from binding Answer: C 2. Which of the following is likely to be expressed? A) euchromatin B) heterochromatin C) DNA without methyl groups D) DNA with many methyl groups E) euchromatin and DNA without methyl groups is more likely to be expressed Answer: E 3. Which of the following is a method of posttranscriptional control? A) transcription factors B) the life span of a mRNA molecule C) differential processing of mRNA D) how fast the mRNA leaves the nucleus E) both differential processing and how fast mRNA leaves the nucleus are involved in posttranscriptional control. Answer: E 4. Which gene in an operon is incorrectly matched with its...
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...BS/TUMOR - Type x collagen is important for mineralization (locations include in cartilage deep to the tidemark and in the ZPC of the growth plate) - Myositis Ossificans should not be resected until completely ossified - Desmoid tumors contain E receptors and Tamoxifen is useful in the Treatment - A mutation in CBFA 1 leads to Cleidocranial Dysplasia - Chromium and Tantulum are very resistant to corrosion - Molybdenum is added to cobalt alloys to increase strength - IGN is the sole motor innervation of gluteus maximus - Lipomas are bright on T1 - Osteoarthritis leads to increase water and decreased proteoglycans and collagen in cartilage (very commonly asked) - CD 31 is a sensitive marker for angiosarcoma - AIIS is the origin of Rectus Femoris - Anakinra is an IL-1 antagonist used as Tx of RA - Etaneracept and Adalimumab block TNF alpha in the Tx of RA - TOC for PVNS is total synovectomy - Joint motion improves chondrocyte nutrition - Synovial Chondromatosis is a benign metaplastic process of joints that leads to stippled calcifications and loose bodies - If PE is irradiated in air, catastrophic failure and delamination occur - Osteocalcin is the most abundant non collagenous protein in bone - High Rates of Telomerase results in increased recurrence rates in patients with chondrosarcoma - X linked hypophosphatemic rickets caused by mutation in the PEX gene; MHE caused by defects in the EXT-1 or 2 genes - Synovial Sarcoma a/w translocation of X;18, Ewings...
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...1. Congenital rubella: a) Has an incubation period of 7-10 days. b) May be complicated by polyarthralgia. c) Rarely causes deafness. d) Is an indication for termination if it occurs in the first two months of pregnancy. e) May cause prolonged jaundice. 2. Recognised causes of delayed bone age include: a) Hypopiturtarism b) Primary hypothyroidism c) Congenital adrenal hypoplasia d) Prolonged corticosteroid therapy e) Tuberculosis 3. Kwashiorkor: a) Hypothermia is a recognized complication T b) Edema is mainly due to protein losing enteropathy. T c) Measles is a recognized precipitant F d) The incidence is highest in the first two month of life F e) The birth of a second child to the mother may be a contributory factor F 4. At the age of eight months a baby can be expected to: a) Roll over from front to back T b) Sit up with a straight back T c) Pick a small bead between thumb and finger T d) Say up to five word clearly F e) Feed himself with a spoon F 5. if a child in the ward's develops measles, the following action are appropriate a) Close the wards to all admissions for one week F b) Actively immunized all the other patients against measles T c) Give gamma globulin to all patients who have not been immunized or had measles T d) Forbid visiting by the parents until the rash has gone F e) Give prophylactic antibiotics to all contacts at home T 6. Convulsion in the first week of life is characteristic of a) Hypocalcaemia T b) Post maturity...
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