...Rivalry between Hutu and Tutsi A. Background of Hutu and Tutsi B. Effect of the West in Rwanda 3. The Massacre A. The mass killings B. The Perpetrators C. Women and Children in the genocide 4. The Aftermath A. Tutsi Government B. Economic Recovery C. Physical and Psychological effects 5. Conclusion A. Personal Opinion B. Recommendations Introduction The genocide concept comprised two words, genos, a Greek word meaning tribe or race and cide a Latin word meaning killing of pointed out by Polish Jurist Raphael Lemkin. According to the definition agreed upon on the United Nations Genocide Convention, the term means “Acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious groups, as such: Killing members of the group; Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group” (Hinton 3). The Rwandan genocide involved group killings and physically harming individuals in a specified ethnic community. It is the worst occurrence in the modern history. Rwanda, a colony of Belgium is approximately a third of its size. Rwanda acquired independence in nineteen sixty two. The 1994 Rwandan massacre which happened in a span of a hundred days...
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...approved the Universal Declaration of Human Right (UDHR) following the atrocities of World War II. The UDHR was to ensure that such atrocities would never happen again, and just a short forty-nine years later the UN pulls peacekeepers out of Rwanda because of the genocide that was in direct violation of...
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...This film narrates certain events in the year 1994, which is mentioned in the sad and cruel genocide in Rwanda that caused between two tribes (Hutu and Tutsi) consequently resulting in the death of about one million people. The site on which the story unfolds is in Kigali, in the year 1994, where there is the greatest genocide the continent and cruel, in which the Hutu tribe largely achieved exterminate the Tutsi population. This is starting to show from the moment in which the president of Rwanda signed a peace treaty with the Tutsi, making these same projecting and planning the most sensible way to end this president, then this fact Hutu decided to create fear and terror among the people making most exterminate the Tutsi population. In this one, it tells the story of a man (Paul Rusesabagina) of Hutu origin, which was in charge of the administration of the Hotel Des Mille Collines (the owners of this were of origin Belgium), where the same has to take charge of the hotel and take a decisive position against this genocide. Paul, manages anyway to defend his family (Tutsi), having them safe at the hotel and in turn many people from this same source. The United Nation does intervene for some time, but certain allied countries France, United States believe that it was a fairly important to give due importance to their fate, leaving the population causing the abandonment for these, Paul, looking for ways to get adequate support, contacting a certain social status of different...
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...In Priestley's "Wrong Ism", he claims that nationalism is not the strength that binds a country together, but rather all of the small local areas we are all accustomed to growing up in that gives us strength. Priestley considers nationalistic ideas and movements to be headed by people who have a love of power and who have left out their regional ties. They no longer have feelings for the areas they came from and any loyalty developed over their lifetime is watered down. Priestley feels regionalism needs to be given more credit. He assumes it provides us with roots and a sense of attachment to our community which affect people's lives in such a way that it creates a unique bond that can be very hard to break. So in a sense, regionalism shapes our identities and I agree with his assumption that people view themselves more as part of their region rather than a part of their nation. Loyalty to one's region can be compromised when individuals allow national power and greed to destroy their roots. There are many examples of how nationalism tries to take over a region to destroy its people. For instance genocide, in nearly all examples, has been started by a power-hungry national figure who has an agenda in mind that never takes into account what a local area's wish might be for their future. Hitler is an example of this type of authoritarian oppressor who had a very complex national strategy in place to exterminate the Jews. He certainly did not consider or recognize regional differences...
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...Rwanda, assignment 2 Rwanda's history is marked by hunger, violence and war, and not least the lack of democracy. Most of us associate Rwanda with the genocide in 1994. It will long be remembered for the international community's inability to intervene. Around a million people were killed in the most brutal ways. Then and today people still live side by side with the families of the killers. How can a country stand up again and experience the peace and reconciliation? The genocide started 7.april.1994 after the presidential plane where shot down and killed Rwanda’s President Juvènal Habyarimana. The mass murder continued the next 100 days, and it weren’t an army or some gangs with weapons that killed the Tutsis, it was ordinary Hutus who choose to remove the Tutsis from the country. They slaughtered the Tutsis with machetes and other sharp items. The Front Patriotique Rwandais was the Tutsis army and the leader of the army General Paul Kagame stopped the massacre and shortly after he became the new president. Rwanda is a small state with a population of around 8 million. It is one of the most densely populated country in Africa. Most are Hutus who make up just over 80 percent of the population. A small tribe are Tutsis who account for approx. 15 percent. The Legal Settlement for the massacres is an important part of the reconstruction but peace and reconciliation cannot be pushed on Rwanda from outside. It must come from within. Rwandan authorities tries to conducting a so-called...
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...In April to July of 1994, a populous ethnic group called the Hutu slaughtered at least 800,000 people in Rwanda, Africa. Rwanda was split into three ethnic groups: The Twa, the Hutu, and the Tutsi. Majority of the people of Rwanda were Hutu, and the minority were the Tutsi. Although the Tutsi were the minority, the overall rule of the Kingdom of Rwanda were Tutsi. When Belgium received control over Rwanda, they invented an identification system to the people. The people of Rwanda were each required to have an identification card telling whether they were Hutu, Tutsi, or Twa. The Hutu were put in major positions. Elections were held for some positions, and since the Hutu were the majority they were chosen often. Even though the Tutsi were...
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...Effects of War and Peace on Foreign Aid Glenda K. Walker Strayer University SOC 300- Sociology of Developing Countries May 4, 2014 Mr. J. Cathey The proliferation of crises around the world has led to a sharp increase in the scale of humanitarian aid required to meet the vital needs of the people affected by them for food, water, medical care and shelter. Humanitarian organizations can either meet those needs directly or support local services engaged in the same work. In most cases, both approaches are used. Malnutrition, illness, wounds, torture, harassment of specific groups within the population, disappearances, extra-judicial executions and the forcible displacement of people are all found in many armed conflicts. Aside from their direct effects on the individuals concerned, the consequences of these tragedies for local systems must also be considered: the destruction of crops and places of cultural importance, the breakdown of economic infrastructure and of health-care facilities such as hospitals, etc. The impact of armed conflict on people and systems vital to their survival can take different forms, as the following examples illustrate: when Rwandan refugees fled into former Zaire, the mortality rate rose sharply, to as much as 10 times what is regarded as the threshold of extreme emergency, and large scale displacement invariably causes a dramatic increase in malnutrition rates. In children under the age of five, this can reach 20% (Rwandan refugees in Zaire...
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...[2] (a commonly quoted figure is 800,000), or as much as 20% of the total population of the country. In 1990 the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), a rebel group, composed mostly of Tutsi refugees, invaded northern Rwanda from Uganda. The Rwandan Civil War, fought between the Hutu regime, with support from Francophone nations of Africa and France itself,[3][4] and the RPF, with support from Uganda, vastly increased the ethnic tensions in the country and led to the rise of Hutu Power. As an ideology, Hutu Power asserted that the Tutsi intended to enslave Hutus and thus must be resisted at all costs. Despite continuing ethnic strife, including the displacement of large numbers of Hutu in the north by the rebels and periodic localized extermination of Tutsi to the south, pressure on the government of Juvénal Habyarimana resulted in a cease-fire in 1993 and the preliminary implementation of the Arusha Accords. The assassination of Habyarimana in April 1994 was the proximate cause of the mass killings of Tutsis and pro-peace Hutus. They were carried out primarily by two Hutu militias associated with political parties: the Interahamwe and the Impuzamugambi. The genocide was directed by a Hutu power group known as the Akazu. The killing also marked the end of the peace agreement meant to end the war and the Tutsi RPF restarted their offensive, eventually defeating the army and seizing...
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...The Role of the 1990-1993 Civil War as a Precursor to the 1994 Rwandan Genocide Nora Aly Student #10025622 Poli470 Words: 3,451 Introduction: Background of Rwanda Ethnic distinctions and fragmentations, whether actual or perceived have proved to be the causes of several genocides throughout history; in the case of the Rwandan genocide, this was no exception. The Twa, the Hutu and the Tutsi were and continue to be the groups of people constituting Rwanda (Pearn J, 203). Tensions and conflicts with groups in Rwandan society, primarily with the Hutus and the Tutsis eventually led to the immensely destructive 1994 genocide of the Tutsi people as well as Hutu people perceived to be Tutsi sympathizers and supporters. The 1994 Rwandan Genocide, executed mainly by Hutu powers, resulted in approximately 10,000 deaths for 100 days which is the highest rate of killing seen throughout any known act in history (Cohen, J). Within the time period of the communal existence of the Hutus and the Tutsis, political struggle, rivalry, colonization, and civil war were all factors that assisted in leading to the tension that finally erupted into a brutal act of genocidal violence against all Tutsi people. Close examination and analysis of the civil war which occurred during 1990-1993 between the Hutus and the Tutsis, will be elaborated extensively to assist in accounting for the eruption of the genocide. Through a close, detailed analysis of the political, ethnic and socio-economic factors that...
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...“Genocide is a special case of murder. It is as old as mankind itself,” said Edward Nyankanzi in his book about Rwanda. The Rwandan Genocide started in April 6, 1994 when the Hutu group began to kill harmless Tutsi men, women and children with machetes, pickaxes, etc. It ended July 15, 1994 when the RPF (Rwandan Patriotic Front) defeated the Hutu army, and President Paul Kagame took control. After the Genocide the new government made a policy of unity and reconciliation. (Nyankanzi, 1998) There were many events leading up to the genocide. Including, Identification cards, the signing of the Arusha Peace Accords, and President Habyarimana’s plane being shot down shot down. In the Rwandan Genocide there were many things leading up to the genocide, but it had to start somewhere. The Hutus and the Tutsis have always had some tension in the past, but the Europeans just made it worse. It began when the Belgians made everyone identification cards which...
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...Hotel Rwanda is the true story of genocide of Tutsi people at the hands of Hutu extremist. During the genocide Paul Rusesabagina the manager of the Sabena Hotel des Mille Collines is a Hutu who provides shelter for over a 1,000 Tutsi refugees. His wife Tatiana is also a Tutsi who helps Paul provide shelter and comfort for the refugee’s. As the political situation in the country worsens, Paul and his family observe neighbors being killed in ethnic violence. Paul curries favor with people of influence, bribing them with money and alcohol, seeking to maintain sufficient influence to keep his family safe. When civil war erupts and a Rwandan Army officer threatens Paul and his neighbors, Paul barely negotiates their safety, and brings everyone to the hotel. More refugees come to the hotel from the overburdened United Nations camp, the Red Cross, and orphanages. Paul must divert the Hutu soldiers, care for the refugees, be a source of strength to his family, and maintain the appearance of a functioning high-class hotel, as the situation becomes more violent. Even with the, United Nations presence at the time of the genocide, they were not authorized to use any force to protect the Tutsi people, as they were only there to play the role of peace keepers. Thus they only evacuated the foreigners, leaving Paul and his family behind, along with the rest of the refugee’s at the hotel. Paul using all his connections eventually is able to get a UN convoy for all the refugee’s as they...
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...For over a half of a century in Rwandas history, the Tutsi and Hutu tribes fought over power in a ethnic battle fueled by discrimination and harsh persecution. The Tutsi and Hutu tribes were pushed against eachother by foreign imperialistic powers until finally in 1994 a large scale incedent was finally sparked. The blame of this incedent cannot be put unto anyone without looking into the years of hatred that built up to it. Before the European occupation of Rwanda, The Tutsis and Hutus lived coexistent lifestyles. Tutsis and Hutus were separate ethnic groups that lived peacefully. Some Tutsis and Hutus were local chiefs within Rwanda, and at this time there was no organized discrimination or Clashes between the groups. After World War 1, Belgium overtook Rwanda as a colony and established the Tutsis as the natural born leaders of the Nation. The once peaceful lifestyle that existed in Rwanda was no more, As all Tutsis were given Identity cards to distinguish them from the Hutu Subclass. During this period racial tensions mounted as the Hutus were oppressed. During the 1950s, the Tutsi Elite began to strive towards independence and lash out against the centralized belgian rule in Rwanda. In an attempt to silence this movement, the Belgian Government shifted their support towards the Hutu Majority who lacked experience in domination. Soon after, with the Communist nations in the United Nations supporting Rwandan Independence, Clashes between the weaker Tutsis and the now...
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...Kyle Walker English 2-H Faigenbaum 5/1/2012 Research Essay Assignment Inhumanity In Our World Genocide is one of the most evil moral crimes any ruling authority such as a government can commit against its people. A general definition of ‘Genocide’ is the intention to destroy or murder people because of their race, beliefs, or even political and economic status. Legal expert, Raphael Lemkin, created the term ‘Genocide’ 1944. Lemkin, a Polish Attorney, combined the ancient Greek word ‘genos’ which means race and the Latin word ‘cide’ which translates to killing. There are many examples of genocide in the world but the most recognizable is that of the Holocaust and how the German powers that be sought and attempted to kill all Jews. A recent example is the Rawandan Genocide in 1994 where the assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana caused a violent reaction resulting in mass killings. In efforts to reduce Genocide, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (UHCG) was adopted by the United Nations in 1948 and was placed in force in 1951. On July 1, 2002 the International Criminal Court (ICC) came into force. The ICC not only accepted the UHCG’s definition of Genocide but expanded it to include crimes against humanity such as enslavement, deportation, torture, rape, enforced disappearance and apartheid. There have been many organizations created throughout the world to defend and prevent Genocide. Communities, Religions and even Colleges are forming...
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...Rwandan Genocide In the Beginning on April six nineteen ninety four Hutus began the process of murdering the Tutsis in the African country known as Rwanda. As the brutal slaughter went on , the people of the world watched on in horror as their fellow human beings were killed. The dark days of that year alone lasted a hundred days but the carnage they left behind would last a life time because more than eight hundred thousand of both Hutus and Tutsis were killed in those dark days. Before this all started ethnic tensions were high between the Tutsis and the Hutus because although the Hutus were the majority before the rebellion the Tutsis were in control of the government and from that time anger and fear was rising . An ideology of fear of the minority of taking control was in the air and not only was there fear of the Tutsis taking over but also that they would soon enslave the Hutus and that was one of the reasons they wanted to destroy there enemies. When the president of Rwanda’s plan was shot down that was the breaking point in what people say would be one of the saddest days in human history to be rivaled only by world war two when the Nazis murdered the minority Jewish population. When the world heard of the atrocities being committed in Rwanda the united nations quickly jumped to save the foreigners but of course a person had to be a white foreigner to be saved. Like many know if you are poor or non-white...
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...analyze gender stratification and its relation to women in Rwanda; also the demographic imbalance in post-genocide Rwanda will be explored. In addition in the following paragraphs the current roles women in Rwanda play in the areas of economics, politics, and social development after genocide will be discussed. In Rwanda in 1994 genocide occurred with mass killings of hundreds of thousands of minority Tutsis and Hutu. The death tolls are believed to be 800,000 or more. The three main ethnic groups in Rwanda have a very long history of social differences. Although they had differences they were able to live in relative peace until German and Belgian colonizers encouraged the barely controlled animosity between the Tutsi, Hutu, and Twa to erupt into violence. Habyalimana was president at this time and his assassination started the Rwanda genocide, which became one of the most massive killings in history. The women and young girls of this country were the victims of rape, mutilations, and death. The Hutu’s targeted and killed Tutsi’s and moderate Hutu men which not only was this genocide but it was also focused on gender. During the genocide there were a large number of Tutsi males murdered throughout Rwanda, and even today the scars from this civil war are still being felt and it is evident in Rwanda’s demographic imbalance. It is believed by sociologists that the demographic imbalance will continue in Rwanda for many years. One effect that this demographic imbalance...
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