...professional sports, it can rightfully be assumed that coverage would also increase. This, however, is false. Over time, women’s athletics have received less time on screen because of the overwhelming number of men’s sports and the disinterest in women’s sports all together. When broadcasted, the overall attitude and tone toward the female athletes and the program are poor. This differs drastically from those of men’s sports. The media coverage of women’s sports media, the enthusiasm, and overall attitude toward these athletic...
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...The Emerging of Females in sports In order to fully understand the impact Title nine had on sports, one must examine the life of female’s athletes. First and foremost, female athletes were insignificant; they were over looked and discredited. Male athletes were convinced beyond any doubt that it was them, and them alone, who possessed the ability, talent and charisma needed to succeed in the sports arena. This awe confidence did, however, have its drawbacks as demonstrated by male’s inability to competition from those who disagreed with their enlightened options, views, and decisions. Women's sports include amateur and professional competitions in virtually all sports[->0]. Female participation in sports rose dramatically in the twentieth century, especially in the last quarter, reflecting changes in modern societies that emphasized gender parity. Although the level of participation and performance still varies greatly by country and by sport, women[->1]'s sports have broad acceptance throughout the world, and in a few instances, such as tennis[->2] and figure skating[->3], rival or exceed their male counterparts in popularity. An important aspect about women's sports is that women usually do not compete on equal terms against men. Historically, it has been understood that the "natural order of the universe" consisted of man to the marketplace, woman at home with her family, woman the mistress of domesticity, man the master of all else, man the rational thinker, woman the...
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...portrayal of women in sports no longer lies in their fight for equality and opportunity, but in fighting off the competition with men. It is no longer an issue of women not being taken seriously or being looked down upon if they decide to be athletes, but that men want to take part in competition with women in sports. This film thus focuses on the struggles that the male protagonist faces in trying to compete with the popularity of women's sports and his desire to take part in the world of women's sports. Women in this film are portrayed as strong characters who are highly capable of doing what they do -- being professional basketball players. Their struggles lay in their dealing with fame and all the complications that it entails. These include rumors of financial problems, affairs, and infighting among teammates. The female protagonist is a character who can "do it all." She has a family, including two young children and a husband. She was raised in a proper household, but held on to her dreams of playing basketball for a living. The beginning of the film shows her struggles as a child in fighting against stereotypes, being taken less seriously than the boys, and being discouraged from playing sports. However, as she reaches high school and beyond, the sky is the limit. Her opportunities increase as women's sports in the general society are given greater emphasis and professional leagues are established for all sports that had an equivalent male league. The women's leagues' visibility...
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...WNBA and the Economy The topic of sports is an ongoing form of popular entertainment that generates millions of dollars per year. Although the revenue is enormous, the slow demise of the Women’s National Basketball Association is apparent within the economy. Many other factors, including the recession, have had an enormous effect on the deterioration of this league. Some of these factors include the demand for women’s basketball which has led to a decrease in fan base, salaries, and funding for other teams, ultimately contributing to the downfall of this empire. In dissecting this problem, it becomes evident that the demand for this particular sport is an issue. How many people have a desire to watch this sport, and furthermore are willing to pay a price for this entertainment? The WNBA fan base is slowly declining, and as a result, less money is being generated from the public. Spectators have concluded that the growing audience has been hard to come by for the WNBA, which is apparent by the league’s attendance history. With the WNBA falling short of its male counterpart attendance wise, the WNBA has the lower hand of the deal when it comes to ticket pricing. The WNBA is already put at a disadvantage by having half as many seasonal games as the NBA. The average WNBA ticket price is fifteen dollars as opposed to the average NBA ticket being forty-five dollars. When compared with the attendance rate, the women’s basketball league is struggling tremendously. With people already...
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...closed-bottom peach baskets that were nailed to the gymnasium wall. In 1892 Senda Berenson, also a physical education instructor, adapted Naismith's game for her female students. The sport was modified for women to accommodate social conventions regarding their participation in sport, giving rise to women's basketball. Variations of women's basketball arose across the United States and in England. At a physical training college in England, the rules of women's basketball were modified over several years to form an entirely new sport namely netball. She divided the playing court into thirds, each containing three players per team that could not leave their assigned zone. Players could not hold the ball for more than three seconds, dribble it more than three times, or snatch the ball from another player. The first codified rules of netball were published at the start of the twentieth century, and from there, the new sport spread throughout the British Empire. By 1895, women's basketball had spread across the United States, with variations of the rules emerging in different areas. The published rules for women's basketball first appeared in 1895, written by Clara Gregory Baer, who was working as a physical education instructor at Sophie Newcomb College in New Orleans during the 1890s. Baer introduced women's basketball to her female students at Sophie Newcomb...
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...Gender Equity in Sports Colleen Iardella American Military University Gender equity in sports describes an environment in which fair and equitable distribution of overall athletic opportunities, benefits, and resources is available to women and men and in which student athletes, coaches, and athletics administrators are not subject to gender-based discrimination. Title IX, passed in 1972 at the pinnacle of the women’s rights movement, banned sex discrimination in any federally financed education program. It threw into quick relief the imbalanced treatment of male and female athletes on college campuses. Ever since Congress passed the federal gender-equity law, universities have opened their gyms and athletic fields to millions of women who previously did not have chances to play. But as women have surged into a greater part on campus in recent years, many institutions have resorted to deception to make it look as if they are offering more sports to women. Throughout this paper I will discuss the issues of gender equity in sports. I will mention what equal opportunities women have to play sports and how they can develop the psychological, physiological and sociological impact from sports participation. Females are playing team sports more now than they were a decade ago and far more women will play team sports in the next decade. In the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association's (SGMA) study, the authors analyzed many team sports and the role that females...
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...Athletic Department has experienced significant changes. It has undergone 5 different athletic directors over a span of 7 years suggesting possible administrative personnel complications within the department. However, with prominent coaching/administration staffs, state-of-the-art facilities, and media ascendency, the UOAD established a prestigious national brand and is now one of the premier programs in intercollegiate athletics. The UO Athletic department’s budget rapidly grew and doubled in a short time frame of only 6 years. More importantly, it contains only 4 primary sources of annual income including football, gifts & contributions, PAC 12 & NCAA, and broadcast, sponsorships, and royalties. Football is the only UO varsity sport that generates profits, averaging $1.6M annually from 2008-2012. It also produces a steady revenue stream of $3.2M per home game. Contrarily, as the football program continues to excel each year, there is limited growth due to having a $93M budget with an undersized 55K seat football stadium. In addition, increasing revenues for football are equally matched by expenses (6.9 million revenue compared to 7.1 million expenses). This is largely due to the fact that every time the UOAD receives revenue it somehow creates a new expense. Yet, Oregon is finding other ways to generate revenue through MKA events or even parking, but they aren’t substantial to the underlying problems facing Oregon. Through IMG and the new PAC 12 media right deal it has...
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...How Sports Evolved Recreation Programming Professor Newton 05/10/2013 Whether you have engage in sports in your leisure time, watch as a spectator or played on a professional level sports are major source of entertainment in the world. The earliest historical account of sports date all the way backs to BC time. A sport is defined as an activity involving physical or mental exertion and skill in which an individual or team competes against another. The ten most popular sports in the world are Football/ Soccer, cricket, tennis, hockey, baseball, table tennis, volleyball, rugby, and golf. In the United States motor sports, pro- wrestling, and martial arts are also popular. Sports are usually governed by rules and regulations to ensure fair competition and ensure the adjudication of a winner though fairness was not always a common practice especially in the ancient world. The history of sport can teach us about the social changes with society. In ancient times it was not uncommon for humans to die during sport events. For at least seven hundred years entire villages participated in violent combat sports such as fencing and jousting. The Romans were especially known for this with the gladiatorial games and chariot racing. These types of sports would almost always leave an opponent seriously or fatally injured. In ancient Greece most sports took place during the funeral games during the Mycenaean period. Such games have been described in Greek mythology like the Iliad and Odyssey...
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...March 25, 2013 WRD 203-002 Under Armour’s Next Move Introduction Under Armour is an athletic apparel company that specializes in creating performance-enhancing clothing using moisture-wicking material. Despite its growth over the past decade, Under Armour has failed to really challenge other athletic apparel companies, such as Nike, due in large part to their lack of a women’s product line, an athletic shoe line, and global presence. Bruce Horovitz discusses Under Armour’s shortcomings in his article, “Under Armour races to discover fitness gear.” He states, “Its first shoe line got a black eye, its line of women’s clothing was initially slow to catch on, and for an athletic-wear maker that wants to be taken seriously, it has a miniscule international presence,” (Horovitz par. 1). Despite Under Armour’s growing success, the company still pales in comparison to Nike because they fall short in those three areas. By exploring the market for women’s apparel, creating an effective athletic shoe line, and expanding globally, Under Armour will finally be able to mature as a company and solidify itself as a contender to Nike. History In recent years, Under Armour has exploded onto the athletic apparel scene through the use of innovative technology, creativity, and effective marketing. The company’s mastery of moisture-wicking material revolutionized the athletic apparel industry and allowed Under Armour to succeed in such a competitive environment. Although the company...
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...costs from $8.20 would rise to $9.15 after one year and...
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...Origin of volleyball On February 9, 1895, in Holyoke, Massachusetts (USA), William G. Morgan, a YMCA physical education director, created a new game called Mintonette as a pastime to be played preferably indoors and by any number of players. The game took some of its characteristics from tennis and handball. Another indoor sport, basketball, was catching on in the area, having been invented just ten miles (sixteen kilometers) away in the city of Springfield, Massachusetts, only four years before. Mintonette was designed to be an indoor sport less rough than basketball for older members of the YMCA, while still requiring a bit of athletic effort. The first rules, written down by William G Morgan, called for a net 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) high, a 25×50 ft (7.6×15.2 m) court, and any number of players. A match was composed of nine innings with three serves for each team in each inning, and no limit to the number of ball contacts for each team before sending the ball to the opponents’ court. In case of a serving error, a second try was allowed. Hitting the ball into the net was considered a foul (with loss of the point or a side-out)—except in the case of the first-try serve. After an observer, Alfred Halstead, noticed the volleying nature of the game at its first exhibition match in 1896, played at the International YMCA Training School (now called Springfield College), the game quickly became known as volleyball (it was originally spelled as two words: "volley ball"). Volleyball...
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...Media in a Pluralistic Society (Communications) It wasn’t until the 1960’s that women started to break into the previously male-dominated world of sports broadcasting. With many setbacks, difficulties and a large male audience and workforce to win over, female sports broadcasters have endured many challenges and earned the positions they have today. Although the ratio is still what some would consider unfair, the examination of some of the pioneers of female sports broadcasting can help us gain a better understanding of both the evolution of female sports-broadcasting and the unique role in which they play today. Considered three of the most influential figures in female sports broadcasting history, Jane Chastain, Gayle Gardner and Jeannie Morris each have a career and story detrimental to the progression and current position of women in sports broadcasting today. Jane Chastain is documented and credited with being the first woman to work for a large network, and is also widely considered the fist woman to do play-by-play. Being the icebreaker, her role is important but however, her struggles and setbacks as a woman were not well documented. Jeannie Morris’s however, were. A talented journalist and writer, Morris didn’t have a difficult time breaking into the field. Morris was also thought to of gotten the job through her husband’s assistance, Johnny Morris, who is the all-time leader in receiving yards for the Chicago Bears. Morris may have gotten her foot in the door...
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...Nike is a US sports firm that is established in Beaverton, Oregon. Nike's duty was and is nowadays "to be the world's managing sports and fitness company.” Nike has endured to development in its marketplace by buying Reebok and by being in front of Adidas, Fila, Converse, and New Balance. Nike Inc. one the biggest globe producer of sports footwear and apparel by sales. In the Fiscal Year 2009 the finished sales totaled to $19.2 billion. As well that the indicates that the firm has a globe attendance alongside 34% of its finished revenue in the year 2009 pending from the US and at the alike period Europe, the Middle east and Africa accounting for 29% of its revenue in that year Long beforehand he was shouted CEO of NIKE, Inc., Mark Parker was managing the firm in supplementary ways. Later running competitively at Penn State University, Parker joined Nike as one of our early footwear designers back in 1979. And he’s been at the center of Nike change ever since. For extra than 30 years, he’s held innovative thoughts and engineering expertise into such vital acts as Vice Head of Customer Product Marketing, Vice Head of Globe Footwear and Co-President of the Nike Brand. He’s managed the method for Nike Air and a multitude of industry-breakthroughs in product design. In supplement to helping lead the endured development of the Nike brand, Parker is accountable for the development of NIKE, Inc.'s globe company portfolio, that includes Converse Inc. and Hurley Global...
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...Memorandum The GTA Amateur Tour was created to offer everyday golfers the opportunity to test themselves in a friendly but competitive arena. As a growing industry in the Entertainment/Sports Sector, the game of golf has attracted similar Tours that offer the same “competitive” opportunities for the recreational golfer. With Golf Town Amateur Tour as its main opponent, Canadian Golf Tours needs to re-market the GTA Amateur Tour to increase our membership and remain competitive in a growing industry. By increasing our membership and targeting new demographics, we can surpass our biggest competitor and begin to see significant revenue increases. The historical image of golf has always been one of prestige. The game is played mostly on the honour system and is rooted in strong values such as respect, responsibility and class. Our current membership consists of a wide variety of individuals of different classes and professions. Because of the location of the GTA Amateur Tour; elegant golf courses in exclusive districts of the GTA) it is important to develop a better image for the GTA Amateur Tour. A more elegant and professional image should be crafted to promote more members Like any other entertainment sport or leisure activity, the game of golf is not strictly for males. It is a sport that has grown in popularity among women in the Toronto Area. The GTA Amateur Tour needs to re-design the marketing and operations segments to accommodate more female golfers. The...
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...associated Test Match venues to alter its previous ticketing and test match venue selection policy. From 2017 ticketing costs and revenue will no longer be the sole responsibility of the Test venue and instead the venue and the ECB will share ticket revenue. The remainder of this essay will therefore focus on commercial revenue, notably the sale of England Team Test match tickets. It will introduce economic theories relevant to the sports market and will attempt to assess the usefulness of economic theory in analysing demand for these products. It will discuss the response made by the sport market to an increase in the price of these products and will examine strategies the ECB can use to increase its market share. Critically assess the usefulness of economic theory in analysing the demand for the products / services offered by your chosen organisation Before examining economic demand theory it is important to establish several key characteristics of sport as a commodity. It is possible to classify sport under three headings. First, sport can be described as a non-durable consumption good....
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