...Unix File Access The Outlandish Shirt Printers is a solid company that has an organizational system that supports 5000 users. The company has a file that 10 of the users do not need to have access to. There are two ways to specify the protections scheme in Unix to ensure that 4,990 users have access to this file. This goal can be achieved by setting up access control list and groups. Outlandish Shirt Printers is also looking for a suggestion for another more effective protective scheme than the one provided by Unix. Access Control Lists and Groups The first protection scheme in Unix to allow 4,990 of the companies users access to this file is to set up an access control list. Access Control Lists allow more control over file permissions than the general Unix file permissions. Access Control Lists enable higher file security by defining file permissions for specific users, groups, owner, and owner’s group. ACL’s also give the ability to set default permissions for all of the categories. The protection provided by Unix only allows read, write, and execute permission for ower, group, or other system users (Softpanorama, 2013). To ensure that the 10 not given permissions to access file the company will create an access control list with the names of the 4,990 users that do have access to the file. Another way to establish that 4,990 users have access to the file is to set up a group. Gilman (2013) “The concept of groups in Unix is related to the permissions placed upon...
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...Explain how the UNIX permission system implements access control. Describe an extension of this system that permits finer control. Access Control in Unix UNIX has an implementation of access control lists for providing the features of security to its users. Every user has a right to log into the system with his/her credentials (username and password) and initiate a process which can further make system requests. Every process is assigned a unique identifying number called the process “uid”. This number can be obtained from the /etc/password file. A sample record from this file looks like below: “uid” essentially is the user id of the user who started the process. Every process may also carry an “effective uid”, which may or may not be different from its uid. Access control lists are also categorized with the use of group ids or group names. Every process has a list of groups, it is associated with. This is the basic level of authentication implemented in Unix. Since Unix understands everything as a file, it is important to see how security is ensured for files in Unix. There are 12 mode bits which are used to encode the privileges related to protection. Out of these 12 bits, first 9 bits are divided into 3 groups. Each group contains 3 bits describing the permissions related to user (u), group (g) and others (o). If a bit is set to “ON”, the corresponding privilege is enabled (r – read, w – write, x – execute). Extension of Unix security system A finer security...
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...Response Group, incoming calls are queued and routed to designated agents based on predefined routing rules, while Office Communicator Attendant is an intuitive, integrated attendant console that facilitates accurate and rapid call handling. “The addition of the attendant console is a critical piece in making Office Communications Server a true telephony replacement,” explains Schafer. Global Crossing is gradually decommissioning its current IP-PBX installations from a leading networking hardware provider, replacing them with Office Communications Server. Office Communications Server will also replace the current voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) handsets that Global Crossing had supplied to employees who work externally and do not have access to the corporate network. Global Crossing is now providing employees with LG Nortel 8540 handsets, which operate with Office Communicator. Shortly after the launch of Office Communications Server 2007 R2, all remote employees are expected to be switched over to the Office Communications Server–compatible handsets. For mobile users, Global Crossing will deploy Microsoft Office Communicator Mobile 3.0 to people with BlackBerry or Windows Mobile® phones that meet security standards. Office Communicator Mobile helps people communicate while out of the office. “If people need to reach me...
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...UNIX operating system and its features UNIX is a certified brand of The Open Group that belongs to a family of computer operating systems. UNIX stands among some initial operating systems which has to be written in a high level programming language that is C. Further Bell labs circulated it in a way that anyone could customize it according to his own wishes. As a result in late 70’s, number of versions of this operating systems were running at several places [Vangie Beal(2015)]. File permissions features of UNIX The most important feature of UNIX Operating system is that it procures a safe and sound method for storing data and information. Each file stored in UNIX has some characteristics and attributes like “owner permissions” in which it specifies that what actions and tasks the owner of the information or file can execute or perform. The second permission is “group permissions” which allows the user who is a part of group can perform different functions on a particular file of the same group but for this one must have to be a part of the group. The third is “other permissions”. It is a permission which determines what type of actions and functions, rest of the users can perform on particular file [Tutorialspoint(2014)]. Security feature of UNIX The security of the systems can be increased by some specific settings which controls the access of different users. This feature includes read, write and execute access options. The read access option allows users to view and...
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...programs and intermediate between the computer’s user and its hardware. There are many different types of Operating serves that are available to use. There are four main Operating systems that are used in today’s Technological world: UNIX, Linux, Mac, and Windows. Each one of these systems has its own unique aspects to offer users, while still sharing the same basics that an operating system needs. Memory Management UNIX/Linux In comparison to other operating systems, UNIX is quite different when it comes to managing its memory. It uses extremely sophisticated memory management algorithms to make the best use of memory resources. Though UNIX and Linux are extremely similar when it comes to how things work internally, there are slight differences that make UNIX distinct. One process that UNIX uses is Swapping; this is done by moving chunks of the Virtual Memory, known as pages, out of the main memory and moving others in. In order for this process to work at its best, those pages that are needed must be accessible in the Main Memory at the demand of the CPU. When a page is expected to be needed in the very near future it is called a resident set. This can lead to errors due to memory allocation issues. If the CPU attempts to access a page that is no longer available in the Main Memory, a page fault will occur, and the needed page will then have to be located, as the CPU...
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... CIS 155 December 10, 2011 Operating System You may have heard of UNIX, or maybe not. Where did this so called UNIX come from? What exactly is an operating system you ask and what is it comprised of? Read on to find out more. Birth of a New Creation: UNIX is the creation and brain child of Bell Laboratory researchers Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson. Ken Thompson was working with Space Travel. Space Travel was a program that simulated the motion of the planets in our solar system. The Space Travel program was under the operating system called Multics (Multics is one of the first operating systems that provided a multiuser environment, and ran on a General Electric 6000 Electric Computer) (Afzal, 2008). Multics was a slow and very large and required a substantial amount of computer resources. Ken Thompson found a small little PDP-7 computer (created by the Digital Equipment Corporation) and transferred the Space Travel program on to it. On this computer is in which Ken Thompson created the new operating system that he deemed to be UNIX. Ken Thompson adapted Multics advanced concepts to the operating system. UNIX took advantage of the other operating systems by incorporating some of all of the other operating systems into its own, and combining...
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...UNIX, Linux, Mac, and Windows OS Comparison Paper B. James Bryant UNIX, Linux, Mac, and Windows OS Comparison In 1956, General Motors produced the first OS for its IBM 704 series mainframe. Since then companies around the world, both big and small, have been tirelessly researched, testing, and releasing newer and faster operating systems for the world to use. Among these are systems developed by/for UNIX, Linux, Microsoft, and Apple. In fact, it’s safe to say that these four companies have a monopoly on all current technology used in both the military, corporate, and private sectors all around the world. UNIX Operating System Unix operating systems have the ability to be multi-user, multi-tasking and portable. Multi-user capabilities are accomplished through time sharing which means the processor allocates slices of time to first one process and then the next, sharing the available time in sequence with waiting processes (Nagpal, 2009). Unix can run in either command line interface, CLI, or graphic user interface or GUI mode. A key and unique feature of Unix is that it has a modular design which allows parts of the system to be added or removed without affecting performance of the other parts making Unix systems highly customizable. Unix operating systems have four core components, (1) the kernel, (2) the shell, (3) the file system, and (4) the utilities or tools and applications (Love et al, 2005). The kernel is the lowest layer of the operating system that...
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...UNIX for DBA`s Author: Sandeep Akkasani 1. INTODUCTION TO UNIX 1.1 Single-User Systems The personal computer (PC) is a small General-purpose system that can execute programs to perform a wide variety of tasks. The PC, however, was designed for use by one person at a time, that is, it is Single-User oriented with MS-DOS as the de facto standard operating system for this range of machines. Single user systems became very popular due to the low cost hardware and wide range of software available for these machines. 1.2 Multi-User Systems As opposed to single-user systems there are also larger systems, which more than one person can use at any time. Such systems are referred to as multi-user systems. Multi-user systems would be required when a number of applications have to be run simultaneously, or common resources, like printers and disks, are to be shared by a number of users. 1.3 Hardware – Multi-User Systems While the hardware components of a multi-user system are similar to that of a singleuser system, the following differences should be noted. The CPU of a multi-user system is more powerful and has capabilities to support multi-programming and multi-tasking, two features essential for multi-user systems. The Hard disk of a multi-user system is bigger in capacity. Most multi-user systems use magnetic tape as external storage for backup of software. Single-user systems use floppies as the backup device. This is because multi-user ...
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...File Access Computers have become an important tool for the companies. They are used as time clocks, keep track of inventory, to communicate with customers and to do research. In some cases, the computer is used to assign tasks and inform employees of upcoming events. Though computers are good tool and resource, there is the potential an employee may misuse or access files they have no clearance to access. For this reason there is a need to restrict access. If a company has 5000 employees who have access to the computer system and there is a need to restrict 10 users from accessing a specific file, there is a need to establish protocols to prevent access. How this is done differs in each operating system. In Unix there are ways to set parameters for the 4990 users to access a single file. These are set within the types of files. They are called regular, directory, special, named pipes, links and symbolic links. Unix operating systems operate these files and routes them into a uniformed system that operates in the background supporting files and giving disk space as needed for files. This is done by using inode (Index node) which controls information the system needed for a specific file. Multiple files can be connected to one inode, but if active the inode will only be associated with one file and a file will be controlled by one inode. A file’s attributes, permissions, and control information are stored within the inode. In the FreeBSD inode for example has...
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...Protection Scheme with Unix Adam Macon POS/355 8-10-13 Mr. Groves When considering a protection scheme that will protect up to 5,000 users the best choice would be Unix. Unix is an operating system developed in the 70’s in AT&T Bell Laboratories. The unique thing about Unix is that it is written in C, which gives it the ability to be portable and able to be integrated with other Unix machines. Program written on one Unix machine can be easily adapted to other Unix machines (C is particularly well-integrated with the operating system itself) (David 2013). We will discuss exactly what the protection scheme is with Unix and how 4900 users can be one file. Unix system has the ability to serve many users and these users can be organized in groups. A Unix file can distribute ownership to three different classes of users, which are user, group, and other. User is the directory owner, which is the person who created the file, group is the members of the group, and others are the users who aren’t members of the group and are not the file owner. There are three permissions for User, Group, and Others, which are Read, Write, and Execute. A user with Read permission can look at contents of that particular file, a user with Write permission can change contents in that file, and a user with Execute permission can use that particular file as a Unisex system command. Permissions only an be changed by the chmod command. To be able to achieve having 4,990 users on one file you can...
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...************************************** IN THE FOLLOWING FILE, ALL REFERENCES MADE TO THE NAME UNIX, MAY ALSO BE SUBSTITUTED TO THE XENIX OPERATING SYSTEM. BRIEF HISTORY: BACK IN THE EARLY SIXTIES, DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS AT MIT, A GROUP OF PROGRAMMERS STUDYING THE POTENTIAL OF COMPUTERS, DISCOVERED THEIR ABILITY OF PERFORMING TWO OR MORE TASKS SIMULTANEOUSLY. BELL LABS, TAKING NOTICE OF THIS DISCOVERY, PROVIDED FUNDS FOR THEIR DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENTISTS TO INVESTIGATE INTO THIS NEW FRONTIER. AFTER ABOUT 2 YEARS OF DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH, THEY PRODUCED AN OPERATING SYSTEM THEY CANLMD "UNIX". SIXTIES TO CURRENT: DURING THIS TIME BELL SYSTEMS INSTALLED THE UNIX SYSTEM TO PROVIDE THEIR COMPUTER OPERATORS WITH THE ABILITY TO MULTITASK SO THAT THEY COULD BECOME MORE PRODUCTIVE, AND EFFICIENT. ONE OF THE SYSTEMS THEY PUT ON THE UNIX SYSTEM WAS CALLED "ELMOS". THROUGH ELMOS MANY TASKS (I.E. BILLING,AND INSTALLATION RECORDS) COULD BE DONE BY MANY PEOPLE USING THE SAME MAINFRAME. NOTE: COSMOS IS ACCESSED THROUGH THE ELMOS SYSTEM. CURRENT: TODAY, WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO COMPUTERS, SUCH MULTITASKING CAN BE ACHIEVED BY A SCALED DOWN VERSION OF UNIX (BUT JUST AS POWERFUL). MICROSOFT,SEEING THIS DEVELOPMENT, OPTED TO DEVELOP THEIR OWN UNIX LIKE SYSTEM FOR THE IBM LINE OF PC/XT'S. THEIR RESULT THEY CALLED XENIX (PRONOUNCED ZEE-NICKS). BOTH UNIX AND XENIX CAN BE EASILY INSTALLED ON IBM PC'S AND OFFER THE SAME FUNCTION (JUST...
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...Chapter 1 Introduction to Linux At a Glance Class Notes Table of Contents • Overview • Objectives • Teaching Tips • Quick Quizzes • Class Discussion Topics • Additional Projects • Additional Resources • Key Terms • Technical Notes for Hands-On Projects Lecture Notes Overview Linux technical expertise is essential in today’s computer workplace as more and more companies switch to Linux to meet their computing needs. Thus, it is important to understand how Linux can be used, what benefits Linux offers to a company, and how Linux has developed and continues to develop. In the first half of this chapter, you will learn about operating system terminology and features of the Linux operating system, as well as the history and development of Linux. Later in this chapter, you will learn about the various types of Linux and situations in which Linux is used. Chapter Objectives In this chapter, you will learn to: • Understand the purpose of an operating system • Outline the key features of the Linux operating system • Describe the origins of the Linux operating system • Identify the characteristics of various Linux distributions and where to find them • Explain the common uses of Linux in industry today Quick Quiz 1 1. What term is used to describe a running program on Linux? a. Application b. Process c. Runtime d. Project 2. What is represented...
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...Unix / Linux vs. Microsoft Windows Server Student Name Goes Here Class Number Goes Here Due Date Goes Here Professor Name Goes Here Unix / Linux vs. Microsoft Windows Server Introduction Pace Glass Company is a global cutting, polishing and bending company with operating facilities in two U.S. cities. Pace Glass Company's major clientele include RV manufacturers, specialty car manufacturers, automotive parts manufacturers, aircraft manufacturers, appliance manufacturers and most prestigiously N.A.S.A. With manufacturing plants in Southwest Michigan and Northwest Ohio, Pace Glass Company's online business plays a vital role in continued growth and as such there is heavy consideration underway as to which type of computer operating base the company upgrades will be implemented against. Pace Glass executives and partners recognize that security and reliability are key to the continued growth in their online presence which plays a substantial role in system determination. Purpose The purpose of this study is to discuss the differences between Unix, Linux and Microsoft Windows and server environments. This study will discuss facts that cover security, administrative, networking, performance, programmability as well as provide a briefing in conclusion. Security Approach A fundamental difference between the Unix approach to system security and the Windows approach is that significant security characteristics of Unix systems are a consequence of good architectural design...
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...ABSTRACT Unix is a multifunctional platform capable of handling several users accessing the same applications and files at once. It accomplishes this by setting up a permissions hierarchy and assigning users into groups. As multifunctional as it is, several problems still exist. For one, it has a command line interface. There is no graphical user interface. Second, privilege changes are made either one by one or all at once. Anything else would need to be scripted. Programmers originally built the Unix operating system for other programmers to use. It is an extensible operating system, meaning it allows programmers to extend and change it to do anything they need it to. Essentially, it is built to multitask. It allows multiple users to use the same app or multiple users access to the same file. Although the computer cannot process all the requests at once, it does prioritize the requests to keep things orderly. If multiple people need access to one file, this is commonly done by placing the users into groups, and assigning the groups and users various levels of permission access. There is a hierarchy where groups are on top and access control lists are underneath. The groups...
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...What is the function of a redirector? To determine whether a request is meant for the client CPU or the server What are the three tiers in a 3-tier architecture? Client, middleware, server If Alex’s user account belongs to the Teachers group on a Windows Server 2008 network, and the Teachers group has read and execute permissions for the Lessons folder, what can Alex do with documents in the Lessons folder? Open an existing document. Suppose you own a computer that contains a 1 GHz processor, 512 MB of RAM, and an 8 GB hard drive. If you wanted to install Windows Server 2008 on this computer, what is the minimum hardware upgrade you must perform, if any? Increase the hard drive space to 10 GB. You have created a printer object for a new HP LaserJet in your Windows Server 2008 Active Directory. Before users can print to this printer, what else must you create in Active Directory? a. A printer share What is the purpose of a container in an LDAP-compatible NOS directory? To organize similar objects for easier management What is the relationship between threads and multiprocessing? Processes are made of threads; threads within a process can be handled by different processors to improve server performance. When a server’s RAM is fully utilized, where can the NOS store unused information blocks? In a page file on its hard drive What primary advantage does Windows Server 2008 gain by assigning each operation its own 32- or 64-bit memory area? a. Multiple applications...
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