...evolution in ‘survival of the fittest’, only the most well adapted animals will continue their genetic line. Although Darwin’s theory is the most widely accepted, Bowlby’s ideas of attachment were wildly refuted, and see as too farfetched. The function of attachment being primarily for evolutionary purposes can be criticised mainly for how there is little way of testing it. In 1959 Harlow conducted an experiment with the aim to find out whether rhesus monkeys would show attachment to an object which provided food, or to an object that provided comfort. A baby rhesus monkey was separated from its mother after birth and kept in confinement with an option between a soft surrogate mother, or one made from wire that simply provided the monkey with food. His findings were that the infant monkey would spend as much time as possible clinging to the soft model, and would only occasionally cross to the wire model for food when it was desperate. This shows that infants do not attach to their mother simply for evolutionary purposes, but for comfort. Furthermore the findings prove that rhesus monkeys prefer comfort over food in terms of survival. Although Harlow’s conclusion opened up a new theory in the work of functions of attachment, his conclusion can be criticised for...
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...from you. Just like the saying “Monkey sees, Monkey do.” From the moment of birth, the infant will seek the nurturance and love. The infant will then start to respond with an attachment to the primary caregivers. During time the infant will then start to gain attachment towards others as well. However, the attachment that the infant will have for others may not be the same attachment that they have with their primary caregivers, but the attachment will be just as strong to all those who give consistent, loving and a responsive caregiving to the child. After watching the video of Harlow’s Monkey Experiment it has proven to show how love is just a powerful of a condition, just like hunger and thirst. The feeling to be loved is satisfying because of its affectionate and intimate nature. My friends would always talk about how love is blind or unconditional. From watching this video, it made me understand a little of what love is, in the sense that we have absolutely no control over it, since love is basically chemistry. In the 1950s a psychologist named Harry Harlow had conducted an experiment on maternal deprivation in rhesus monkeys. This experiments was setup to study the landmarks not only in primatology, but also evolving the science of attachment and loss. Harry Harlow showed that the mother’s love for the infant was more emotional rather than physiological. To conduct the experiment the first step was to separate the infant monkeys apart just a few hours after their...
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...In 1930, Harlow began work as a comparative psychologist at the University of Wisconsin in Madison and remained there for his entire career. Among many honors, Harlow was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, was elected president of the American Psychological Association, and received the National Medal of Science from President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1967. Harlow is most famous for his work with rhesus monkeys. After studying how to decrease the spread of disease, especially tuberculosis, in animal colonies, Harlow observed the infant monkeys’ unusual behavior that had followed separation from their mothers. This sparked his exploration of affection. Harlow was one of the first researchers to study love scientifically. The misconception that children only needed necessities like food and cleanliness was at its peak in the 60’s. But Harlow was ready to disprove this notion. When separated from their mothers, infant rhesus monkeys exhibit behaviors including emotional discomfort and withdrawal as well as atypical sexual and social behaviors. However, these monkeys seemed to become attached to cloth covered blocks of wood or wire items that provided sustenance, like milk, in their cage. Contact comfort was a phrase first coined by Harlow to describe the fact that the infants clung to cloth surrogate mothers placed in their cage, particularly during times of distress, rather than to nourishing wire surrogates. The results of Harlow's studies supported the work of ethological...
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...attachments in order to survive. He believed that a child must form a monotropic relationship or else severe consequences in social development could occur. The result would be irreversible developmental problems in the form of reduced intelligence, aggression or depression. A flaw in Bowlby’s theory was the fact he didn’t recognise the differences between privation and deprivation. Treating both as an equal entity, adding doubt to his 44 thieves experiment (1944). Harry Harlow on the other hand recognised the difference between privation/deprivation. Harlow, contributed work to Bowlby’s theory, with his controversial research on rhesus monkeys. Harlow basically thought that the relationship with caregivers was an important role in a child’s development, which impacted on their normal functioning and relationships throughout their lives. During one of his experiments that involved removing the monkey from its mother at birth and isolating it, Harlow observed that these monkeys became emotionally disturbed. After a year of isolation, these monkeys were unable to form any kind of relationship or function normally....
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...into a feeling of security when the caregiver is around. However, a study by Harlow refutes this theory. Harlow aimed to study the behaviour of monkeys separated from their mothers at birth to test the effects of separation. He used infant rhesus monkeys which were taken from their mothers (.e. maternal deprivation). They were kept in a cage which two surrogate ‘monkeys’ (although they were not real). One was mae of cloth and covered with a soft blanket whilst the other was a wwire monkey which incorporated a feeding bottle. Te monkeys were kept in these conditions for a period of time, and the release into a cafge with a group of normally reared monekys. He found that infsnt monkeys preferred to spend time with the cloth monkey, apporoximatly 23 hours was spent with this monkey per day and only 1 hour with the wire monkey. When these monkeys were returned to the company of other monkeys, Harlow found that they showed signs of inapporipriate social behaviour and delinquency. They were aggressive to other monkeys and were unable to form normal relationships. If they had offspring, the were extremely poor, neglecting monkeys. Therefore, we can conclude that physical conform is more important for attachemtn than food and that the lack of attachment does show delinquent and antisocial behaviour. Harlow’s work has been criticized. His experiments have been seen as unnecessarily cruel (unethical) and of limited value in attempting to understand the...
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...aim was to study the mechanisms by which newborn rhesus monkeys bond to their mothers. The question was what exactly was the basis of the bond? Was it because of nutrition, protection, comfort and socialization. The evolutionary theory would suggest that such infants would need to touch and cling to something for emotional comfort. The procedure consisted of Harlow studying in various forms such as he had a group of infant monkeys reared in isolation and some reared with surrogate mothers .Most of the isolated infant monkeys died whilst the rest behaved in an abnormal manner. They were not capable to interact with other monkeys even when they were grown up. Whereas the other group of monkeys were separated from their mothers straight after birth and were placed in cages with two “mothers”. The first one was made of wire but provided food and the second one was a cloth mother and provided comfort. The conclusion was that the experiment did support the evolutionary which was that security and comfort was more important than the provision of food. Harlow came to the conclusion that if a monkey is to develop normally it must interact with an object to which they cling during the first and most critical period of time. Even though we are close to identical to monkeys and such, humans can not be represented by such animals therefore the findings from this experiment is not good to generalize to humans. I do not believe that this experiment was at any sense ethical because we do not have...
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...Like many visual illusions, the Delboeuf illusion demonstrates the perceptual failure of the human visual system. A study by Parrish, Brosnan, and Beran (2015) examined the effect of the Delboeuf illusion through a comparative study between humans and Rhesus Monkeys, as well as Capuchin Monkeys. I will only be focusing on the effect the Delboeuf illusion had on human participants within two experiments. The first experiment tested twenty-two undergraduate students within two experimental groups. Human participants were presented with a series of trials where they would have to selected the bigger of the two dot sizes presented. Dots within trials were either both surrounded by rings or not. Not every trial consisted of equivalent dots. There...
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...McCay, a scientist at the laboratories at Cornell University, experimented on his rats by feeding them less than they would ordinarily take for themselves, but without depriving them of nutrition to the point of starvation. He found that the food-deprived rats lived considerably longer than expected for a standard rat's life span, and about 33 percent longer than his control group of rats, which were fed as much as they wanted to eat (Weindruch 46). McCay didn't fully understand his results, and although published, they were generally disregarded by the science world (Man Immortal). Years later, Roy Walford, a nutritionist working at the University of California at Los Angeles Medical Center, came across the documentation of McCay's experiments, and, using modern technology and mice instead of rats, picked up where McCay had left off (Man Immortal). Walford found that for the best results to achieve the longest life extension in his mice with the fewest negative side effects, calories should be restricted by 30 percent of what would be taken freely by the mice, and essential nutrients must still be consumed (Mlot 162). Dietary reduction of other things, such as fat intake, may be beneficial to health, but it does nothing to extend life span (Whitlock)....
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...McCay, a scientist at the laboratories at Cornell University, experimented on his rats by feeding them less than they would ordinarily take for themselves, but without depriving them of nutrition to the point of starvation. He found that the food-deprived rats lived considerably longer than expected for a standard rat's life span, and about 33 percent longer than his control group of rats, which were fed as much as they wanted to eat (Weindruch 46). McCay didn't fully understand his results, and although published, they were generally disregarded by the science world (Man Immortal). Years later, Roy Walford, a nutritionist working at the University of California at Los Angeles Medical Center, came across the documentation of McCay's experiments, and, using modern technology and mice instead of rats, picked up where McCay had left off (Man Immortal). Walford found that for the best results to achieve the longest life extension in his mice with the fewest negative side effects, calories should be restricted by 30 percent of what would be taken freely by the mice, and essential nutrients must still be consumed (Mlot 162). Dietary reduction of other things, such as fat intake, may be beneficial to health, but it does nothing to extend life span (Whitlock). Mice...
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...Kramer Gibson English 2010 August 12, 2011 Simian 40 Virus (Monkey Virus) The scientific medical community must accept the fact that the Simian 40 Virus that was introduced through the Polio Vaccine back in the 50's, is, in deed the base cause of many of today's cancers and immune deficiency diseases. So that once this argument is accepted, positive research can be done in finding a way to kill this virus, kill the cancer it has caused, and rebuilds the immune system, thus finding the real cure for cancer. Between 1952 and 1955 many Researchers including Jonas Salk were frantically trying to perfect a vaccination to stop the horrible effects of the deadly Polio Virus that had swept the Nation as well as the world. The vaccine had to be developed in live tissue, more specifically, a fresh kidney that most closely resembled that of a human's kidney. As the Rhesus Monkey from India was already so abundantly used in laboratories, not much debate went into the choice of subject. Even though the monkey is dirty, temperamental, and it’s bite has already proven to be deadly, the rhesus monkey’s kidney was the tissue used to grow the Polio vaccine. The kidney was extracted from the monkey while still alive, then injected with the live Polio Virus where it was grown and tested. The monkey’s kidney was full of unknown viruses, while totally safe for monkeys, still harmful when injected into the human’s blood stream. The researchers, especially Jonas...
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...observable joy when reunited with them. 4. General orientation of behaviour towards the caregiver - the child’s awareness of where the person is, and the reassurance they feel by them being close. Harlow’s monkeys (1959): The origins of love. Harry Harlow used rhesus monkeys in his research into learning and noticed that many of the young monkeys kept in isolation became distressed when he cleaned out their cages. It seemed that the monkeys were forming an attachment with the sanitary towels he used to line the base of the cages. Harlow carried out a number of variations using sixteen young isolated monkeys. Some were kept in cages with both a wire surrogate mother and a softer one covered in Terry cloth whilst others were kept in cages with just one. Sometimes the monkeys would be fed by the wire mother and other times by the softer cuddlier mother. However, the important variation was the one with a monkey in a cage with a wire mother that provided food and a Terry cloth mother that didn’t (providing the monkey with a choice; food or comfort). Harlow noticed that the monkeys would spend most time clinging to the cloth mother and occasionally feeding from the wire mother. When the monkeys were stressed by a mechanical toy banging a drum the monkeys would always run to the cloth mum for safety suggesting an attachment. Also...
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...The learning theory, firstly proposed by Dolland Miller (1950) argues that attachment is a form of nurture and so is learnt. Behaviourists came up with the idea that it is learnt either through classical or operant conditioning. The learning theory was introduced by behaviourists who base most of their explanation on the effects of nurturing. They proposed that all behaviour is learned rather than inborn and In terms of attachment, through either classical or operant conditioning. Psychologists have based their explanation of attachment on Pavlov’s experiments into classical conditioning. They argue that for infants the sensation of hunger and the need for food is an unconditioned stimulus and producing a sense of pleasure happens when the baby receives food. The baby then has an unconditioned response to receiving food. The person who produces the food becomes associated with the pleasure the baby feels. If that is repeated enough the baby then reacts in a similar way to the mother as it does to food, even in the absence of food. The baby then learns to become attached to the mother. Operant conditioning states that, any behaviour that produces a positive reinforcement such as food will be repeated. Behaviours that switch off something unpleasant are also likely to be repeated (negative reinforcement). This can be applied to attachment in the sense that a new-born baby will cry in response to feelings of discomfort, which come from being hungry or cold. The sound of a baby...
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...Peru, Columbia, and Bolivia would chew on the leaves of the coca shrub during special occasions. It was after the fall of the Incan empire that coca chewing began taking on a bad reputation. (Meyer, 2005, p. 276) “Over time, many Spanish missionaries and churchmen argued that coca chewing was idolatrous and interfered with conversion of the natives to Catholicism. The practice was consequently discouraged and even banned in some areas. “ Cocaine began to grow in popularity when German chemists were successful in isolating cocaine chemically and therefore were able to transport it to different parts of the world. Sigmund Freud was an avid cocaine user and promoter. Freud was the first to conduct psychopharmacological experiments on this drug and believed it was effective “…in the treatment of alcoholism, morphine addiction, depression, digestive disorders, and a variety of other ailments.” (Meyer, 2005, p. 276) As cocaine began to grow in popularity in the United States, despite cautions against its use, President Taft urged people against it. In 1914, the Harrison Narcotic Act prohibited its use. Despite these laws, cocaine continued to be used among various groups and continues to be used in the twenty first century. The chemical composition of cocaine contains two six-carbon phenyl rings as well as a nitrogen-containing ring. These chemical properties are vital for its biological activity. Manipulations can and have been done on the other chemical...
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...Humans maintain two distinctly different brain systems that provide the brain with the capability to store information. Patients with profound damage to their medial temporal lobe, like H.M., illustrated that despite the damage, motor skills along with perceptual and cognitive skills were still intact. This finding allowed researchers to describe two forms of memory, declarative and non-declarative memory. With the addition of more knowledge and repeated experiments, researchers were able to acknowledge multiple memory systems (Squire, 2011). The two different memory systems are divided into declarative and non-declarative memory. Declarative memories are available for access from our conscious mind and consist of episodic and spatial...
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...ADULT ATTACHMENT In 1984, Main and Goldwyn performed an experiment to denote whether early patterns of attachment influence adult relationships and in particular, the attachment with their own children. In this study, each participant under went an Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) where they were asked about both their adult and childhood relationships. Every adult was then classified into four groups so that the attachment with their children could be assessed. They found a link with Ainsworth's study and realised there was a correlation between the infant attachment types and the adult classification. The first classification was dismissing (detached); in this group, people's childhood experiences are not seen as important and neither are personal relationships. Referring back to the link with Ainsworth's study, they found that adults in this classification, usually had infants who were insecurely (anxious-avoidant) attached. The second group was Autonomous (secure), adults in this category thought relationships to be important and both positive and negative experiences were recalled in the AAI with insight into how they influenced themselves - this group was linked with the infant attachment type B - secure. Preoccupied (entangled) was the third group and contained adults who recognised the emotional significance of their past experiences, yet they were often unresolved - their children were found to be insecurely (anxious-ambivalent) attached. Finally, there was the...
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