...Attachment in older adult refers to feeling of safety and security afforded by proximity to attachment figures in response to reliable clues to danger, challenge or conflict (Cookman, 2005). In my opinion, concept of attachment in older adult is important in establishing therapeutic relationship and patient-centered care, which is a crucial step in effective nursing practice. Some therapeutic interventions Simrit touched on such as reminiscence therapy and promoting environment intervention by adding picture of the patient’s attachment figure in the room are really good ways to promote therapeutic relationships. During my volunteering experience in Toronto Rehab, I have personally experienced that older adult enjoys sharing their pass experiences...
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...stuff of which attachment and, as we will see, love are made.” (Bolt, 2004, p. 26). I have found that few things in life are absolute, but the previous statement is one of those few. From the very beginning of our lives, our need for human contact and closeness is glaringly obvious. Our attachment styles, be they secure, avoidant, or anxious, are formed while we are just infants. These attachment styles tie directly into how we, as adults, execute the different dimensions of love (passion, intimacy, and commitment), in our various individual love relationships. Individual Attachment Styles “Both nature—the infant’s inherent need to bond and belong—and nurture—parental responsiveness—contribute to attachment.” (Bolt, 2004, p. 25). Recent research has been shown to indicate that temperament has a base in genetics and that it is not all left to nurturing, as was previously believed. Personally, I am glad that science has begun to discover what I always have suspected to be true! A parent can be warm and responsive, yet their child could still grow to have an anxious or avoidant attachment style, however the opposite is true as well. I have personal experience with this, which is why I am certain of its validity. Secure Attachment Style Our text describes the secure attachment style in the following manner: “Infants who experience warm, responsive parents show secure attachment.” (Bolt, 2004, p. 23). This is the most prevalent of the three attachment styles, with roughly...
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...RESEARCH SHOWING DIFFERENCES IN STM+LTM:4 Shallice and Warrington reported the case study of K.F. who as a result of an accident had a reduced STM of only one or two digits and a recency effect of one item. Yet his LTM for events after the accident was normal, supporting the idea of separate short and long-term stores. DESCRIBE THE WMM:4 Baddeley and Hitch proposed the Working Memory Model (WMM), the basis of their model was that the STM was not just one single store but in fact is made up of several components. The first element to their model is the central executive (CE), which coordinates all the information the memory working memory system, receives. It decides where to send incoming information, which is received from the senses or the LTM and has to do this efficiently as it has limited capacity. There are three slave systems, which operate under the CE, one of which is the Phonological Loop (PL). The PL stores any information, which the individual hears, like an inner ear, and uses the inner voice to silently repeat the information the individual has heard or seen (maintenance rehearsal). Another slave system is the visuo-spatial sketchpad, which is used for planning spatial tasks and temporarily storing visual or spatial information. The final slave system is the episodic buffer Information from the CE and the LTM can be stored in the episodic buffer to create a complete memory, which can then be transferred to the LTM for more permanent storage. OUTLINE RESEARCH...
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...Abigail Graves Attachment Theory Paper The attachment theory is used to explain the relationships between humans. This was primarily developed by a psychoanalysis John Bowlby who raised the issue about maternal deprivation that developed into the attachment theory. It mainly focused on the idea that infants need to create a bound with their caregiver in order to develop emotionally and socially appropriately. It was not until recently that the theory was extended to attachment in adults. Through new research it was found that these early relationship can have a profound affect peer relationships at all ages, romantic and sexual attraction, and responses to the care needs of others as well. This is explained through case studies and applying the finding to the theories developed by Bowlby and Mary Main, defining the types of adult attachment and analyzing those to a personal style of attachment. With understanding the theories of attachment two psychologist decided to expand on the ideas that had been developed by others in their field. Kim Bartholomew and Leonard Horowitz’s expanded on the idea that was presented by Bowlby about how children internalize their attachment relationships with their parents, and internalize that for future relationships. They “…have only recently examined the relationship between working models of attachment and social and emotional adaptation in adults” (Bartholomew and Horowitz, 227, 1991). Meaning there is studies now that examine the way...
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...CASE STUDIES ON ATTACHMENT By Dr. Mark Beischel CONTENTS Introduction Case 1 Secure vs. Insecure Attachment: the Story of the Boy and the Crow Case 2 Signs and Symptoms of the Insecurely Attached: the birth of a Giraffe Case 3 Continuous Lies: the Peanut Butter Boy Case 4 Curiosity and the Setting of Fires: Burn, Baby, Burn Case 5 Avoidant Attachment: Run for Your Life Case 6 Attachment and Security: a Death Row Tale Case 7 Brain Development and A ffect Regulation: Classroom Back Stabbing Case 8 Parenting at Night: “2 x 10” Tale Case 9 Disorganized Attachment: Confusion in the Kitchen Case 10 Eating Problems: the First Supper Case 11 Regulating Stimulation: Disneyland, Here We Come Case 12 Executive Function Deficits: the Paper Clip and Fire Tale Case 13 Inhibitory Control of Responses: Jelly, Jelly, All Over the Wall Case 14 It is All about Survival: Gang Pressure and destruction Case 15 Working Memory Deficits: the TV Thief Case 16 Ado lescent Brain Development: the Cell Phone Caper Case 17 Adolescent Identity and Escape Behavior: a Fantasy from the Wild, Wild West Case 18 Resilience and Temperament: No Free Drugs Case 19 Reasoning and Affect Regulation: the Orphan Card Case 20 Families Evolve Slowly: How Many Babies? Case 21 Changing the Meaning of a Stimulus: the “Dorky” shoes boy Case 22 Displacing the Rage: Slipping into Psychosis Case 23 Distract Yourself with Other Things: Playing with Mud Case 24 Paranoid Belief Systems: the Tree...
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...developed during early childhood – attachment, caregiving and sexuality – form the basis of romantic love in adulthood. The concept of attachment is derived from Bowlby’s (1969) theory. Bowlby claimed that relationships tend to be a continuation of the attachment style expressed in infancy (secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant) due to the internal working model of relationships that infants acquire from their caregiver(s). A child’s experience of attachment to a caregiver informs expectations of future relationships, including romantic ones. The caregiving and sexuality systems are also tied to attachment figures. “Caregiving” involves an individual’s knowledge of how to care for others, as learnt from the behaviour of the primary attachment figure in childhood. “Sexuality” also relates to attachment types. For example, individuals who experienced an insecure-avoidant attachment to their primary caregiver are more likely to pursue sex without love. Fraley (1998) conducted a meta-analysis of studies into the relationship between childhood caregiver attachment and adult romantic attachment to collect sufficient evidence for the claim. Fraley found relatively weak correlations (ranging from .10 to .50). One reason for the weakness of the correlations may be that attachment type changes over time rather than remaining the same post-infancy, as is often assumed. Significant relationship experiences throughout life can alter attachment type, as observed by Kirkpatrick and...
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...Harrison Zacher Death and Dying Research Paper Bereavement The loss of a loved one is one of the most difficult experiences to endure in a human lifetime. The grieving process often encompasses the survivors’ entire world and affects their emotional, cognitive, spiritual, and physical selves in unexpected ways. After a major loss, such as the death of a spouse or child, up to a third of the people most directly affected will suffer detrimental effects on their physical and/or mental health (Jacobs 1993). What is Grief and it’s Stages Grief refers to the psychological reaction to the bereavement, the death of a loved one. When a person dies who has been a close companion and with whom we have had a close bond with, many changes in our life have to be taken in. Death of a long-term partner can force on us a need to redefine ourselves and it is not an easy task. Grief becomes a problem when someone gets stuck in grief, this is know as “complicated grief” or “chronic grief”. Factors that contribute to this include a lack of family support and remaining overly focused on past memories. Returning to normal everyday activities is the most obvious sign that the grieving stage is over. Grieving becomes problematic when it lasts longer than six months. Signs of this include loneliness, emptiness, regret, not acknowledging the death, and avoiding places that would be reminders of the deceased person. It is only problematic if these symptoms are excessive and interfere...
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...development and discuss the concepts of 'attachment theory' encompassing 'internal working model' and 'quality attachment' of John Bowlby. I shall also discuss the eight stages contemplated in Erikson's psychosocial development and the impact attachment has on the social and emotional development of an individual. Ainsworth (1969) believed that ‘sensitive mothering’ is an important element in the development of a satisfactory mother-baby attachment (MCI Module, undated). The term ‘sensitive mothering’ refers to someone who is responsive emotionally and physically available for her child and is cooperative with her/him, someone who provides the child a ‘secure base’ (Ainsworth 1969) to explore the world. (MCI Module, undated). Mothers who were highly responsive and available to their children were more likely to have infants who developed more harmonious relationships with their mothers. Mothers who were sensitive, their children were more sympathetic, more compliant with adults and less likely to develop behavioural problems. Sensitive mothering in the first year of life is thought to predict the quality of the mother-infant attachment. On the other hand, mothers who were insensitive, rejecting, under involved were more likely to have infants who develop an insecure bond. The mother-infant relationship is thought to set the tone for all future relationships. The most famous attachment theorist was John Bowlby. He argued, “The need for attachment was an instinctive biological need...
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...F. Adam Matthews 26 November 2014 Romantic Attachment Styles Argosy University Online When it comes to romance and, specifically, romantic attachment styles, according to our text book, (Argosy University Online), there are three primary styles: Secure attachment style, which is when “I find it relatively easy to get close to others and am comfortable depending on them and having them depend on me. I do not often worry about being abandoned or about someone getting close to me”. Avoidant attachment style, which is when “I am somewhat uncomfortable being close to others. I find it difficult to trust them completely and difficult to allow myself to depend on them. I am nervous when anyone gets too close, and often, love partners want me to be more intimate than I feel comfortable being”. Anxious/ambivalent attachment style, which is when “I find that others are reluctant to get as close as I would like. I often worry that my partner does not really love me or will not want to stay with me. I want to merge completely with another person, and this desire sometimes scares people away”. What, exactly, is love? Love is something that “consists of three separable factors: passion, intimacy, and commitment” (Kenrick, D. T., Neuberg, S. L., & Cialdini, R. B.). Love can also be defined as, “strong affection for somebody arising out of kinship or personal ties [or] attraction based on sexual desire: affection and tenderness felt by lovers [or] affection based on admiration...
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...0 The Relationship between being in a Committed Relationship and Academic Performance in College Females Tania Jimenez and Ashley Tatem Abstract This correlational study investigated the relationship between being in a committed relationship and academic performance in college females. The study involved 60 female undergraduate participants from a small, private, Catholic women’s college in northeastern New Jersey. It was hypothesized that college females who were in a supportive committed relationship would have significantly higher GPAs than students who were in unsupportive relationships. The Psychosocial Intimacy Questionnaire (PIQ, Tesch, 1985) was used to measure intimacy, specifically romantic love, supportiveness, and communication ease in a participant’s committed relationship. A student’s current GPA and questions regarding course failure and academic probatio0n. This study investigated the relationship between being in a committed relationship and academic performance in female college students. College students refer to female undergraduates attending a small, private, Catholic women’s college in northeastern New Jersey, at any class standing (freshmen, sophomore, etc). Committed relationship refers to a monogamous, supportive relationship with the student’s significant other. Academic performance refers to the student’s GPA. A study by Bailey and Miller (1998) investigated if female and male undergraduates are more satisfied with their lives if they have more or less...
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...childhood on adult relationships (24 Marks) The child is dependent on their primary caregiver to give them these skills and experiences. The attachment theory suggests that people develop an 'internal working model' of what they believe relationships should be like based on the relationship they had with their caregiver as an infant. John Bowlby suggested that we develop an attachment style as a result of our childhood relationships with our caregivers. Different attachment types have different effects to adult behaviour and relationships. Firstly a disorganised/disoriented insecure attachment will have an effect on adult behaviour as an adult the individual tends to be insensitive, chaotic and despite the fact they want a secure relationship they cannot trust their partner and can also be abusive. Secondly an anxious/avoidant insecure attachment will have an effect with an individual who will often have difficulty in forming secure, trusting and intimate relationships as they find it hard to trust romantic partners. Thirdly an anxious/resistant insecure attachment will have an effect on the individuals adult relationships tend to make the person anxious as well as they often want to form close relationships but fears that their partner will not return their affections or reject them. Lastly a secure attachment will have an effects on adult relationship as the Individuals who have secure attachments with their caregivers tend to form mature and long-lasting adult relationships...
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...Attachment Style and Relationships Anna Sylvester PSY/220 Darren Iwamoto In one’s life we all develop an attachment style based on the way we were raised as a child. There are three main attachment styles called, Secure Attachment, Avoid-ant Attachment and Anxious Attachment styles. Individuals with secure attachment tend to be more open to people. They feel more comfortable depending on others and worries less about whether they are accepted by others. Those with avoid-ant attachments are less invested in their relationships, they fear commitment and feels uncomfortable when others try to get too close to them. Then there is the anxious attachment, individuals with an anxious attachment are okay with others getting close to them, but often feel like others are reluctant to get as close to them as they would like. Anxious attachment individuals often fear that their spouse may leave them or that they may not love them. Their obsession to get really close to their partner can sometimes scare their partner away. These attachment styles shape your adult relationships and better understanding of them, can help each individual in their love relationship. Secure Attachment, a secure attachment is a bond that is developed when a child is raised with a very nurturing parents or caregivers. These parents or caregivers...
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...(5067285) The three concepts of self and identity, attachment and relationships and context and socialisation are interwoven concepts that greatly influence each other. A sense of self-concept and identity is created through attachment and relationships, which is influenced, by social context and socialisation. Context and socialisation also influences self-concept and identity. In looking at these three themes collectively, it is evident that your past interactions influence your future interactions which influence your self concept and how you want to be in the future. In order to explore these themes, I have focused on the core characteristics of my relationship with my mother and two different socialisation outcomes of my childhood, to fully explore the impact that these themes have on an individual. The first core characteristic of my relationship with my mother is using her as a secure base; to an infant, a secure base is the attachment figure that they use as a point of safety that allows them to engage and explore their surroundings. As a child, my mother was used as a secure base, particularly in social settings, as I would engage more with other people when I was with my mother. This has resulted in me being more comfortable exploring new and different situations when I am with someone that I am familiar with. This definitely influenced my socialisation, especially my trait of being assertive. This attachment relationship has meant that my internal working model...
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...Three Main Styles of Attachment Christina Stoner Com/172 10/27/2015 Daniel Gleason Three Main Styles of Attachment In your relationships, have you ever tried to communicate with someone and had a hard time explaining your point? Sometimes we only understand the answer that makes the most sense to us. We forget that everyone has a different reaction style that stems from their behavioral habits. What may seem clear to you may be more challenging for another person. Secure, anxious, and avoidant are three main styles of attachment. These styles affect the way our society bonds in their relationships. Therefore, habits are formed to fulfill selective personal needs. The bond that is created by a mother and her child in the first year of life will dictate the particular attachment pattern that the child will gain. (Beebe, Jaffe, and Markese 2010, p. 97) This theory originated from John Bowlby. Bowlby's studies in childhood behavior and development led him to the conclusion that a firm attachment to a caregiver gives a sense of connection and foundation for that child. Without this kind of bonding experience, Bowlby found that most of a person’s developmental energy is disbursed by pursuing a form of stability and balance.( Karandashev, Benton, and Edwards, 2012, p.1) Therefore, anxious and avoidant attachments are fear driven by sudden changes and they don’t usually like to rely on support. The opposite attachment is secure. This results in a person feeling comfortable...
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...Sex Differences in Jealousy: An Evolutionary Perspective Jealousy is an intense emotional reaction that affects all types of people in different cultures all over the world (Buss, 2001). Having a wide variety of implications, jealousy is most often associated with negative, anxiety induced behaviours, and in relationships it is most often in response to a relationship threat by a third party with desirable qualities. Current literature on the topic suggests that there is a general consensus that the main function of jealousy is to protect a valuable relationship from loss to a desirable rival (Buss & Haselton, 2005). However despite this primary function, there are clear sex differences with regards to thoughts about emotional and sexual infidelity (Daly, Wilson & Weghorst, 1982). There exists a lot of evidence to support the finding that men find sexual infidelity worse than emotional infidelity, whereas women find the opposite (Buss et al., 2001; Daly et al., 1982). It has been found that 60% of men choose sexual infidelity as worse, and 74% of women choose emotional infidelity (Sagarin et al., 2012). Moreover, these findings have been replicated in numerous countries, which encourage the perspective that these sex differences are evolutionary based (Buunk & Angleitner, 1996). The parental-investment model states that these differences occur because men want to be sure of the paternity of their children, not invest their resources to genetically unrelated offspring...
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