...personal criminological theory review Janise harris ajs/542 instructor reyes january 19, 2015 personal criminological theory review Janise harris ajs/542 instructor reyes january 19, 2015 Personal Criminological Theory Review In criminology, analyzing why individuals perpetrate wrongdoing is imperative in the progressing level headed discussion of how crime should be taken care of and prevented. Numerous theories have developed throughout the years, and they keep on being investigated, individually and in combination, as criminologists look for the best solutions in eventually diminishing sorts and levels of crime. During the six weeks of this course we have examined several theories. Here is a review of some of the key theories: * Rational choice theory: Individuals act in their venture toward oneself and settle on choices to perpetrate wrongdoing in the wake of measuring the potential dangers against the rewards. * Social disorganization theory: An individual’s physical and social situations are basically in charge of the behavioral decisions that individual makes. * Strain theory: Many people have similar desires, yet they don’t all have the same opportunities or abilities. When individuals neglect to attain society’s desires through approved means, for example, hard work and delayed gratification, they may attempt to accomplish accomplishment through crime. * Social learning theory: Individuals create inspiration to commit crime and the abilities...
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...English 121 November 12 2015 Kant’s theory While Immanuel Kant was one of the greatest thinkers to date, I found myself left with questions with no real clear answers about his work. One of my major questions I had actually came to me while I was reading though this chapter for the first time. I found difficulties involving his uniquely perceived dissimilarities differentiating a priori and a posteriori knowledge. In my personal opinion the main bulk of our individualistic conception and interpretation of the world stems almost solely from our personal involvement and observations of said world. It was this line of questioning I followed to my true problem with his theory: does all knowledge begins a posteriori; and can there truly be a form of a priori knowledge? Immanuel Kant's proposed classification of what it is that establishes a priori knowledge, knowledge of a subject with no previous experience or observations, seemed to impress upon me that all our perceived a priori knowledge must have originally streamed from, or been reasoned out from a previous a posteriori knowledge. Even a simple suggested "a priori knowledge" such something as trivial as “the sky is blue” is dependent on experience. When we think of the statement “the sky is blue” our subconscious minds unknowingly affirms this bit of information with prior memories associated with the sky or colors, which all originated through first-hand experience. Consequently, as time passes on, the grouped recollections...
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...THEORY TO PRACTICE LITERATURE REVIEW A PAPER SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE NURS 5013 – THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE PRAIRIE VIEW A&M UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF NURSING BY HARSHAL THOMAS, BSN, RN HOUSTON, TEXAS March 3, 2014 DeMonica Junious, PhD, RN, CNE INTRODUCTION This paper is a systematic presentation of nursing theories based on literature review. The purpose of this paper is to describe how nursing theories are applied in administrative practice. It will help to generate further nursing knowledge. Nursing theory can help patients, managers and other healthcare professionals to recognize the unique contribution that nurses make to the healthcare service. The First stage is introducing the paper. The Second stage is the body of paper which consists of six different articles from pages three to eight. Each article starts with brief description about the study following with concise review of the selected theory. About who formulated the theory and also describes the components of the theory. The middle part of the article states the reasons for using the specific theory by the author. Also describing how the theory was used and illustrates the results of the study. The article ends with explaining how that particular theory can be used in my own nursing administrative practice. The Last stage is summarizing the paper and listing the references in alphabetical order. ...
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...qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwer...
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...A Review of Ethics Concepts & Theories Educational Objectives: 1. Explain the type of problem that is addressed by philosophers. 2. Explain how ethical norms help address ethical issues that arise in accountancy. 3. Contrast the views of Mills, Machiavelli and Kant. 4. Describe what is meant by a social contract. 5. Analyze a given situation and tell why it would be appropriate or inappropriate to lie. 6. Explain the views of Kierkegaard and contrast him from other existentialists. 7. Discuss the concept that ethics cannot be based on religion. 8. Explain the use of ethical reasoning and how it can be used in your professional life. Introduction The major ethical principles accepted in the western world follow guidelines and rules that must be universally applied in all situations. These ethical principles are established primarily on the basis of teachings set forth by philosophers throughout the ages, starting with the great Greek thinkers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. As you might expect, there have been many alterations 修改 to these moral principles throughout the years. What was considered ethically correct by some was rejected by others and replaced with their own concept of what constituted moral or ethical behavior. A Comment about Philosophy: Philosophy, unlike science, addresses issues that cannot be solved. In fact, some philosophers state that if a problem can be solved, philosophers will not even...
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...INTRODUCTION Development means making a better life of every man in this present context of an even world. A better life of most people is meeting their basic needs. It includes sufficient food to eat, affordable services available, quality health, and respect for each other. These things are basic human needs. Any other cause of Development is subject to materialistic or culture as a whole. The method and purpose of development are subject to popular democratic mechanism for decision making processes. Many people agree that, better life for all people is a desirable goal but not everybody thinks Development can be universally realized. Among people who think development can be realized for all is practicable and there is even an agreement together. Development is a good and powerful idea because it has the power to move people and also to affect a change forever, therefore development can be used for many different political purposes. Indeed, the idea of development can be used to make legitimate what amounts more money to power for the people. Development is a contentious issue and not straight forward and bitter arguments are moving around. It is a pounding believe of modernity and the modernity is sometimes in the Western History, when rationality becomes a better change throughout the world. In development all the modern advances in science, technology and social democratic organizations, ethics and values all fuse into the single humanitarian project. In this modernist...
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...Critical Literature review In no more than 2,500 words write a critical review of the literature relevant to your doctoral research, starting by briefly (no more than 200 words) outlining your research topic. Research Topic The research topic I have selected as a basis for a PhD thesis is social entrepreneurship, which can be viewed as a particular aspect in the multidisciplinary discourse of social enterprise. Social enterprise is being expressed in UK government policy literature as a progressive means to tackle social exclusion and social entrepreneurship is being articulated as a driving force for success. However there is still no meaningful consensus on a definition of social entrepreneurship and the critical individual and collective attributes of success are heavily contested in academic literature. This is simultaneously problematic in deliberating ways to encourage social enterprise and an opportunity to question critical assumptions about the role of social entrepreneurs in meeting social need. My research seeks to build on journal articles which I have previously published in this field (Lyne 2008, Ryan and Lyne 2008, Toner et al 2008). Background to social enterprise in the UK Social enterprises are commonly expressed as ‘businesses with social goals’ and the term ‘double (or triple) bottom line’ is often used when seeking to define social enterprise as trading activity which uses revenue surpluses to satisfy social and / or environmental objectives (SEC...
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...2.Literature Review 2.0 Game theory and Microeconomics A game can be defined as a formal description of a strategic situation. It is a complete mathematical summary of a strategic interaction setting. Likewise, Game theory is the formal study of decision-making in which several players must make choices that potentially affect the interest of other players. Game theory addresses the dilemma in conflict and cooperation. The concepts of Game theory apply whenever the actions of several agents or players are interdependent within a competitive situation. These agents include individuals, groups, firms or a combination among these. Formal applications of Game theory requires knowledge of the identity of independent actors or players, their preferences...
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...A Critical Review of Keynes’ General Theory of Employment, Interest & Money By:- Deepika Rana Priyanka Gupta Biographical Account John Maynard Keynes is doubtlessly one of the most important figures in the entire history of economics. He revolutionized economics with his classic book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936), regarded as probably the most influential social science treatise of the 20th Century. The son of the Cambridge economist and logician John Neville Keynes, John Maynard Keynes, born in 1883, was bred in British elite institutions - Eton and then King's College Cambridge. During his freshman year at Cambridge, Keynes was invited to join an intellectual group called "The Apostles" that met periodically to discuss literary, philosophical, political, and aesthetic questions. Through his association with the Apostles, Keynes became introduced to the philosophy of G. E. Moore; critics note the pervasive influence of Moore's Principia Ethica on Keynes's A Treatise on Probability, his only philosophical work, as well as on his economic methodology. His first book on Indian currency (1913) was directly related to his experience at the India office. From 1914 to 1918, J.M.K. was called to the UK Treasury to assist with the financing of the British war economy. He excelled at his job and the influence he gained earned him a position with the British delegation to the Versailles Peace Conference in 1918. J.M.K was appalled at the vindictive...
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...Foundations of the Theory of Organization In this reading, organization is defined by Selznick as “a system of consciously coordinated activities or forces of two or more persons.” Usually, an organization can be viewed either as an economy, or an adaptive social structure. For Selznick, to view the organization as an economy is scientific and measurable, while an adaptive social structure leans toward the non-exact behavioral sciences. He thus advocated the wide adoption of ‘structural-functional analysis’ as the basis of theory and method of analysis of organization, which addresses the composite of mechanical structures and individual personalities that make up the cooperating, structured system of organization. The three major ideas in his theory of organization based on this reading are: organizations as cooperative, adaptive social systems; the conflict of personal and organizational goals and needs; and controlling conflict for the good of the organization. Finally, he talks about co-optation, which is a method of protecting the organization and its mission by inviting threatening elements into the policy making process. From my perspective, Selznick seems to overemphasize the rational structures and mechanistic processes of organizational activities. What is clear in examining this reading is the idea that a well-functioning organization has to proceed in unison-as a whole unit rather than as individual parts attempting to meet individuals’ goals. The whole organization...
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...Critical Review of Theory-Maternal Role Attainment Theory Review Mercer’s (1984) Maternal Role Attainment (MRA) theory was built upon Rubin’s (1967) earlier work on attainment of the maternal role. Maternal role attainment is defined as “a process in which the mother achieves competence in the role and integrates the mothering behaviors into her established role set, so that she is comfortable in her identity as a mother” (Mercer, 1984, p. 198). Mercer has extensively studied the process of MRA with a focus on mothers of normal newborns. Purpose of Article According to Miles, Holditch-Davis, Burchinal, and Brunssen, (2011), one of the purposes of their study was to identify the most important maternal and infant behaviors in measuring the components of MRA in mothers of medically fragile infants. Another purpose was to examine the impact of specific maternal and infant qualities on the components of MRA over the first year of life (Miles et al., 2011). Finally the authors hoped to “contribute to nursing science about MRA with this rare population of infants” (Miles et al., 2011, p. 21) as there has been little research regarding the process of MRA in mothers of medically fragile infants. Critical Elements of the Theory The authors assumed that maternal identity would be delayed because of difficulty in taking on parental roles with infants requiring high levels of care (Miles et al., 2011). They also surmised that maternal presence would decresase as the infants became...
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...Policy Transfer: Willingness and Oversight Public policy making is the process of conceptualizing problems, providing it to government policy makers, who in turn create solutions that gets evaluated, measured and revised (Sabatier, P. 2007). A Policy transfer on the other hand, is the process of using knowledge from one political setting into the development of ideas in another setting (Dolowitz and Marsh. 2000). In the article “Policy Transfer: Theory, rhetoric and reality”, the author describes the hurdles of transferring new policies to the UK. It is a challenging endeavour...oftentimes regarded as messy and unpredictable...due to policy makers’ instincts and the lack of organization of knowledge (Duncan, S. 2009). According to the author public policy in the county had the following characteristics (1)Policy makers have a vast knowledge base when it comes to policy making; (2)Policy makers recognize the need for evidence in the initial direction of ideas; (3)The government utilize international sources to obtain evidence (4)There were successes and failures in replicating international policies (5) Without guidance, policy makers will revert to instincts in policy making. Willingness is a crucial factor for strong policy transfers (Sabatier, P. 2007). The UK Cabinet Office had willingness to learn, it even had Skills Training for civil servants to analyze foreign data (Duncan, S. 2009). Conflict arose when it came to tailoring the policy for the UK. In addition...
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...technological classifications such of knowledge based variables are related to organizational structure variables. According to Lee, Luthans and Olson the best contingency theory came from the work Lawrence and Lorsch (1967) in which theory they analyzed how differences of external environments were related to differences in the internal environments using 10 firms of 3 industries. Significant progress has been made toward the development of a theory of the strategic planning process even though much work remains to be done. According to CHARLES W. HOFER much less progress has been made toward the development of theories of corporate and business strategy. One of the major reasons for this lack of progress has been the assumption that such strategies were situational, i.e., that they depended on so many factors unique to a given situation that no general propositions could be developed. In his paper “Toward a Contingency Theory of Business Strategy” published in “Academy of Management Journals” Volume 18 Number 4, 1972” CHARLES W. HOFER focused on the development of concepts about the content of strategy at both the business and corporate levels while much work regarding this concept failed to differentiate between business and corporate strategies. For that he summarized most of the important contingency theories that are developed through research and conceptual basis. However it seems few theoretical investigations was...
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...Stella Ting-Toomey and the Face-negotiation theory Face-negotiation theory seeks to explain and understand the roots of conflict in terms of identity management on both individual and cultural level. Face can be defined as “the claimed sense of favorable social self-worth and/or projected other-worth in a public situation” (Ting-Toomey & Kurogi, 1998). Namely the public image of an individual, or group, that their society sees and evaluates is based on cultural norms and values. The concept of face has been used to explain linguistic politeness rituals, apology acts, embarrassment episodes, requesting behaviors, rapport-building, and conflict interactions (Ting-Toomey 2010). Born in Hong Kong, Stella Ting-Toomey (Ph.D., University of Washington) is a professor in the Department of Human Communication Studies, California State University at Fullerton. Being an author and scholar in the field of intercultural communication for over twenty years, Ting-Toomey is the leading researcher on “mindfulness” and “facework” in intercultural communication. The theory and its central issues such as face-saving, face-losing, and face-honoring “resonate with diverse ethnic groups and cultural groups on a global level,” as she says (Rinderle 2002). Currently, her research focuses on testing and fine-tuning the conflict face-negotiation theory and the cultural/ethnic identity negotiation theory. Back in the 1980s, the mainstream, Western-based interpersonal and workplace conflict research literature...
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...In the article by Bebchuk, L., Coates IV, J., Subramanian, G., (2002): The Powerful Antitakeover Force of Staggered Boards: Theory, Evidence, and Policy, Stanford Law Review 54, 887-951 (the “Article”), the authors supported the notion towards the declassification of board of directors. There is a movement towards eliminating staggered board in favor of unitary board based on researches that staggered board was harmful to the shareholders and the company. It was initially believed that the combination of poison pill and an effective staggered board (“ESB”) creates a near impenetrable defense against hostile takeover. Despite the board having these powers, the courts, especially the Delaware courts, have shown in several cases that they will try to strike a balance between protecting the shareholders from hostile takeover threats and preventing management from “entrenching” themselves. The proxy contest, or the ballot box safety valve (as described in the Article) provides protection against managerial abuse of the antitakeover defensive plans. However according to the Article, the ballot box is not a viable safety valve against an ESB target as it provides delay and longer tenure for incumbent board as well as hardship on the bidder as it is nearly impossible for the bidder to win two proxy contests and obtain control of the ESB target. As such, the “rationale” of imposing difficulty on hostile bidder to gain control of the board of a target company with an ESB – by allowing...
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