...criminal behavior. Several centuries ago, criminal behavior was once thought to sin guided by the devil or evil spirits, and most often was punished by hanging, beheading, or burning the offender. Then, around the time of the American and French revolutions offenders began to be seen more as highly rational beings who intentionally chose their own courses of action (Schmalleger, 2012). Contemporary sentencing stems mainly from the Classical School theory. This theory stated that criminality, rather than being caused by evil or some higher beings, was actually the result of the bad choices people make of their own free will. The other competing theories of corrections besides the Classical School, prevalent in today’s prison system are retribution, deterrence, restorative justice, and rehabilitation. According to the Classical School theory, the punishment should fit the crime equally. Meaning, that the punishment a person is given should equally fit the seriousness of the crime committed, and not be more extreme such as hanging or burning someone. Someone who steals should not be burned at the stake, because the punishment does not fit the seriousness of the crime. The need for punishment is still there, but it is just applied more rationally....
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...Word quickly spread to Richmond, other nearby towns and plantations and well beyond to Petersburg and Norfolk, via free and enslaved blacks who worked the waterways. Gabriel took a tremendous risk in letting so many black people learn of his plans: It was necessary as a means of attracting supporters, but it also exposed him to the possibility of betrayal. Regardless, Gabriel persevered, aiming to rally at least 1,000 slaves to his banner of “Death or Liberty,” an inversion of the famed cry of the slaveholding revolutionary Patrick Henry. With incredible daring — and naïveté — Gabriel determined to march to Richmond, take the armory and hold Gov. James Monroe hostage until the merchant class bent to the rebels’ demands of equal rights for all. He planned his uprising for August 30 and publicized it well. But on that day, one of the worst thunderstorms in recent memory pummeled Virginia, washing away roads and making travel all but impossible. Undeterred, Gabriel believed that only a small band was necessary to carry out the plan. But many of his followers lost faith, and he was betrayed by a slave named Pharaoh, who feared retribution if the plot...
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...right of life does not hold in every situation no matter what 4. One of these situations includes taking the life of another innocent human 5. Therefore, it is morally permissible to set the right to life aside, and use the death penalty, if they took the life of an innocent human. Outline I. The Death Penalty -Thesis- Although all humans have the right to life, there are certain situations that can overrule this right, such as taking the life of an innocent human. Since the right of life does not hold in every situation and if an innocent human’s life is taken, then it is morally permissible to set the right to life aside and use the death penalty on the person who committed murder. II. Pro-Death Penalty A. Retribution a. The death penalty is the best way in order to serve justice to convicted murderers of innocent people. b. The families and friends of victims will feel more secure if justice is served. c. There will be no worry about the murderer being able to commit more murders or to have any chance of receiving parole. B. Deterrence b. If the death penalty is continuously used in all states then it will prevent other murders from occurring in the future. c. Death penalty can also prevent future murders from convicted murderers because they will no longer have the opportunity to murder again. C. Utilitarianism view d. The death of one murder can ultimately save lives of innocents and is for...
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...Outline and evaluate realist approaches to crime (50 marks) Right realism sees crime as a growing problem that destroys communities, undermines social cohesion and threatens society’s work ethic. Right realists take a harsh approach in the fact that they try to reduce crime by reinforcing control and punishment, rather than trying to rehabilitate offenders when they leave prison. They see prisoners as a lost cause therefore they do not wish to waste their time on them. They criticise other theories for being too soft on criminals, especially the left realists. Right realism tends to focus on the solutions to crime, rather than the causes. Right realists reject marxist views that crime is caused by poverty and exploitation of the working class. In 'thinking about crime' (1975) wilson argues that an individual will commit crime if the reward outweighs the punishment. Wilson also argues that harsher punishments and more visible policing would have a positive impact on crime rates. However, despite these efforts, there are still flaws in how crime is dealt with according to right realists. Providing alternative benefits, such as giving methadone to drug addicts proves to be pointless as the individual then becomes addicted to methadone and therefore still has a drug addiction. Wilson argues that we must keep communities strong so that the criminals will feel ashamed due to society being disgraced at them. Kelling and wilson 1982 argue a concept called the broken windows...
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...special and memorable plays are ones of great catches, runs and throws, not ones of deadly head on head tackles. Also, the less concussions there are the more longer players can play in the league and continue entertaining the fans of the game. It is only a small compromise to the excitement of football because the outcome of no compromise is the continuation of suffering of players due brain trauma. Players with a lot of brain trauma will suffer from CTE, Alzheimer’s disease and many other countless brain and spinal injuries. The risk of football is not worth the reward. Prevention can be achieved by new rules to game of football such as limitations on how players can tackle and how they are supposed to report concussions. Also, using today’s new technology and science can improve the reporting of concussions and can bring better methods of treatment of head injuries. Lastly, intervening injustice with the use of the law is necessary to allocate the worth funds to players and their families for concussions in football they were not educated on...
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...Texas has been long regarded as a state fond of the death penalty ever since the establishment of capital punishment. The circumstances in which a person can be subject to capital punishment are clearly defined in section 19.03 of the Texas Penal Code. (5, Metze.) Most of the reasons for executing an inmate pertain to the act of intentional/premeditated murder. Despite the fact that Texas legislature strongly supports capital punishment and the idea of retribution, the issue is growing to be quite controversial to the general public. The Texas legislature largely supports the death penalty and their voting tends to indicate this as fact. A spring 1985 poll conducted in Texas reported that 74% of the Texas electorate support and favor the...
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...strength could be due to the thought of Montag’s judgment, and therefore Bradbury illustrates Faber confronting judgment of two various sources. Furthermore, Montag takes up residence with the band of intellectuals in the woods when Granger, who is the author of The Fingers in the Glove; the Proper Relationship between the individual and Society, shares his insights, “But that’s the wonderful thing about man; he never gets so discouraged or disgusted that he gives up doing it all over again, because he knows very well it is important and worth doing” (147). Granger’s phrase resonates with the power of overcoming judgment to promote worthy causes. Granger is Montag’s mentor and Faber is his personal confidant. Both provide him with strength to stand up to the judgment of society, which molds him into the hero he is now. As explained by psychologist Frank Farley, Montag is a “big H” hero as opposed to Atticus, because he is exposed to higher physical risk (Cherry, np). Likewise, Montag voluntarily sets out to make his society in need into a better place, and even though his endeavor poses a fatal possibility, he does not want to be...
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...“Better a diamond with a flaw than a pebble without.” Confucius. Society has all sorts or rules, norms, and values. However, we don’t all necessarily share these common. Ideally, laws embody rules made by society to protect the weak and enforce a common standard. They represent a binding contract between citizens. When we imagine a world where everyone does just what they want, chaos and anarchy remains; at which point none of us would know where we stand when we do things. Fortunately, society has long established and continues to reinforce the importance of rules and structure. In effect, laws make us all responsible to society and its betterment. Everything about daily life is affected by law, whether we like it or not. Laws, good or bad, are essential to society; our “communities”, as we know them, would cease to exist outside this fact. Nevertheless, since humans are not perfect, “human laws”, whatever its source or intended impact/ remedy, are intrinsically flawed. History is consistent with this fact. Laws set “appropriate behaviors”, but “appropriate” is subjective to conditions, time, power, and/ or struggles. While we don’t want to live without laws and, God forbid, become animals, there are laws that should be changed. History proves how laws can often unfairly discriminate against particular groups of people based on race, gender, and/ or sexual orientation. The theory of law is far from the reality of its application. There has been gross misconduct on...
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...Criminal Justice System CJA/204 Criminal Justice System The following paper summarizes the criminal justice system in our culture, its goals and dependencies and the processes within. It will address what crime is, to how its citizens are processed, the government structure and whether or not it is actually a system. Crime and its Relationship to Law As defined by the Oxford dictionary, crime is defined as “An action or omission that constitutes an offense that may be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law.” The two most common models of how society determines which acts are criminal are the Consensus model and the Conflict model. The Consensus model supports the idea that the makeup of the criminal justice system from police to corrections and the methods of obtaining information to criminal punishment are in agreement in working to achieve the same outcome. This is done through the cooperation of all parties involved, each striving for a common goal. The Conflict model supports the individual person and/or agencies in which the benefits of the system are personal with disregard to others involved. Success is determined not by the system as a whole working together, but rather, the individual obtaining a pay raise, notoriety, and the ability of their personal achievements. This model’s success is focused more on the individual rather than the sum of the parts. Government Structure and its application to the Criminal...
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...population, there is the issue of reaching an agreement on the approach to take on the treatment of such offenders. “Between 1930 and 1960, several states passed ‘sexual psychopath laws’ that offered indefinite hospitalization and treatment in lieu of incarceration for offenders who committed repetitive sexual crimes” (Zonana, 1997). However, as time passed these treatments was ineffective, therefore punishment became the primary deterrent, instead of rehabilitation. Authors of “Risk management or goods promotion: The relationship between approach and avoidance goals in treatment for sex offenders” believes that there is a relationship between rewards of promotion and risk management in the rehabilitation of sexual offenders. They are determined to argue that a “focus on the promotion of specific goods or goals in the treatment of sexual offenders is likely to automatically eliminate (or modify) commonly targeted dynamic risk factors” (Ward, Vess, Collie, Gannon, 2006). The relationship between risk and goods are analyzed in the categories of; realization of one type of goal, opens opportunities for the realization of another goal, however depending on internal and external conditions (etiology); the use of therapeutic and other approaches to help secure avoidance goals (treatment); and the belief that sex offenders can change their characteristics providing therapeutic success (offenders motivation) (Ward, Vess, Collie, Gannon, 2006). There seem to be many conflicting arguments...
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...Criminal Justice The act of an individual or individuals when committing a crime and how a society deals with those individuals has changed over time. Crime is a conduct or violation of the criminal to break the laws for which there is no acceptable justification or excuse. Society is often viewed by its criminal element and how the people deal with punishment and rehabilitation of the criminal. There are five goals of the criminal justice system deterrence, incapacitation, retribution, rehabilitation, restoration. In a CJi Interactive Multi-Media slide on University of Phoenix website it described, “These five criminal justice goals are not mutually exclusive. They are really rather like philosophical perspectives from which a community or agency responds to criminal behavior. (Interactive) The criminal justice system has three branches, those branches are police, courts and correction departments, each are an integral part of the American Justice System. The police work in an ever changing environment however in a report on the challenges of crime in a free society the police officers job was described as “the manner in which a policeman works is influenced by practical matters: the legal strength of the available evidence, the willingness of victims to press charges and of witnesses to testify, the temper of the community, the time and information at the policeman's disposal. Much is at stake in how the policeman exercises this discretion and if he judges conduct not suspicious...
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...ENABLING FORGIVENESS AND RECONCILIATION IN FAMILY THERAPY Interpersonal conflicts are almost inevitable within families. The closeness and intensity of family relationships along with differences among family members in knowledge, desires, values, abilities, etc., account for much of this turmoil. Family members are often deeply hurt in the course of their conflicts and sometimes there is a significant breach of trust, Occasionally a family member will consider a certain offence unforgivable and will not seek reconciliation. Usually, however, family members try to recover a sense of personal and relationship wellbeing by endeavoring to forgive and reconcile. This can be a long and arduous process. Therapists are often consulted to facilitate such healing. My purpose in writing this paper is to share my understanding of some of the complexities involved. The perspective that I adopt is a social constructionist or ‘bringforthist’ stance. I assume that through caring conversation, it. is possible to bring forth preferred ways of thinking and interacting that can lead to forgiveness and reconciliation. MUTUAL HURTS The duration and effects of any particular conflict between family members depends on how differences are managed in the nuances of ongoing family interaction: Conflicts vary from brief disagreements that are hardly noticeable, to extremely destructive emotional and physical battles that last for years. During any major episode of conflict, all parties involved tend...
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...Professional Ethics for Psychologist Chapter 13: Counselors as Teachers and Researchers Written Report THE ETHICS OF TEACHING *Society views teachers ambivalently – on one they are held in high regard but on the other hand, they are viewed with vain and distrust. *the task of the profession is to ensure that its teachers use their powers responsibly *literature on the ethics of training mental health professionals is not as abundant as the publication on ethics in counseling, but there are still resources available. Several experts have addressed the issue, the recent versions of the ethics code speak to this activity, and some empirical studies have been conducted. Competence to teach -Faculty who teach counselors must be: 1) Competent practitioners 2) Knowledgeable about their subject matter 3) Prepared for their work 4) Put fair efforts into facilitating student learning -Nearly all psychology faculties acknowledge occasional incidences of inadequate preparation for classes. -38% admits that they teach materials they have not mastered (Tabachnic et al, 1991). -36% reports teaching material for which they are not competent in (Schwab and Neukrug, 1994). - Faculty also has the responsibility to present information fairly, and to distinguish between personal opinions and established theory and research. 1990 APA code (no longer in effect): “[A]s teachers psychologist perform their duties on the basis of careful preparation...
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...Hawthorne’s Judgment of Sin and Punishment Based on the Puritan Belief As Seen in “Scarlet Letter” Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Puritan background and his hometown of Salem, Massachusetts strongly influenced his stories and writing style. Many of Hawthorne’s stories hold ties to the past and characterize the Puritan society, including Scarlet Letter. Puritans followed “their own rigorous moral and religious strictures…” , which led many Puritans to believe most people are inherently evil and deserve punishment (Hunt 26). Puritans believed sin’s “penalty thereof is death” (Hawthorne 59). In Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne characterized the Puritan view of sin, the punishment of sin, and how the punishment of sin revealed Hester’s courage, but led to Dimmesdale’s demise. Hester and Dimmesdale committed the same sin and “while Hester’s sin is noticeable to all, Dimmesdale’s sin is hidden”(Londhe 2). The sin itself does not alter Hester and Dimmesdale as much as it altered how the individual copes with sin and the punishment that follows the sin. The Puritan belief system influenced Hawthorne’s writing even though he “took Puritan doctrine and psychologized it”(Barna 3). Hawthorne felt the Puritan belief lacked a tolerance for sin, and “he dwelt on the cruelty of Puritans in his works” (Barna 2). Puritan’s believed everyone sinned and Hawthorne’s Puritan background led him to address sin in his writing. The common belief of the time states that “man is born into his world basically...
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...PHI 115 December 13, 2011 Capital punishment is the death penalty; it has been in use since ancient times to punish a selection of crimes. The Bible even promotes death for murder and other offenses like kidnapping. Often we hear the Bible quoted as a justification for capital punishment: “Eye for eye, tooth for tooth” (from Leviticus 24:20; also Exodus 21:24). This follows a more direct passage: “Whoever takes the life of any human being shall be put to death” (Leviticus 24:17). When the term death penalty is said, it makes screaming and shouting from both sides of activists. There are numerous arguments that are for and against capital punishment. One side of the argument might say it is justice served, while the other side might say, but you might execute an innocent man. People against the death penalty may believe: the death penalty fails as a deterrent, it does not discourage crime, death penalty fails to rehabilitate, encourages brutality, relative suffering, or that conviction of the innocent may occur. People that are for the death penalty may see it as: decreasing the rate of homicide, when you commit a felony it is a matter of free will, there is no proof of any innocent human being executed, the death penalty saves lives, or they may possibly see it as “An eye for an eye”. Currently, there are several pros and cons to the death penalty issues. However, if individuals evaluate the arguments accurately, and have sympathy for the victims, they will be more inclined...
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