...20th Cent. Experience HIST-415N-71123 Donald Burnette President Johnson’s Rules of Engagement During the Vietnam’s War, President Johnson has implemented the Rules of Engagement (ROE) in order to maintain control of the war and also to prevent its escalation into global nuclear warfare. The Rules of Engagement precisely dictated who and when the American soldiers were supposed to attack. Thus, from the first junior rank and up to the chain of command, a specific set of rules were enacted. Indeed, rules of engagement training at all level of leadership has allowed each officer to make responsible choices in the battlefield in a conventional war. Unfortunately, Vietnam was no conventional warzone and the Vietcong do not abide to this rule of engagement. It was easy for Washington to set these rules but they have greatly affected the field soldiers and the military through the chain of commands. A look into this rule of engagement (ROE) will show how it has paralyzed the soldiers from carrying out their mission in Vietnam. Moss (2010) confirms that “the rules of engagement paralyzed the soldiers from attacking even when they were shot at because the rules stated that they must be sure that their target was real and not terrified civilians.” The American soldiers were only allowed to attack those in combat uniforms and carrying weapons. They were to follow these rules which prevented them to effectively defend themselves. In fact, they found the ROEs not only...
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...Rules Of Engagement and Six Levels in the Chain of Command Introduction Rules of engagement (ROE) are needed to fight any war efficiently and they usually work. However in Vietnam the ROE did no more than hinder our troops, and did not allow them to fight efficiently. Ultimately, causing a huge loss of life for American troops and a unwon war in Vietnam. The ROE in Vietnam were not effectively used throughout the chain of command during the war. ROE and Six Levels of the Chain Of Command ROE dictate the application of military power during a war. ROE provide everyone in the chain of command rules to conduct themselves by. It gives a complete set of rules and options for fighting a war. President Johnson had to restrict the ROE to a degree as to be able to allow warfare within the limits of the limited war strategy. (Moss, 2010) He restricted the types of targets that US soldiers could engage and to what degree they could engage them. Johnson wanted to reduce or eliminate the possibility of civilian casualties which was very difficult in a war where the combatants looked like civilians and the combatants were well versed in blending in with their surroundings. (Moss, 2010) Johnson also implemented these strict ROE to avoid China and the USSR from getting involved in Vietnam. Johnson did not want the US to look like aggressors in the Vietnam War. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara was second hand to Johnson in developing the ROE for the war. He would join with Johnson...
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...Johnson’s Limited War HIST-415 DeVry University November, 2013 The year 1965 could easily have been named Lyndon Johnson’s “Conflicted Conflict”. When we consider the big picture of 1965, the war in South Vietnam is not exactly progressing, as those in Washington would like, anyway. There have already been limited strikes against some targets in North Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. However, the full brunt of American military force has yet to be felt by Hanoi. General Westmoreland, a decorated veteran of two wars is in command at MACV and devised several strategies to allay Johnson’s greater concerns over a wider war. This paper examines Johnson’s trepidation with widening the war in South East Asia, the strategies he was offered to allay some of these fears, and finally a general assessment of the “Rules of Engagement” as they were applied in Vietnam. President Johnson’s unconditional war on poverty was his greatest concern in early 1965, over all he wanted to complete the work of the New Deal and include all Americans in the prosperity of freedom. He was also a fervent believer in containing communism, and did not intend to loose South East Asia in the same manner that China was lost. (Moss, 2010 p.122) Additionally he feared broadening the war because there was always the possibility that if the United States became too aggressive in its prosecution the Soviets and or Red China may intervene. The Chinese intervention in Korea was still a fresh memory...
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...the first time that the United States and Russia have been locked at odds, with nukes just a push of a button away. This situation would have been mutually assured destruction. (1) This was during the Cold War era however and the presidents of the day were to say the least, realist. They would have jumped at the chance to get into a conflict with one of the few super powers of the day. This would have given the winner the superiority that all had desired. That scenario may not be the same as the circumstances of today. President Obama is in no way a Hawk; he is by all accounts a Dove and will probably avoid an all out war at all costs. Based on the most recent history President Obama has tried to remove the US from any conflict they have been involved in. This has been proven by the withdrawal of troops from Iraq and the spin down of troop numbers in Afghanistan. These are two Conflicts that he had inherited and really wanted nothing to do with. This has been the way he has operated and I believe it will be a foreshadowing of his actions in the future. On both fronts Obama has removed responsibility by contracting jobs out and dwindling the numbers in the US military have left them undermanned and ill equipped for an engagement such as this. The US has been fighting 2 wars simultaneously for the past 10 years. This has not allowed...
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...and People to Know 1. Huguenots: a type of religion that was mainly based on France. During the 1800’s wars between Roman Catholics and Protestant Huguenots resulted in the deaths of over 10,000 people, it was named Bartholomew’s Day. 2. Edict of Nantes: a document issued by the crown in 1598, which granted limited toleration to French Protestants. Religious wars in France stopped and it became that strongest country in all Europe. 3. Couriers de bois: “runner of the woods” the French fur trappers that traveled across the U.S in search of beavers. 4. Voyagers: French travelers that recruited Indians into the fur trading business. There were trading posts all across the United States and Canada. 5. King Williams’ War: a war in which the English and French fought each other with Indian allies. (1689-97) 6.Queen Anne’s War: a war between the early English and French settlers. (1702- 13) 7. War of Jenkins’ Ear: broke out in 1739 between the British and the Spaniards. It was confirmed to the Caribbean Seas and the buffer colony of Georgia. 8. King George’s War: was also known as the War of Austrian succession in Europe. During the war France allied with Spain and went against English. 9. Acadians: a group from France that settled in the Northeastern part of North America. The British conquered them in 1713. 10. French and Indian War: also known as the Seven Years’ War started off by George Washington and the wilds of Ohio Valley in 1754. It was fought in the seven seas...
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...UJAAMA TALENT AGENCY, INC. 134 WEST 29TH STREET # 803 – NEW YORK, NY 10001 “AFRICAN-AMERICAN OWNED FROM DAY ONE” Artist Engagement Contract Agreement made this 18TH DAY OF NOVEMBER 2011 between SCENIC ROUTE, INC F/S/O CEE LO GREEN (Hereinafter referred to as “Artist”) and STACK 10 INC by DARRICK MCGRIFF & CMG INC by NICOLE MARTIN. (Hereinafter referred to as “Purchaser”). It is mutually agreed between the parties as follows: The Purchaser hereby engages the Artists and the Artists hereby agrees to perform the engagement hereinafter provided, upon all the terms and conditions herein set forth, including those entitled additional terms and conditions and rider(s) and agenda thereto. 1. DATE (S) OF ENGAGEMENT: FRIDAY DECEMBER 30, 2011 2. PLACE OF ENGAGEMENT: ILLUSIONS THEATER 100 MONTANA ST SAN ANTONIO, TX 210-207-3620 3. HOURS OF ENGAGEMENT: ARTIST TO PERFORM @ TBA 4. ENGAGEMENT FEE: $100,000 (ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND DOLLARS) FLAT GUARANTEE PLUS PRODUCTION, BACKLINE & RIDER REQUIREMENTS ALL PAYMENTS SHALL BE PAID BY CERTIFIED CHECK, MONEY ORDER, BANK DRAFT OR CASH AS FOLLOWS: 4A.. $50,000 SHALL BE PAID BY PURCHASER AND SENT TO AGENT’S OFFICE (UJAAMA TALENT AGENCY, INC.) BY MONDAY, NOVEMBER 21, 2011. THE PURCHASER AGREES TO THE RELEASE OF THE DEPOSIT TO THE ARTIST BEFORE THE CONTRACTED...
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...December 1972, after nearly a decade of being in Vietnam, American forces decided to take a final push for victory. For 11 days and nights US Navy and Air Force bombers, led by the vulnerable B-52 flew around the clock missions, deploying over 15 thousand tons of bombs onto North Vietnam. The operation known as Linebacker II brought the communist war machine to its knees. The men and machines of Linebacker II didn’t just fly bombing missions, they ultimately flew America out of the Vietnam war. Many historians place the outcome of the Vietnam War and Linebacker II in the hands of the pilots, crews and the bombers that they flew. American bombers used in the Vietnam war For four years, the US Air Force and Navy hold and pummel the North Vietnamese...
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...Russo-Japanese War (1904-05), military conflict in which a victorious Japan forced Russia to abandon its expansionist policy in the Far East, becoming the first Asian power in modern times to defeat a European power. The Russo-Japanese War developed out of the rivalry between Russia and Japan for dominance in Korea and Manchuria. In 1898 Russia had pressured China into granting it a lease for the strategically important port of Port Arthur (now Lü-shun), at the tip of the Liaotung Peninsula, in southern Manchuria. Russia thereby entered into occupation of the peninsula, even though, in concert with other European powers, it had forced Japan to relinquish just such a right after the latter's decisive victory over China in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95. Moreover, in 1896 Russia had concluded an alliance with China against Japan and, in the process, had won rights to extend the Trans-Siberian Railroad across Chinese-held Manchuria to the Russian seaport of Vladivostok, thus gaining control of an important strip of Manchurian territory. However, though Russia had built the Trans-Siberian Railroad (1891-1904), it still lacked the transportation facilities necessary to reinforce its limited armed forces in Manchuria with sufficient men and supplies. Japan, by contrast, had steadily expanded its army since its war with China in 1894 and by 1904 had gained a marked superiority over Russia in the number of ground troops in the Far East. After Russia reneged in 1903 on an agreement...
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...Jihad Definition: - In literal terms Jihad means to struggle or exert oneself to achieve a particular goal. In Islamic terminology, it means to struggle in the way of Allah Almighty to achieve and establish righteousness and shun evil. The scope of the terminology is very broad and is not simply restricted to fighting in the physical sense which is one method of carrying out jihad. Broadly Jihad is classified into two types: • Greater Jihad. (Jihad Al-Akbar) • Lesser Jihad. (Jihad Al- Asghar) Jihad can also be divided into following kinds: • Jihad bin Nafs. (Greater Jihad, Spiritual) • Jihad bil Lisan. (Lesser Jihad, Physical) • Jihad bil Yad. (Lesser Jihad, Physical) • Jihad bil Mal. (Lesser Jihad, Physical) • Jihad bis Saif. (Lesser Jihad, Physical) 1. Jihad bin Nafs is the greater jihad which is when a muslim makes a special effort to be a pure muslim, or fights against his or her own selfish desires. This is every Muslims personal struggle to obey Allah, follow shari’ah and become a better Muslim. It is a tough spiritual struggle, lasts a lifetime, and affects every aspect of life. The Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) told warriors returning to Madina after a battle that they had returned from the lesser jihad (of warfare) to the greater jihad of struggle against one’s own heart, i.e. desires that lead to wrong doings. The Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) said: “The greatest Jihad is to fight against the evil passions of oneself”. ...
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...The notion of semiautonomous machines battling our wars for us, to some extent, still seems like something out of Star Wars. Imagine how advantageous it would be to have legions of C3P0’s with laser rifles and R2D2’s that shoot laser guided rockets. Over the past several decades innovations in military technology have changed the course of military tactics and warfare itself. Drones have transcended themselves from the pages of science-fiction to the articles of science-fact, thus our need to utilize them in battle has grown exponentially. With their inception comes the debate of whether or not to mass produce smaller models or produce smaller numbers of larger models has only begun (Springer 39). The fact that droids can emulate human cognition and process vast amounts of information pertaining to given situations make the desire to implement them into war all that more tempting. “The inherent advantages of drones -- most of all, not placing pilots or ground forces at risk of being killed or captured -- have lowered the threshold for the use of force” (Zenko,”The Next Drone Wars”). Nothing could have been more truthful, it also brings up several factors concerning the proliferation of Drones, or more specifically UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) and the like. Has lowering the threshold for the use of force had a positive impact on international relations or has it hurt our means towards diplomatic resolutions? The ramifications for such a powerful addition to a nation’s arsenal...
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...One Million Dead for Naught The involvement of U.S. military forces in the Vietnam Conflict was neither justifiable nor demonstrative of sound judgment by the American government. Many books, magazines, and other forms of commentary on the Vietnam War have surfaced in the half century since the war’s end. Historian and author Stanley Karnow suggests that such publications generally attempt to make sense of the horrific “war that nobody won” (Karnow 9). It is a subject that will continue endlessly to divide historians and others as they attempt to draw lessons from the conflict that might then be used to justify, condemn, or promote America’s involvement in modern day Vietnams. Because of the magnitude of complexities surrounding the war, some may find it difficult to formulate an unwavering opinion about the war’s causes and effects. According to Robert McNamara, who served as Secretary of Defense for Presidents Kennedy and Johnson, mankind has often struggled to find solutions to even simple problems related to the unification of values and ideologies spanning diverse cultures (McNamara 323). In order to fairly judge why the American government put our troops in the jungles, swamps, and fields of Vietnam, one might first closely examine why our government claims to have committed our troops to Vietnam. One of the reasons most adamantly advanced by our government to justify a full scale assault on the Vietcong of North Vietnam was an incident that is said to have occurred...
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...to reach its intended target because of heroic passengers. With nearly 3,000 civilians murdered, the United States began the “War on Terror” that targeted organizations designated as terrorist and those regimes accused of supporting them. The “War on Terror” took the fight to the mountains of Afghanistan and the deserts of Iraq. The Theory of Just War is an ethical look to help determine whether the use of armed forces is justified or unjustified. This Theory is guided by three sets of criteria: the right to go war (jus ad bellum), the rules of engagement of war (jus in bello) and justice after war (jus post bellum). While these wars have been surrounded with controversy and claims of being unjust, the “War on Terror” is a just war that does not exceed the moral boundaries set in the Just War Theory and today's society? The first criterion for a just war is the right to go to war. Is there a just cause? Will war be declared by a competent authority? Has all other options for peace been exhausted? What are the chances for success? Before the dust for the fallen towers settled and while eighty-six other countries mourned the loss of loved ones that were indiscriminately killed by Al Qaeda operatives, leaders around the globe heeded their citizens’ call to war, forming a coalition against terrorists. President George Bush stated “our 'war on terror' begins with al-Qaeda, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been...
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...in 1977. 1. Geneva Convention on the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field (GC I) 2. Geneva Convention on the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea (GC II) 3. Geneva Convention on the Treatment of Prisoners of War (GC III) 4. Geneva Convention on the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (GC IV) Protocols of 1977 – in response to the conflict in Vietnam 1. Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Additional Protocol I) 2. Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Additional Protocol II) 2. International Armed Conflict – application of the GC’s • International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) states that an armed conflict within the meaning of the Geneva Conventions is any difference of opinion between two states that leads to intervention or action by the members of their armed forces • Common Article 2 of GC (ie in all of them) states that it will apply: o To all cases of war, and armed conflict between two or more parties to the treaty (even if “the state of war” is not recognised by one of them) o To all cases of partial or total occupation of the territory of a state party (even if no armed resistance to the occupation) o To the actions of a state party in one of the above situations, even if the other parties to the conflict are not state parties • Additional...
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...REQUIREMENT 1: Summary of Author’s Thesis and Main Arguments [20 points]. Your answer should be approximately one typed page. 1. Summarize the author’s thesis and main arguments in your own words. Do NOT just copy and paste from the article. I strongly believe that the author’s thesis is composed of two parts. First, the author divides the world in two distinct groups: the Functioning Core and the Non-Integrating Gap. The Functioning Core is composed of those nation-states that are connected through communication networks, agreements and associations, financial transactions, and security. He states that these nations are successful and stable because they are actively participating in an international environment with common rules and regulations that are convenient to the group and have common interests related to their economics and political goals The other point of view that the author describes is another group known as the Non-Integrating Gap (“Gap”) nations. The author finds that those nations that are not participating in globalization or participating in the international environment and are disconnected from the global community appeared to deal with oppressive political regimes, never-ending poverty and diseases, corruption, and are more susceptive to sponsor terrorism. Another point that the author discusses is the fact that the United States must address the security hazard and small conflicts of those “Gap” nations currently posse to our nation...
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...Introduction The Art of War is attributed to Sun Zi, and was originally called the “Sun Tzu Bing Fa”, or simply the Sun Zi. It written by Sun Wu about 500B.C. Sun Zi Art of War is the oldest military treatise in the world. Highly compressed, it is devote the principles and still retain such of its original authoritative merit. To the military student able to adapt its principles to modern warfare, it even now, twenty-five centuries after its preparation, is a valuable guide for the conduct of war. Although the chariot has gone and weapons have changed, this ancient master holds his own, since he deals with fundamentals, with the influence of politics and human nature on military operations. He shows in a striking way how unchanging these principles are. Therefore, Sun Zi Art of War contain with 13 chapters. There are: 1) Detailed Assessment and Planning 2) Waging War 3) Strategic Attack 4) Disposition of the Army 5) Forces 6) Weaknesses and Strengths 7) Military Maneuvers 8) Variations and Adaptability 9) Movement and Development of Troops 10) Terrain 11) The nine Battlegrounds 12) Attacking with Fire 13) Intelligence and Espionage Sun Zi’s Art of War is not only an art of war, but also a teaching material for MBA and applied into the business by modern businessperson today. Therefore, it is important to understand the exact meaning and implication of the work, in order to be familiar with the circumstances prevailing at...
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