COIS 1010 Final Exam Review
Short Answer Questions:

1. What is the difference between a class and an object. Use an example. Class: A template for creating an object, a general category. Ex// Animals or Buildings Object: A specific thing that encompasses the functions of the class it belongs to, but is individualized. Ex// Rocky (my dog) or My house

2. Differentiate between a sequential and simultaneous (concurrent) action block in Alice. Give an Example. Sequential: In order Ex// Do in Order function - rabbit moves, then turtle moves, then hamster moves. Simultaneous: At the same time/Together Ex// Do Together function - the rabbit, turtle and hamster move.

3. When creating programs (Worlds) in Alice, it was suggested that you use an Incremental Development Process (IDP). What does that mean and what is its primary advantage? IDP: Working on one thing at a time. Advantage: One can text functions/expressions as they are implemented to make sure that have the desired affect.

4. Describe four types of Control Structures available in Alice. i) Do in order - actions occur in sequential order. ii) Do together - actions occur simultaneously. iii) If/Else - if a certain action occurs another action will be done, if a certain action does not occur then a different action will result. iv) Loop - an action will occur continuously for a certain number of times or infinitely.

5. Describe the differences between wired and wireless networks. Wired Networks: A network in which computers and other devices are connected to the network via physical cables. Ex// Found in; Homes, Schools, Businesses, and Government facilities. Wireless Networks: A network in which computers and other devices are connected to the network without physical cables. Data is typically sent via radio waves Ex 1// Found in; Homes, Schools, and Businesses Ex 2// Wi-Fi Hotspots found in; Coffeehouses, Businesses, Airports, Hotels, and Libraries.

6. Describe two ways we can use to classify Networks. i) STAR Networks: Use a central device to connect to each directly to the network. ii) BUS Networks: Use a single central cable to connect each device in a linear fashion. iii) MESH Networks: Each computer or device is connected to multiple (sometimes all of the other) devices on the network.

7. Describe three types of wired networking media. i) Twisted-Pair Cable: Pairs of wires twisted together. Ex// Telephone and Network connections ii) Coaxial Cable: Thick center wire Ex// Used for computer networks, short-run telephone transmission, cable television delivery iii) Fiber-Optic Cable: Glass/fiber strands through which light can pass Ex// Used for high-speed communications

8. Describe the roles of TCP/IP. IP: Provides addresses and roughing information AND uses packet switching TCP: Responsible for the delivery of data AND used with the internet.

9. Professor Avi Rubin, in his online presentation, spoke about the hacking of all wireless devices. Name three devices the Dr. Rubin and Dr. Patrick spoke about. What recommendations did they make? i) P25 Radios Recommendation: User interface wasn’t good enough ii) Stealing Keystrokes - Recommendation: accelerometer - no one controls this - could be used to determine what people are typing if an iPhone or other smart phone is beside a computer while typing is happening. iii) Implanted medical devices Recommendation: can access and change information wirelessly - could be disrupted by having headphones placed on them - danger in this if there is not a good understanding of hacking and other things

10. What is meant by multi-factor authentication? Provide two examples of multi-factor authentication. Multi-factor Authentication: Is an approach to authentication which requires the presentation of two or more of the three authentication factors. i) Possessed Knowledge: Something only the user knows Ex// Password, One-time passwords, Cognitive authentication ii) Possessed: Something only the user has. Ex// Smart cards, RFID-encoded badges, USB security key iii) Biometric: Something only the user is. Ex// Fingerprint, Iris, Hand, Face, Keystroke Dynamics 11. Mikko Hypponen, in his online presentation, spoke about the spread of Internet malware. Discuss three types of malware and identify difficulties in trying to catch the perpetrators. i) Virus: Replicates by inserting copies of itself into other computer programs, data files, or the boot sector of the hard drive. ii) Worm: Replicates and distribute itself (Zero-day attack) iii) Trojan Horse: Masquerades as something else Ex// Scareware, Anti-malware, Spyware Difficulty: Could use another internet source other than their own to upload malware. Makes it difficult to track where it came from and connect this to a specific individual. 12. Discuss three advantages and two disadvantages of e-commerce from the perspective of a business. Advantages: i) Higher customer satisfaction ii) Easy expansion iii) Broader customer base and potential sales Disadvantages: i) Lost business for those who do not shop online. ii) Fraudulent credit cards

13. Sheena Igenyar, in her online presentation, spoke about the problem of choice overload. Illustrate three ways that Dr. Igenyar suggested for businesses to ease the problem of consumer choice. Choice Overload Cases Consumers to be: i) Less engaged ii) Have lower decision quality iii) Less satisfied Four suggestions to ease the problem of Consumer Choice: i) Cut - less is more, increase in sales ii) Concertize - consumers need to feel consequences; make it vivid iii) Categorization - can handle more categories than choices; more categories and fewer choices iv) Condition - consumers understand more information than we think; start with fewer choices then go to more choices 14. According to Rachel Botsman, the currency of the new economy is trust. Discuss. Stage 1: Trusting to put personal information on the internet Stage 2: Trusting to put our credit card online Stage 3: Trust between strangers

Reputation: is the measurement of how much a community trusts you. -Reputation trail… should we own our reputation data? -Reputation capital: the worth of your reputation - intentions, capabilities and values - across communities and marketplaces -Reputation is a currency that will be more powerful than our credit history in the 21st century

15. One of the challenges of any online business is how to generate revenue. Discuss four models of online revenue generation. i) Business to Consumer: Sell goods/services to individual consumers ii) Business to Business: Ex 1// Industry-specific (Vertical Hubs) - Directly Ex 2// Cross-indistry (Horizontal Hubs) - Intermediary iii)Consumer to Consumer: Individuals sell directly to other individuals; typically via an intermediary website. iv) Business to Government: Businesses sell goods/services to government agencies.

16. Shopping cart abandonment is often a problem for an online business. Discuss four ways that will improve the chances that a customer will purchase a product or service online. i) “Add to cart” is obvious on product pages ii) Check out option is located on ALL pages iii) Check out is fast and easy (pre-filled) iv) Statements of security and privacy are made clear

17. Perform the following operations assuming 6-bit 2’s complement binary numbers. a) 100111 + 011101

b) 011111 - 001101

18. What is the decimal value of the binary number 101001 if we are using: a) 6-bit signed-magnitude numbers

b) 6-bit 1’s complement numbers

c) 6-bit 2’s complement numbers

19. Perform the following: a) Add the value 6 to the coral number 7

b) Add the value 6 to the octal number 4

c) Add the value 6 to the hexadecimal number 8

d) Add the value 6 to the hexadecimal number DFD

20. Perform the following: a)Convert the binary number 1010 1011 1001 1101 to octal

b) Convert the binary number 1010 1011 1001 1101 to hex a decimal

c) Convert the hex a decimal number CF17 to binary

d) Convery the octal number 4557 to hexadecimal

21. What are 4 important aspects of HCI? i) The Human: Limited in their capacity to process information ii) The Computer: The devices dictate the styles of interaction that the system supports iii) The tasks to be performed: - Interaction Models: translations between user and system - Ergonomics: physical characteristics of interaction - Interaction Styles: the nature of user/system dialog - Context: social, organizational, motivational iv) Usability: - Scenario/Task design - Navigation design - Screen design and layout

22. What are the steps of the model/view/control conceptual structure which is the foundation of HCI when a person is using a bank machine? Model: Non-graphical data-administration Ex// Storing, Maintaining, Manipulating View: Graphical - Displays data Ex// Provides user interaction components - buttons Control: Ensures user interactions result in desired response by the program

23. The design of the GUI uses the acronym PADIT - list 4 of the 5 steps. GUI: Threads are parts of the application that run in parallel. A number of threads are generated by the runtime system and run in parallel to the program code of the actual application. PADIT: i) Problem ii) Analysis iii) Design iv) Implement v) Test - Tests checks for safety, plausibility

24. In seminar, we talked about backup solutions. Describe 2 different backup solutions, and for each, identify an advantage and a disadvantage. i) The Cloud: Online back-up service Advantage: Cost effective Disadvantage: Security and Privacy ii) USB Flash Drive: Advantage: Small size and portability Disadvantage: Most are not large enough to backup everything on one USB Flash Drive

25. Identify 4 keyboard shortcuts, and what they do. i) Command/Control P - Print ii) Command/Control Z - Undo iii) Command/Control C - Copy iv) Command/Control V - Paste

26. Besides changing letter-case, describe four things that make a strong password. i) Use of Numbers ii) Use of special characters - #, *, - ,_ , $, etc. iii) Use of lots of characters - the longer the better iv) Use of random sequences - the more random the better

27. In seminar, we talked about the importance of choice in Challenge Questions. What is a Challenge Question? Give an example of a good, and bad challenge question, and explain why. Challenge Question: A question asked during our registration and account opening process to obtain specific information that can be used to verify the identity of an individual. Good Ex// What was your childhood nickname? - This is a good question because it is very personal and not many people out there are going to know the answer to this question. Bad Ex// What is your address, phone number? - This is a bad question because if someone is trying to hack into your account they may already have access to this information. Terms and Definitions:
Function: A named formula that can be entered into a worksheet cell to perform some type of calculation or to extract information from other cells in the worksheet.

Expression: A combination of explicit values, constants, variables, operators, and functions that are interpreted according t the particular rules of precedence and of association for a particular programming language, which computes and then produces another value.

Control Structure: A pattern for controlling the flow of laic in a computer program, module, or method.

Instruction: A segment of code that contains steps that need to be executed by the computer processor.

Class: An extensible template for creating objects, providing initial values for state and implementations of behaviour.

Argument: Pieces of data used in a subroutine to refer to one of the pieces of data provided as input to the subroutine.

Nesting: May denote several different constructions and activities where information is organized in layers or objects contain other similar objects.

Router: A device that forwards data packets between computer networks.

Synchronous Transmission: Data transmission in which a relatively large set of data is organized into a frame or block, with one or more synchronization bits or bit patterns used to identify the beginning and end of a logical block of data.

Asynchronous Transmission: The transmission of data in which each character is a self-contained unit with its own start and stop bits and an uneven interval between them.

Isohcronous Transmission: Data transmission that guarantees to provide a certain minimum data rate, as required for time-dependent data such as video or audio.

Bandwidth: The amount of data that can be transferred in a given period of time; also referred to as throughput.

Analog Signals: A type of signal where the data is represented by continuous waves.

Digital Signals: A type of signal where the data is represented by 0s and 1s.

Spoofing: Refers to tricking or deceiving computer systems or other computer users. Typically done by hiding one’s identity or faking the identity of another user on the internet.

Social Engineering: It can be easier to trick people than to hack into computing system by force. Social engineers get personal information or access to computing systems by exploring people’s natural tendency to want to trust and be helpful, and by taking advantage of our tendency to act quickly when faced with a crisis.
Ex// Spam Scams, Phishing, Impersonation, or Dumpster Diving

Auction Frauds: Involve fraud via the misrepresentation of product advertised for sale through an internet auction site (Ebay) or the non-delivery of products purchased through an internet auction site.

Digital Certificate: An attachment to an electronic mail message used for security purposes.

Re-intermediation: The re-introduction of an intermediary between end users (consumers) and a producer.

Re-targeting: An attribute of software development tools that have been specifically designed to generate code for more than one computing platform.

PIPEDA (Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act): Used to establish rules that balance the right of privacy of individuals against the needs of organization, but in practice such a perfect balance may not be achieved.

Search Site Optimization (Search Engine Optimization): A methodology of strategies, techniques and tactics used to increase the amount of visitors to a website by obtaining a high-ranking placement in the search engine results page.

Digital Wallet: Encryption software that works like a physical waller during electronic commerce transactions. Can hold; payment information, digital certificate and shipping information.

Nibble: Is a four bit aggregation or half an octet. Contains 4 bits, there are 16 (24) possible values, so a nibble corresponds to a single hexadecimal digit.

Terabyte: is 1012 bytes; 1000 gigabytes and precedes the petabyte. Used to measure the storage capacity of large storage devices.

Hexadecimal: Refers to the base -16 number system, which consists of 16 unique symbols. The numbers 0 to 9 and the letters A to F. Useful because it can represent every byte (8 bits) as two consecutive hexadecimal digits.

Octal (Numeral System): The base -8 number system, and uses the digits 0 to 7. Can be made from binary numerals by grouping consecutive binary digits into groups of three (right to left).

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange): An industry standard, which assigns letters, numbers, and other characters within the 265 slots available in the 8-bit code.

Unicode: An international coding system that can be used to represent text-based data in any written language.

Bitmap: A piece of text, a drawing, etc. Represented as on a computer display, by the activation of certain dots in a rectangular matrix of dots (Pg. 54 in text).

Anthropomorphism: Human qualities are given to non-human beings, objects, concepts, or phenomena. Characterized by their accessories their original forms before anthropomorphesis.

Haptic: Technology which takes advantage of the sense of tough by applying forces, vibrations, or motion to the user.

Heuristic: A technique designed for solving a problem more quickly when classic methods are too slow, or for finding an approximate solution when classic methods fail to find an exact solution.

Sense-datum: Entities that are the direct objects of sensation.
Ex// the circular image on sees when viewing the face of a penny and/or the oblong image one sees when viewing the penny from an angle.

Interface: The point of interaction with software, or computer hardware, or with peripheral devices such as a computer monitor or a keyboard.
Ex// Touchscreen - send and receive data Mouse, Microphone or Joystick - only send at a

H in HCI (Human Computer Interaction): A discipline concerned with the study, design, construction and implementation of human centric interactive computer systems. the human is doing the work. The interface is what the human is doing to adapt to the situation.

Functional MRI (fMRI): A brain-computer interface based on functional magnetic resonance imagine (fMRI-BCI); allow volitional control of anatomically specific regions of the brain. enable control of computers and of external devices with regulation of brain activity alone.

Evocative Object: An object the elicits a response (emotion) in humans. These responses can be good or bad.
Ex// excitement, happiness, anger, frustration