...Physical, intellectual, emotional and social development of an individual at each life stage Physical development Conception to Birth | By the first two weeks, the embryo has attached itself to the uterine wall, the baby’s body starts to develop, the head and trunk appear, followed by tiny arms and buds. Also around 25 days baby’s heart will start beating, the by 30 days the baby will be about a quarter of an inch long, have a brain, eyes, ears, mouth, kidneys, liver and baby’s heart will be pumping blood that he created himself. In the second month the embryo drastically increases in size from 5mm to 40mm, figures and toes start to grow, by the seventh week baby has its own fingerprint, also eyes and ears start to appear, baby will start to move around nearing the eight week. In the third, four and fifth months the baby will be able to feel pain, baby kicks and has a strong grip. Also around that time baby’s hair, eyelashes and eyebrows start to grow as well as baby should by now have open eyes. In the end months before baby is born, baby is able to suck his thumb. The baby will be most active when the mother lays own at night, fatal activity will be affected by now the mother is feeling. | Infancy(0-3) | Reflex develop for survival, for example babies automatically sauce when presented with a nipple. When a mother speaks the child’s heal will automatically turn towards their parent voice. Skills like: blinking, grasping, stepping, sucking and more develop. Rapid growth...
Words: 2055 - Pages: 9
...Influence of Early Life Experiences on Anxiety disorders Anxiety disorder is a mental health description for all forms of uneasiness, excessive worry,and phobias of life events. Such fears can based on events that happened or just imagination and it affects the physical well-being of a person. Different studies have shown that anxiety disorders in different family members overlap. This may be due to the factors experienced while growing up, family factors and genetic transmission. A Childs needs and issues are diverse but a general assessment would indicate that all early experiences can lead to psychological problems. For example, a need to over-achieve, an anxiety disorder of a generalized nature or dysthymic disorder (mood disorder characterized by chronic depression). Such disorders can be traced to a long standing inability to derive satisfaction from one’s life alongside the family issues that worry people, the expectations from the society that leave one apprehensive and a person’s coping strategies which mostly are maladaptive (Corey, 2012). The details do not present a clear diagnosis as to anxiety disorder’s root cause in many cases, hence the need to be cautious when deciding on a therapeutic course of action. Everyone’s unique experiences bring up psychosocial challenges which may become the main focus of the clinical therapies. People may experience phase-of-life issues; present parent-child problems while at the same time having partner...
Words: 3185 - Pages: 13
...Attachment From birth, we are always surrounded by people. The doctors and nurses who deliver us. The parents who raise us and help us to become an adult. The family members that always want to be around us. The people we stand in line next to in the grocery store. We come in contact with a lot of people throughout our lifetime. We have different relationships with each one of them. People are emotionally connected with others in different ways. As we grow older, we socially develop and create attachment relationships with the people in our lives. Some relationships are stronger than others. Attachment is a part of us that develops over time and is a very important part of our lives, even as adults. Attachment is within the domain of social development. The relationships we create through attachment are based on the strong emotional and social connection we have with a person. They can be anybody from a parent to a guardian to an uncle that is constantly giving us attention. A person that we are attached to can be seen as an attachment figure. The child always wants to be around this person, interact with them, and solely have their attention. These attachment figures are the people we are the most socially and emotionally responsive to. We find comfort in them and develop a sense of trust. Sometimes it can be hard for children to be separated from the ones they are most attached to, but as they develop the separation will begin to get easier. As attachment is developing...
Words: 1991 - Pages: 8
...The assigned readings about attachment-based interventions by Moretti, M., Obsuth, I., Mayseless, O., & Scharf, M., (2012), and Moretti, M., Pasalich, D., & O'Donnell, K., (2017) presented how attachment-based programs, such as Connect, help parents reconnect with their teenage children and help them understand what they need. The chapter by Moretti, Pasalich, & O'Donnell (2017) went into detail about the Connect program, along with adolescence history, session structure, and empirical evidence for the program. This chapter is based off of previous research on Connect by Moretti et al. (2012). They wrote an experimental research paper on how the Connect program works and the changes that it generates in parent-teen communication and in a parent-teen relationship. In both cases, the readings demonstrated that attachment-based interventions work with teenagers....
Words: 594 - Pages: 3
...often. Erikson not only was around the children he was observing them at a young age and this is where are theories and applying them come into play. I believe overall this explains Erikson and his theory. For me his theory makes sense, as do all of the stages. Having had the opportunity to work with children of various ages I have been able to see children go through these stages at these ages, and it is fascinating to me. I have witnessed the beginning stages in young children and it fascinates me to see them in a sense become a young adult in Stage 2 as they begin to assert themselves as people and not relying solely on someone else to take care of them. One question that arises for me is Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair and that Erikson states that elders who are dissatisfied with their lives fear death, and I personally have not seen this or had an elder express this fear. I feel as though elders as they get older are prepared for death whether their life was satisfying or not. I have also not had much experience with elders so I may not have experienced or witnessed it for that reason. An example of a developmental crisis is evident in my life is from Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion. When I graduated high school I packed up my stuff and moved to college to pursue swimming my number one passion and to get a college degree. Upon entering college I was a health and nutrition major. Over the course of three years I then changed my major to psychology...
Words: 1535 - Pages: 7
...Attachment theory is focused on the relationships and bonds between people, particularly long-term relationships including those between a parent and child. Attachment is an emotional bond to another person. Bowlby, was the first attachment theorist, describing attachment as a lasting psychological connectedness between human beings. Bowlby strongly believed that the earliest bonds were formed by children with their caregivers have a tremendously large impact that continues throughout life. As suggested, attachment also serves to keep the infant close to the mother, which allows improvement throughout the child's chances of survival. The central theme of attachment theory is that primary caregivers who are available and responsive to an infant's needs allow the child to develop a sense of security. The infant knows that the caregiver is dependable, which creates a secure base for the child to then explore the world. Attachment patterns that are established early in life can lead to a number of outcomes. For example, children who are securely attached as infants tend to develop stronger self-esteem and better self-reliance as they grow older, opposed to children who do not have this opportunity throughout the beginning stages of life. These children also tend to be more independent, perform better in school, have successful social relationships, and experience less depression and anxiety. Secure attachment is marked by distress when separated from caregivers and are joys when...
Words: 819 - Pages: 4
...Influence of early attachment relationship on development Introduction: It is understood, through lifespan psychology, that the psychological development of an individual is a process that continues throughout an individual's life, this development consists of both internal and external dynamics. The well theorised theme of attachment forms the basis of this study. Attachment focuses on the formation of early relationships and their influence on later developmental outcomes. The social constructionist perspective explores "how knowledge about sex and gender has been constructed within particular historical and social contexts" (Wood et al 2007) this perspective assumes that the knowledge comes from social contexts and is evidenced predominately by an individual's use of language. This study explores the paradigm of attachment from the social constructionist perspective. The paradigm of attachment is concerned with a "strong, ongoing emotional bond between two people" (Wood et al 2007) and suggests that attachment is fundamental to emotional, social and cognitive progression. Bowlby, an attachment theorist purports that attachment is a survival instinct in infancy, and once established it remains relatively fixed throughout life. Positive attachments created in vertical relationships, that is an "attachment to someone who has greater knowledge or social power - a typical example is a child's relationship with a parent or a teacher" (Wood et al 2007) forms a secure foundation...
Words: 2168 - Pages: 9
... This bond is referred to as attachment. The first signs of attachment is usually between the infant and his or her mother, being that the mother is generally the main caregiver in a child’s first few months of life. Even though infants are reliant on individuals at the beginning of life, “attachment to their mothers is not instantaneous” (Weiten, 2011, p. 341). They can easily be given to another individual without much difficulty. Around 8 months is when a child begins to show attachment to his mother. Separation can be difficult and stress in the infant can result as a consequence. If separation anxiety develops, it will begin to decline as the child grows older. Studies have been conducted to explain why children develop an attachment to their mothers. One study’s theory was that by a mother feeding her infant child, the child forms the attachment through the need to be fed and the mother is providing that need to the child. However, that theory was shot down when Harry Harlow decided to raise monkeys and see what happens when a frightening stimulus was introduced. Did they go to the “mother” that fed them and was made of wires or did they go to the one that held more comfort being made of cloth? They scattered to the mother made of cloth. Harlow’s explanation was that “infants are biologically programmed to emit behavior that triggers an affectionate, protective response from adults”(Weiten, 2011, p. 342). As for the quality of attachment between mother and infant, it...
Words: 751 - Pages: 4
...UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Parental separation is the ending of a marriage before the death of either spouse. In many developed countries, separation rates have increased markedly during the previous century. It is reported that more than 1 million children each year experience their parents’ separation. Divorce or separation is a critical event happening to about 54% of young families; however nobody really is prepared for the difficulties that follow. Parental separation has been reported in the literature as being associated with a wide range of adverse effects on children’s wellbeing, both as a short-term consequence of the transition and in the form of more enduring effects that persist into adulthood. Both parental marital status and the parent-adolescent relationship have been found to be related to adolescent well-being (Forehand, Middleton, & Long, 1987; Buchanan, Maccoby, & Dombusch 1991). There is a wide diversity of outcomes among both groups of children from divorced and intact families, and the adjustment of children following divorce depends on a wide range of other factors. Pryor and Rodgers (2001) show that the risk of poor social adjustment is twice as great for children whose parents are separated or divorced (Amato, 2000; Simons, Lin, Gordon, Conger, and Lorenz, 1999; Emery, 1999; Kelly, 2000; Hetherington and Kelly, 2002). Among other things, children from divorced families...
Words: 4100 - Pages: 17
...RESEARCH SHOWING DIFFERENCES IN STM+LTM:4 Shallice and Warrington reported the case study of K.F. who as a result of an accident had a reduced STM of only one or two digits and a recency effect of one item. Yet his LTM for events after the accident was normal, supporting the idea of separate short and long-term stores. DESCRIBE THE WMM:4 Baddeley and Hitch proposed the Working Memory Model (WMM), the basis of their model was that the STM was not just one single store but in fact is made up of several components. The first element to their model is the central executive (CE), which coordinates all the information the memory working memory system, receives. It decides where to send incoming information, which is received from the senses or the LTM and has to do this efficiently as it has limited capacity. There are three slave systems, which operate under the CE, one of which is the Phonological Loop (PL). The PL stores any information, which the individual hears, like an inner ear, and uses the inner voice to silently repeat the information the individual has heard or seen (maintenance rehearsal). Another slave system is the visuo-spatial sketchpad, which is used for planning spatial tasks and temporarily storing visual or spatial information. The final slave system is the episodic buffer Information from the CE and the LTM can be stored in the episodic buffer to create a complete memory, which can then be transferred to the LTM for more permanent storage. OUTLINE RESEARCH...
Words: 1459 - Pages: 6
...ago the divorce rate has increased at an alarming rate. Leaving the children torn and confused about their lives before and after. Children that where once seen as resilient are now seen as vulnerable. There is a vast amount of research that supports how children are affected before, during and after their parents’ divorce. Some of the issues that impact children can cause short-term psychological issues. Leaving those children that are affected to act out in various ways, from regressing backward in the developmental process to psychosocial well-being as it relates to academic performance. Long-term effects for children that result from divorce remain present throughout life. The adult child of divorce may carry unresolved issues into their own relationships. This behavior can put the adult child in high risk for divorce. With this understanding many schools and courts are beginning to offer ways to help children emotionally and socially through counseling and interventions. The Impact of Divorce on Children The research conducted on the divorce rate in the last decade has shown a steady climb. Daniel Pickar (2003), stated in an article from Sonoma county Medical Association, “Forty percent of all children growing up in America today will experience a parental divorce”. (Pickar 2003, p. 1) Most contributed the drastic increase to the court laws on what grounds a divorce can be obtained. The new laws set in place, changed from allowing divorce for only adultery and abandonment...
Words: 1764 - Pages: 8
...Name: Nick Romano Answer each of the following questions USING COMPLETE SENTENCES. 1. Identify and describe secure and insecure attachment based on responses to Ainsworth's Strange Situation Test. (Objective 4) Based on responses to the Ainsworth’s Strange Situation Test, Secure attachment occurs when the mother is present. The baby will use her as a “secure base” always exploring, then periodically returning to her side. The infant will show distress when she leaves but will greet her warmly when she returns Insecure attachment is when the infant is less likely to explore the environment even when her mother is present. Infants may appear either very anxious or completely indifferent. Some insecurely attached infants avoid their mothers when present and others are distressed when they leave. These infants are often hard to soothe and resist comfort. 2. List Piaget's stages (4) of cognitive development and describe the qualities of thinking characteristic of each stage. (Objective 7) Piaget’s stages of cognitive development are : Sensorimotor Stage (Birth- age 2)- Start of understanding of cause and effect relationships. Development of reflexes to active use of sensory and motor skills to explore its surroundings Preoperational Stage (Ages 2-7)- Language and thought development occurs. Cannot solve conservation problems. Still understanding cause and effect relationships. Begins thinking of imagination and symbols to represent object, actions and situations Concrete...
Words: 654 - Pages: 3
...Attachment Style and Relationships Laurie Henry Psy/220 November 10, 2013 Charlene Sears-Tolbert Attachment Style and Relationships Part 1 According to the Robert Sternberg triangular theory of love the three dimensions passion, intimacy and commitment all play essential roles in forming relationships. Passion mean strong emotion, excitement, and physiological arousal, often tied to sexual desire and attraction Baumgardner & Crothers (2009). These emotions can become overpowering and create feelings of love, joy anger and hatred. Intimacy involves closeness it is a special friendship, having a feeling of connection and trust. Commitment is the conscious decision to stay in a relationship for the long haul. Committed relationships are more serious because it involves a shared decision to invest in the relationship. Relationships are a major complexity in our lives. Forming these relationships and maintaining them have a great deal to do with our early attachment styles. Depending on how secure or insecure an individual is can determine their ability to give or accept certain components that build relationships. Early life disruptions to our process of attachment with parents will have major consequences for how we as adults will then deal with attachment as adults. This may show up as diminished capacity to modulate arousal of stimulus from internal or external sources, impairment in developing healthy relationships, and the ability to cope with stress (Siegel...
Words: 1371 - Pages: 6
...Attachment and Grief in Nonhuman Animals Although many evolutionary psychologists are opposed to using animals in comparative studies to learn about humans, they can offer insight into the adaptations seen in humans. Comparative research, “can provide evidence of adaptation in human psychological and behavioral traits by highlighting possible analogies” (Maestripieri & Roney, 2006, p. 120). Studies in other primates have shown that the attachment system and grieving is not unique to humans. The most extensive studies have been done on Rhesus Macaques. They, like humans, form an attachment system, where the function of this behavior is to remain in proximity with the mother. They show distress when loose contact with the mother, which disappears...
Words: 677 - Pages: 3
...feeling safe and valued in order to have a healthy emotional development. This early emotional development involves developing relationships with others, which build the foundation for young children to develop their ability. Instead of feeling anxious about the possibility of being abandoned, children feel secured enable them to start exploring their environment and becoming independent. The very first relationship is usually built between a baby and a primary caregiver, usually the mother or mother substitute. This relationship is of particular significance as it develops the attachment, which is vital as the foundation of developing subsequent relationship (MCI, undated). "The propensity to make strong emotional bonds to particular individuals [is] a basic component of human nature" (Bowlby, 1988, p3) Attachment is described as “an enduring bond” (MCI, undated) and further elaborated by the attachment theorist, John Bowlby. He famously stated “what is believed to be essential for mental health is that an infant and young child should experience a warm, intimate and continuous relationship with his mother (or permanent mother substitute – one person who steadily ‘mothers’ him) in which both find satisfaction and enjoyment” (Bowlby, 1953). Bowlby was very much influenced by ethological studies in general, especially by Harry Harlow’s research with monkeys and Konrad Lorenz’s study of imprinting (McLeod, 2007). Harlow’s...
Words: 1920 - Pages: 8
