...The advent of mass production, in the period during and following the Industrial Revolution in Europe and the United States, brought novel approaches and ideas as to how organisations were best managed. The Classical School of Management is thought to have originated around the turn of the century and dominated management thinking into the 1920s. It focused on the efficiency of the particular work process, and has been divided into three schools of thought. These include Bureaucratic management that focuses on rules and procedures, Scientific management which concentrates on the ‘best’ way in which a job can be done and Administrative management which has emphasised the need for the flow of information within the organisation. Classical theorists considered workers and their needs as being secondary to the needs of the organisation and hence it has become an outdated form of management. Despite being outdated classical management theory remains of interest as it introduced management as a subject for analysis and provided ideas for the future development of management theory. Bureaucratic Management Max Weber (1864-1920) was a German sociologist who first used the word bureaucracy to describe a particular form of management structure. He proposed a structure that was to provide maximal efficiency and stability. The six key elements of this were: 1. A hierarchical structure that has a clear chain of command with the higher positions having control over the lower positions...
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...Class Summary: Session 3: Philosophy of Management Priyesh V P FPM/08/04 priyeshv08fpm@iimk.ac.in Instructor: Prof: Surya Prakash Pati Abstract This document summarizes the proceedings in Session 3 of Philosophy of Management conducted by doctoral scholars at Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode, under the guidance of Prof. Surya Prakash Pati Industrial Revolution The session started with the presentation of Mr.Vishnu Bargava Jhanga and Mrs Rinki Srivasthava on the subject of Industrial revolution. The session explained industrial revolution and its contribution to management thoughts. Industrial was indeed a path breaking event in the history of management thought. Salient characteristics of industrial revolution were clearly presented in the session. The industrial revolution in Britain can be traced back to the invention of metallic movable printing press, (1400-1468) by Johannes Gutenberg. The essence of the revolution was the substitution of machine power for human, animal, wind, water, and other natural sources of power. Britain marked the beginning of advancement in technology and applied sciences. Industrial societies were characterized by Low per capita income, economic stagnation, dependence on agriculture, specialized labour and wide spread geographical integration of markets differentiated the Industrialized nations from the Pre-Industrial nations before the revolution began. Great Britain’s largest industry of those times was textiles...
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...Mainiero, L. and Tromley, C. Developing Managerial Skills in Organizational Behavior: Exercises, Cases, and Readings (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall) (2d ed. 1994), pp. 322-329. Evolution and Revolution as Organizations Grow Larry E. Greiner A small research company chooses too complicated and formalized an organization structure for its young age and limited size. It flounders in rigidity and bureaucracy for several years and is finally acquired by a larger company. Key executives of a retail store chain hold on to an organization structure long after it has served its purpose, because their power is derived from this structure. The company eventually goes into bankruptcy. A large bank disciplines a "rebellious" manager who is blamed for current control problems, when the underlying cause is centralized procedures that are holding back expansion into new markets. Many younger managers subsequently leave the bank, competition moves in, and profits are still declining. The problems of these companies, like those of many others, are rooted more in past decisions than in present events or outside market dynamics. Historical forces do indeed shape the future growth of organizations. Yet management, in its haste to grow, often overlooks such critical developmental questions as: Where has our organization been? Where is it now? And what do the answers to these questions mean for where we are going? Instead, its gaze is fixed outward toward the environment and the future--as...
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...A Critical Review of STRATEGY AS REVOLUTION Introduction Hamel strategic revolution seems to be the value of re-cognition. In the "Strategy is revolution", Hamel said that "Let us face the reality of it: the world is about to reach the asymptotic limit of the development." For enterprises, "or else it will hand over to the next challenger who has a revolutionary or innovation spirit, or on their company's strategic approach to a revolution." Therefore, Hamel made to establish a new strategic concept: "Strategy is Revolution, everything else is just tactics Optimization, Innovation and Revolution Strategy There are several theoretical debates in business strategy namely prescriptive versus emergent (Carr et al, 2004), positioning versus resource based view (Mosakowski, 1998) and innovation versus optimization (Johnston et al, 2001). In this article, innovation versus optimization which concentrates on the transformation of the industry is the mainly debate to discuss. In a broader context that innovation means new approach to doing business (Slavik, 2002, p. 43). The human now, face of one pair of sharp social contradictions: on the one hand: the uses of various resources available are scarce; on the other hand, the human desire is infinite, and will not stay at a certain level. Therefore, the nature of the economy is to make a choice, to the appropriate allocation and full use of scarce resources to produce products, and assigned to social groups and members...
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...the term Management Management “The word management comes from the Italian “maneggio/maneggiare” and the French word “manège”, the training ring in which horses run around encouraged by a long whip held by the horse trainer.”(Nordström and Ridderstråle, 2000) Defining management is not easy; however we can say it is generally a process by which the organisational goals are achieved by the actions of managers using human and financial means. Management has been around for thousands of years and each major civilisation has employed a form to suit their needs, from the Egyptians when constructing the great Pyramids, to the Greek and Roman Empires in order to manage their armies and conquests indeed the Catholic Church has used a hierarchical managerial structure since the second century AD, this structure utilises levels of management; Priest, Bishop, Arch-Bishop, Cardinal and Pope (Tiernan, Morley, Foley 2006,p12). Many other organisations have adopted this form including the Dublin Fire Brigade and from this we have fire-fighters, sub-officers, station officers, district officers, third officers, assistant chief fire officers and chief fire officer. Historically management was operated on a trial and error basis, prior to the industrial revolution the lack of efficient transport and communications restricted the expansion of most businesses and stifled the development of management within industry. “Management is tasks. Management is a discipline. But management is also people...
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...Operations Management (POM): An Introduction 0 Overview • • • • • Introduction Historical Milestones in POM Factors Affecting POM Today Different Ways of Studying POM Wrap-Up: What World-Class Producers Do 1 Introduction • Production and operations management (POM) is the management of an organization’s production system. • A production system takes inputs and converts them into outputs. • The conversion process is the predominant activity of a production system. • The primary concern of an operations manager is the activities of the conversion process. 2 Organizational Model Finance Sales HRM POM Marketing QA Engineering MIS Accounting 3 Organization Chart-Major Elements Manufacturing Organization Operations Finance/Accounting Disbursements & Credits Funds Management Capital Requirements Marketing Sales Promotion Advertising Sales Market Research Facilities Production & Inventory ontrol Quality Assurance & Control Procurement Engineering Design Industrial Engineering Process Engineering Entry-Level Jobs in POM • Purchasing planner/buyer • Production (or operations) supervisor • Production (or operations) scheduler/controller • Production (or operations) analyst • Inventory analyst • Quality specialist 5 Historical Milestones in POM • • • • • • The Industrial Revolution Post-Civil War Period Scientific Management Human Relations and Behaviorism Operations Research The Service Revolution 6 The Industrial Revolution • The...
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...Name: Course: Tutor: Date: The Hundred Flower Movement and its impact on Chinese culture today: Introduction: In Chinese history, specifically the years 1956 and 1957, Mao Zedong the then paramount leader of People's Republic of China (PRC) launched the Hundred Flower Movement which was a movement that encouraged open intellectual and political debate. The main intention of the campaign was to cause a stir in the bureaucracy and at the same time weaken the Chinese Communist Party’s position as a dominant pro-Soviet right wing and slacken its tight grip over the freedoms of thought and expression. However, the situation went rapidly out of hand resulting in an uncalled for censure of party members. Background information: The movement began in May 1957 after a secret speech by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev attacking the excesses of Stalinism came to light. Its founder, Mao adopted the slogan ‘Let a hundred flowers bloom together, let the hundred schools of thought contend’. He then invited Chinese intellectuals to openly voice their criticism over government policies and party cadets. Mao’s intention was to win over alienated intellectuals by giving them a certain degree of intellectual freedom. Such incentives included: increased access to foreign publications for intellectuals working in schools, colleges and universities since the people had began losing faith in the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) after it introduced a Soviet-style education system to China in 1949...
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...Effects of Information Revolution on the Environment Student Name: LAM Yan Tung (Tim) Student ID: 43369065 Class: Practical 10 Tutor: Shadi Class date: Tuesday 4pm Introduction The world has become a global village over the past one decade. This is attributed to the rapid development and expansion of technology, especially that which has to do with information. This rapid growth is no less than a revolution. Information revolution owes its existence and growth to the development of technology, which began with the invention of the computer and has seen the invention of communicative devices such as advanced computers, cellular phones, smart televisions, satellite dishes, radios, digital communications, microchips, tablets, I pads, just to mention but a few. These devises are vital in the creation of information as well as its transmission to millions of audiences all over the world. A single event such as a football match is transmitted to millions of fans in all the continents in real time, also giving fans a chance to interact and analyze the event, thanks to social media. Storage of information has become easy with this revolution, because these devices are equipped with a memory hence a user has the option of retrieving it whenever need arises. Management of information is also facilitated because these devices have the capability of sorting, tabulating and presenting information in a more simplified manner. Therefore, this revolution has the ability to shape all...
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...TITLE PAGE Management Roles Your Name CMGT/530 IT Organizational Behavior Date Instructor Name A business with less than 50 employees, Revolution cleaners is a dry cleaning company located in Denver, Colorado. They have been in operation for more about 12 years and offer a wide range of dry cleaning services to its customers. Some of those services include dry cleaning, garment pressing, and alterations. Though Revolution Cleaners is a small company, its venture is quite extensive in the Denver area due to its competitive strategy. (www.revolutioncleaners.com). A business with more than 50 employees, Wal-Mart, was founded in Arkansas in 1962 and became a public company in 1972. The company started with the plan help the low income earners live an enhanced life. Walmart operates in twenty eight different countries and has more than 2.1 million employees globally and is opening new branches almost daily, selling a variety of products earning over 540 billion profits annually. (walmartstores.com) Hierarchical organization. With less than 50 employees, the hierarchical organization of Revolution Cleaners is extremely straightforward. The company has an owner, managers, and employees. The owner/CEO is in highest ranking official in the business and he gives his orders and commands to the store managers who then pass on the information the employees. Communication in Revolution Cleaners is very efficient as the hierarchical structure...
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...The Industrial Revolution – the Factory Worker vs. the Plantation Worker: A Discussion of the Labor Conditions The Industrial Revolution was a period of great change in Europe and North America – a period where progress in agriculture, technology, transportation and more allowed the development of human civilization from the previous primarily agricultural based societies. This time period between the 18th to 19th century saw many developments such as canals, roads, steam power, combustion engine, as well as significant strides in manufacturing and factory work. Immense changes occurred in society: affecting daily life and causing significant societal impacts. The objective of this paper is to discuss the significant social effects that the Industrial Revolution (and industrialization, in general) – focusing on the working conditions and dynamic of plantations and factories. In this time period, it is evident that the employer, business owner, and middle class factory owner would benefit from the lower class, general laborer who would be unfairly compensated and be subject to poor conditions, creating a significant gap between the upper/middle and lower classes. The period of the Industrial Revolution was not only a driving force in technology, but economics and society. Industrialization brought a new form of wealth and riches to the people who were able to capitalize on it; this largely being the middle class, and to a smaller extent, the upper class. New opportunities...
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...‘The process of dealing with or controlling things or people’; the very nature of management is such that transition and change overtime are innate to it. It is a science which has been practiced as far as history can be dated, from the time of great empires, to the very era we live in now. Management is in a state of flux, constantly influenced by the changing environment around us, therefore I do believe the art of management will change in the next half a decade. We live in a era were we have seen the rapid development of globalisation, especially with the help of the boom in communication, this has changed the way markets operate and have been some of the key factors in moulding the way management works. Enabling employees and employers to interact in a complete different way with the introduction of high speed internet, alternative ways to communicate such as Skype calls, allowing the markets to gradually manoeuvre towards further efficiency. As our environment evolves so will our markets, inevitably evolving ‘management’. I believe the change in the art of management in 5 years will be a steady one, however not an enormous one. In, ‘Evolution and Revolution as Organizations Grow’ by Larry E. Greiner, Greiner has stressed the phases firms will undergo while desiring growth however with staggering moments of crisis, as he called ‘revolutions’, that would then be followed by growth which he referred to as ‘evolutions’, this cycle would repeat, however the size of the organisation...
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...faster than ever. As a result, the advantage now often goes to the companies most adept at choosing among the vast array of technologies and not necessarily to companies that create them. A radical change in the approach of U.S. companies to technology integration helps explain the resurgence of the U.S. electronics industry in the 1990s. But one size does not fit all. Indeed, an approach that works well in one country may not be the best for another. To be effective, an approach must suit the local culture and conditions. The Millennium marks a watershed. After 2000, companies will not survive long unless they join a threefold revolution - in management itself, information technology, and global markets. The three feed off each other. The radical changes in management have become inseparable from those in technology. Without either the global revolution could never have...
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...This assignment traces the history of Human Resource Management from the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century to present times. The assignment discusses key periods and movements in this field and expands on their contribution to modern Human Resource Management. Human Resource Management can be described as "The comprehensive set of managerial activities and tasks concerned with developing and maintaining a qualified workforce - human resources - in ways that contribute to organisational effectiveness." (DeNisi and Griffin) A HISTORICAL REVIEW. The Industrial Revolution. The momentum for the industrial revolution grew through the 17th century. Agricultural methods were continually improving, creating surpluses that were used for trade. In addition, technical advances were also occurring, for example the Spinning Jenny and the Steam Engine. These advances created a need for improved work methods, productivity and quality that led to the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Adam Smith. In 1776, Adam Smith wrote about the economic advantages of the division of labour in his work The Wealth of Nations. Smith (1776) proposed that work could be made more efficient through specialisation and he suggested that work should be broken down into simple tasks. From this division he saw three advantages: - the development of skills - time saving - the possibility of using specialised tools. Smith's suggestions led to many changes in manufacturing...
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...Summary: Lee D. Parker is a professor in the Schools of Management and Accounting at the University of St Andrews. His interests range from strategic management to corporate governance to accounting and organizational communication. In the areas of accounting and management he has had over 200 of his articles and books published.1 Richard K. Fleischman is an American accounting scholar and is known for his work on accounting history. Flieschman holds a BA in history, an MA in accounting and a PhD in history and holds a membership in the academy of Accounting Historians. He has a strong interest in the U.K. Industrial Revolution and the U.S. Progressive Era.2 This article starts out by discussing how entrepreneurs during the time of the British Industrial Revolution showed knowledge in economic areas, but managerial accounting did not seem to be given much attention. It does not make much sense because economic advances were happening in major organizations during the Industrial Revolution. Some believe that profit margins were large enough that managers were not worried about savings or advantages of managerial accounting. On the other hand, competition was greater in areas of iron and textile....
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...coordinated wheat and rice breeding schemes. They key break-through was the development of short, fertilizer-responsive rice and wheat varieties. These varieties were resistant to disease and insects and were used as model plant types for breeders to adapt to local conditions. The first users of the wheat and rice varieties were in India, Malaysia and Pakistan in 1965 (Evenson, 2003). They produced spectacular increases in yield and their success was characterized as the "Green Revolution". Effects of the Green Revolution The Green Revolution helped to reduce widespread poverty, averting hunger for millions of people. However the Green Revolution also spurred its share of negative consequences, often not because of the technology itself but rather, because of the policies that were used to promote rapid intensification of agricultural systems and increase food supplies. According to Pingali (2012) Africa was the main exception to the success of the Green Revolution in the developing world. During the Green Revolution, the demand for intensification in Africa was quite low because land was relatively abundant. Farmers had little incentive to intensify land use because there was no incentive to save on land costs. In the 1960s and 1970s, national and international programs sought to short cut the varietal improvement process in sub-Saharan Africa by introducing unsuitable crop varieties from Asia and Latin America. This pattern remained until the 1980s, when more suitable varieties finally...
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