Acknowledgement

Making report on ‘Road Expansion’ in a group was one of the milestones to us. We would like to thank SMART mentors and organizers for designing this programme for our BBA program that gives the most valuable insight into team work ability.
We would like to express our gratefulness to ‘SMART’ organizers for providing such a golden opportunity to us by assigning this task and for their extended help and co-operation.
Finally, we would also like to thank our colleagues of BBA ‘Day’, Erudite, who helped and co-operated with us with our survey and Eg. Ishor Rijal of “Kathmandu Valley Road Expansion Project” for his co-operation during the interview.

Executive Summary

The government had proposed the road expansion project 35 years ago but never went ahead until the support of the Former P.M. Official said roads had often been encroached by those with political connection, which is why expansion plan never took off. Now with the project in full swing the ongoing road expansion is a welcome move to ease the chaotic traffic of Kathmandu. In total 185.94 km road is to be constructed in Kathmandu valley and till now 84.69 km in Kathmandu, 15.60 km in Lalitpur and 2.50 km in Bhaktapur roads have been completed. So, in total 102.79 km road has been completed.
The roads are expanded on the basis of its type. For example, ringroad (31 meters from the center on either side), highway (25 meters from the center), arterial road (11 meters from the center), connect road (7 meters from the center) and so on.
Nepal government has established a separate office named “Kathmandu Valley Road Expansion Project” for handling the road expansion activities in Kathmandu valley. This office handles one fourth of the total road expansion activities held in Kathmandu municipality and remaning activities will be handled by other offices. The total budget of this project is 80 crores. Usually 15 months time period is given to complete the construction. This office has worked in major roads such as Maitighar- Tinkune road, Gausala-Purano Baneshwor- Naya Baneshwor road, Kamalpokhari- Rato Pool road, etc.
The road expansion drive of the government has badly hit the network of telecom operators causing them the loss of millions of rupees as fiber optics have been disconnected in several areas of the capital during the process. Not only this people have lost twice as much in property as the government´s total expenditure on widening and smoothening roads in Kathmandu Valley.
However, these construction activities have brought some benefits for the people as well such as the people selling masks and sunglasses have earned a fortune due to the dust problem created by the constution works. Similarly, with this huge project large number of employees and labourers are required. So it has generated a lot of employment opporttunities for the people. Therefore, these bigger and better roads are all the signs of progress in the nation which has been lacking for a long time.

List of Tables

Table (i) Showing the work progress: Area | Total Distance | Work Completion | KalankiNakdhunga- KalankiSitapaila | 13km | Almost complete | Maitighar- Tinkune | 2.66 km | Ongoing | TribhuwanMarga | 3.23 km | Almost complete | KalikaMarga | 0.66 km | Almost complete | Kalimati-Balkhu-TU gate | 3 km | Ongoing | Kamalpokhari- Rato Pool | 1.5 km | Ongoing | Lainchor-Maharajgunj-Budanilkantha | - | Ongoing | Gausala-PuranoBaneshwor- NayaBaneshwor | 3.6 km | Ongoing | Maitighar- Bhadrakali | 600 m | Ongoing | Table (ii) showing the criteria for the expansion of roads in Kathmandu municipality: Type of road | Total area | Examples | Ring road | 31 meters from the center of road on either side | * From Chabil chowk to Shanka park. * From Basundhara to Sitapaila | Highway | 25 meters from center on either side | * Tribhuwan Highway * Araniko Highway | Arterial road | 11 meters from the center on both sides. | * PuranoBanesworChowk- GausalaChowk * ChabilChowk-Boudha- Jorpati- Gokarna Gate- Sankhu * Kalimati crossing Tribhuwan University Gate-Dakshin Kali parking area | Connect road | 7 meters from the center on either side. | * Bagbazar to Dilli Bazar to Maitidevi to Baneshwor to Bagmati bridge to Sinamangal * Bhatbhatini- Balwatar- Talim Kendra * Shankhamul pool to International Building- Old Baneshwor | Feeder road | 5.5 meters from the center on both sides | * Baluwatar (Pawitra workshop)-Tunal Devi Bishalnagar * International Conference Hall- Singa Durbar National Archives * Lagankhel Mahalaxi Star Cooperative Office- Satdobato | Special road | 15 meters from the center of road on both sides | Around Narayanhiti Palace. |

Table (iii) showing the completion of roads in Kathmandu valley: Kathmandu Valley Area | Completion of road (in km) | % of completion in Kathmandu valley (Total 102.79 km is completed) | Kathmandu | 84.69 | 82.39 % | Bhaktapur | 2.50 | 2.43 % | Lalitpur | 15.60 | 15.18 % |

List of figures

Fig (i) Showing the state of roads in Nepal

Fig (ii) Showing the state of roads in different regions in Nepal

Fig(iii) Showing the completion of area of roads expanded (in km) in Kathmandu valley

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

CONTENTS | PAGE NO. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY | 1 | CHAPTER 1LIST IF TABLESLIST OF FIGURES | | 1. INTRODUCTION | | 1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY | | 1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE REPORT | | 1.3 RESARCH AND METHODOLOGY | | 1.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE REPORT | | CHAPTER 2 | | 2. ISSUE ANALYSIS | | 2.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND | | 2.2 ROAD EXPANSION2.3 KATHMANDU VALLEY ROAD EXPANSION PROJECT 2.4 EFFECTS | | CHAPTER 3: | | 3. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION | | 4. BIBLIOGRAPHY5. APPENDEX | |

CHAPTER 1: Introduction

1.1 Background of study 1.2
The “Road expansion” is a report writing project given to us by our SMART mentors. In this report we have mainly focused on Kathmandu municipality road expansion.We have studied about the budget of the offices working on this huge project along with the number of employees and the time limit. Also we have found out about the work completion and on what basis the roads are widened. Not only this we have found out about the effects of road widening in telecom, electricity and in the lives of the people.

1.3 Objectives of the report

1. Creative Writing:
We came to know about writing skills, group discussions, information collections, brainstorming ideas, and so on which helped us to enhance our creative writing. 2. General Knowledge: Through this report writing, we came to know about the various information and knowledge like required budget, required labors, foreign aid/ donations, etc, for the expansion of roads in the Kathmandu Valley. 3. Research Practice
We also came to know about the research methodology, sources of data like Primary data and Secondary data. 4. Effective Team Work Team work always plays a vital role while doing a certain task in a team. Therefore we were able to know that everything was done in group in a systematic way. 5. Planning and Decision Making
We came to know about how the planning and decisions should be made while working in a team. Due to vast information, we had to decide what information to include and what not to, works were divided to the team members. Hence we came to know about the planning and decision making skills.

1.3 Research and Methodology To prepare this report, we used various methods: 1. Primary Source * Through interviews * Through questionnaire 2. Secondary Source * Through books and newspaper articles * Through the internet 1.4 Limitations of the report
The limitations of the report are give below: 1. There was problem in finding accurate information. 2. Vast area, hence difficult to find the exact location and the right person. 3. Lack of co-operation from the government officers. 4. Staffs were with less knowledge regardig the subject. 5. Lack of punctuality of the government officers.

CHAPTER 2
Issue Analysis

2.1 General background

As the modernization has taken place, the country has taken a further step in its development process i.e. Road Expansion. It was first planed by Late King Mahendra. Then again after 2033 B.S., it was further process by Late King Birendra. But because of some problems like public protest, etc, it wasn't succeeded. Expansion of road network in Nepal has been in an accelerating trend since the last two decades. Before 2047 B.S., the only agency involved in construction of road was The Department of Roads (DOR). Then DOR was further responsible for the construction and expansions of roads in Kathmandu.
After 2047 B.S., the fund channeled through the local agencies and through the parameters has mostly been invested on construction of new roads. As the chief of the Kathmandu Valley Urban Development Planning Implementation Committee, for years, he did not have power to move ahead with the plan until he got the moral support of Former Prime Minister, Mr. Baburam Bhattarai. "Kathmandu will be different now and there will be no stopping", Mr. BaburamBhattarai. The government proposed the road expansion 35 years ago but never went ahead until the support of the Former P.M. Official says roads have often been encroached by those with political connection, which is why expansion plan never took off.
The ongoing road expansion is a welcome move to ease the chaotic traffic of Kathmandu. But the way it has being enforced has created fear. As houses were bulldozed without prior notice, locals came out of protest, and so on. The government has the protestors to contact the concerned authority to claim compensation with evidence.The government, which is supposed to move the peace process has made road expansion its priority. Formal Minister of Physical Planning and Works, Mrs. HisilaYami, is actively involved in the road expansion campaign. Despite holding no active portfolio in the cabinet, she precides over meeting and gives instructions.

2.2 Road expansion
In Kathmandu municipality the roads are divided as ring road, highway, arterial road, connert road, feeder road and special road and on the basis of the type these roads are expanded by specified distance. (For details see table ii)
In Kathmandu valley, 185.94 km road is to be constructed and till now 84.69 km in Kathmandu, 15.60 km in Lalitpur and 2.50 km in Bhaktapur roads have been completed. So, in total 102.79 km road has been completed. (See table iii and fig iii)
Half of the expansion of main roads in the Kathmandu Valley has completed satisfactorily.
The road expansion in the Valley was initiated last September. Some 200 metres of road has fallen under the expansion drive in Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur districts of the Valley.
Among this, expansion for 80 km in Kathmandu and 20 km in Lalitpur is going on in fast pace. The government is effortful to complete the road expansion within coming mid June in the areas where the infrastructures have been dismantled.
The road expansion though met obstacles in the early phase has been lauded by the city people and the government now.
In this popular campaign of road expansion launched by the government, road department, Kathmandu Valley road expansion project, and road divisions of Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur have extended full support and cooperation to the government, working in various 47 roads.
Some roads are being expanded by the Kathmandu Metropolis and Kathmandu Municipal Development.
The Ministry of Physical Planning and Works has claimed that 50 percent of the road extension has completed in terms of removing telephone poles and electric wires, making walls, placing drain pipes, graveling and blacktopping.
Of the budget Rs2.50 billion allocated for the expansion by the Finance Ministry, fifty percent has been released so far.
However, clear demarcation of road has been a challenge in the widening drive. The government has planned to expand 122 roads in the Valley which consist some 400 meter length.
As the government failed to expedite the removal of obstructions in the roads in the pace it destroyed infrastructures, people were bound to walk in muddy and dusty roads in the rainy and winter seasons respectively.
The destroyed infrastructures are still creating hurdles in public transportation in many parts of the Valley.
In course of the broad road drive, the government officials have monitored the work in various places and directed the concerned departments to improve where necessary.

2.3 Kathmandu Valley Road Expansion Project
Nepal government has established a separate office named “Kathmandu Valley Road Expansion Project” for handling the road expansion activities in Kathmandu valley. This office handles one fourth of the total road expansion activities held in Kathmandu municipality and remaining activities will be handled by other offices.

2.3.1 No. of employees in the project: In this project the numbers of workers are given below: 1. Project Manager-2 2. Engineer-8 3. Assistant Engineer- 26 to 28 4. Accountant-1 5. Others and Helpers- Not fixed

2.3.2 Budget:
The total budget of the project is 80 crores (initially it was 50 crore but afterwads 30 crore was added). If needed further more can be provided by the government.

2.3.3 Time period:
Usually 15 months time period is given to complete the construction. If it can’t be completed in the specified time then more time can be added.

2.3.4 Major roads worked:
This office has worked in major roads such as: * Maitighar- Tinkune road * Gausala-PuranoBaneshwor- NayaBaneshwor road * Kamalpokhari- Rato Pool road * Lainchor- Maharajgunj- Budanilkantha road
(For details see in list of tables)

2.3.5 Procedure for road expansion: Client contractor consulator
Road division office plays the role of the client in process of road expansion. This office first offers contract for contractor and gives the contract in head to head competition. Similarly, this office also plays a vital role of consulator for contractor. Tender is offered and the relevant tender is chosen for the road expansion.

2.4 Effects
The widening of roads has caused many problems which are given below: 1. The road expansion drive of the government has badly hit the network of telecom operators causing them the loss of millions of rupees as fiber optics have been disconnected in several areas of the capital during the process. 2. People have lost twice as much in property as the government´s total expenditure on widening and smoothening roads in Kathmandu Valley. 3. Lack of coordination among the relevant government agencies as well as their utter lack of accountability. 4. Houses were bulldozed for widening the roads and so locals came out in protest. 5. A probe commission has been formed after the owners came out of the protest. 6. Impeding traffic during constructions 7. Environment impact: Pollution. 8. "Rubbernecking" or staring at construction which cause an accident. 9. People are getting short term losses such as Internet problem, Electricity problem, and so on.
However, these construction activities have brought some benefits for the people as well: 1. Due to much pollution, there has been profit for the people selling Masks, Sunglasses. 2. With this huge project a large number of employees and labourers are required. So it has generated employment opportunities for the people. 3. Well managed footpaths are constructed. 4. Standard roads would attract the foreigners while visiting Nepal. Construction of big roads also manifests how the domestic human power was able to construct exemplary roads. 5. Bigger and better roads are the signs of development.

CHAPTER 3 Conclusion and recommendation

3.1 Conclusion and Recommendation
If we look back to past issue of road expansion has been taken into concern long time ago. Though the attempts were made but the real work had not been started due people protest lack of budget and proper planning. But the real work has been started in the year 2068 B.S. Half of the total work has been complete satisfactorily. Though the work is going in fast pace but due to different obstacle it cannot be done in desire time. Due to lack of proper planning people are suffered a lot by this project.

It is recommended that to work such project proper planning with adequate budget is required. Work should be done in a manner so that nobody is affected. The pace of work should be in higher speed so that in can be finished in time. Government should give allowances to people who had loss their property in priority basis. Though the expansion work is being executed but it doesn’t include all the parts. Many places which need to be expanded are unnoticed. More over this project is running in Kathmandu Lalitpur and Bhaktpur only.

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Bibliography * (2064 B.S), Construction by laws of Nepal Government (pp. 40-42). * (14th Jan). Himal Khabar Patrika, * (7th Dec, 2012). Property loss to road widening is double govt expenditure. Republica * (22nd Nov, 2012). Road expansion hits telcom networks. Republica * Kharel, S. (23rd Jan, 2013). Road expansion: 90 km widned: Tarrying from mid febury. Republica

APPENDEX