...to OPORD 10-01 (U) Time Zone Used Throughout Plan: Sierra (Local-Central Daylight Savings Time) (U) Task Organization: 1st Platoon 1st Military Police Company 1st Squad 2nd Squad 3rd Squad 1. (U) Situation. a. (U) Area of Interest. The area north of our OBJ is very pro-American and is a potential strongpoint for US/CF success in the future. Both the local militias and citizens have shown very positive signs of wanting AIF removed from this area. This has also led to increased AIF targeting of both citizens and civic leaders. b. (U) Area of Operations. Sadr City is a predominantly Shiite area, urban in nature, having approximately 1 million inhabitants. Concerned citizens report an insurgent cell is operating out of the house of Ala Jamal in the southern part of Sadr City. IP and local government reports support this information. Sadr City is known as a center for insurgents including Jaysh al-Mahdi (JAM). (1) (U) Terrain. Road networks are somewhat improved but limited for traffic. Most roads remain trafficable, yet many roads are filled with broken down cars and trash. Most have holes and large craters from IEDs and VBIEDs. Outside of violence and combat operations, heat and rain damages and degrades the poorly constructed roads. Due to copious amounts of heavy rains in the afternoon and evenings, the terrain in the area will favor dismounted AIF. Road composition generally is concrete, asphalt, gravel or...
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...Short Essay: The Sahara Desert The Sahara Desert is localized in the Northern part of Africa and contributes to about 10% of the continents size. Due to high temperatures of the Sahara, it is known as the hottest desert in the world. In the span of a year, the Sahara Desert will get 10 inches of rain or less. Throughout African history, the Sahara Desert has been a healthy resource to the rest of Africa and other parts of the world. Once known as “no man’s land.” The region of the Sahara has numerous hidden gems beneath its rough, dry, and sandy terrain. The Sahara Desert is abundant in mineral sources such as natural gas and oil. The major source of oil in this region comes from the Sarir field located in desert of Libya. Other useful resources found in the Sahara are iron ore in Mauritania and Algeria; and phosphates in the areas of the Western Sahara and Morocco. The Sahara also contains major trans-Saharan routes that connect trades between Algeria, Niger, and Mali. Due to the terrain of the desert and its trade routes, camels are used widely for the purpose of transporting merchandise. As we learned in the documentary “Scenic Routes across the World-Africa” the salt road has also had a major contribution to the Sahara Desert throughout history. From about the seventh to the eleventh century, gold was abundant in supply and was easily traded with the use of camels. As an economic source for the inhabitants of the Sahara Desert, when the gold trade ended the salt trade carried...
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...In 1974, founder and leader of the majority-Christian Phalange Party Pierre Gemayel declared “Neither the present government or any other could shut down a single training camp,” in reference to bases created by several parties to train their armed factions. A year later, Gemayal’s Phalange Party was one of several Lebanese militias embroiled in a war where fighting remained confined within Lebanon but the power struggle transcended borders and involved both regional and international combatants. While April 13, 1975, is often cited as the start date that sparked the 15-year conflict, which has been termed a civil war, a host of factors, including international affairs, economic and social inequality and the sectarian make up of the Lebanese government were responsible for the violent outburst and the war’s duration. The Phalange Party’s April 13 attack on a bus carrying Palestinians, reprisal for a shoot out at a church where Phalange members had been in attendance, was not even mentioned in the relevant chapters on the civil war in Struggle Over Lebanon by Tabitha Petran. Instead, Petran documents the factors that contributed to the setting of the stage for and provoking the civil war. Fear over the increase in sectarian militias had been on the national radar as early as May 1973, when President Suleiman Franjieh convened a special cabinet meeting to discuss possible reforms to curb the militias. Petran begins by listing the increased demands of the Sunni population of...
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...The Iraq War: An Avoidable Situation Introduction Iraq has generally never been a nation at peace, but that did not stop the United States from exacerbating those problems. Following the attacks of September 11 and the invasion of Iraq in 2003 the United States’ actions and counter terrorism strategy created an insurgency that set them up for a long and arduous war. Through what appeared to be a rushed planning process the United States entered Iraq and acted as if they wanted to worsen their situation. This paper will look at how the ordinances passed during the first year in Iraq, due to Paul Bremer’s lack of knowledge concerning counter-insurgency, made the United States government reconsider their strategy in Iraq. These actions combined with a growing resentment towards United States occupancy and Shi’a and Sunni insurgencies caused the United States to change its course of action towards counter-insurgency. The civil war that was beginning only added to the problem. Quickly, they wrote two new field manuals on counter-insurgency and with successful campaigns, led by General Petraeus, regained some stability in the war-torn nation. Background A decade before the War on Terror and the subsequent invasion of Iraq under the Bush regime, there was the Gulf War. Following the Iraqi defeat at the hands of a USA led, United Nations backed force there were strict sanctions placed on weapons, the military, and oil reserves in Iraq. Also, following this conflict, a wealthy...
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...I had made the decision to interview my step-father Jeremy Schouten. Jeremy had been in the U.S. Army for about five years. He was placed overseas in three different cities, Baghdad, Sadr City, Basrah (all in Iraq). Jeremy had joined the U.S. Army because the war from 9/11 was still occurring and he believed he should serve for his country while he was still young. While he was overseas he had described his experiences very difficult. They was lots of unsanitary places in Iraq. “It was hard. Dirty, dusty, bloody, and long but made many good friendships. It was the hardest thing I have ever done.” Jeremy's relationship with most of the soldiers had been very special to him. They are the most unique types of relationships because many of their lives depend on each other so trust was a very important factor to have when working together in the Army. Once he had left from home for a year things had became more difficult as being away from his family. At least it was very difficult for me and my family not having Jeremy come home from work everyday as normal, things were different. When he arrived back home in Colorado though he had described things being a lot more difficult adjusting to a normal everyday life. Having nightmares every night for weeks and months....
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...May 23, 2013 Nick Farnsworth The 2003 Iraq War Operation Iraqi Freedom List sides, including U.S. allies: The Iraq war was an armed conflict that took place in the country of Iraq. The conflict consisted of two phases. The first was an invasion of Iraq to overthrow the then ruling Baathist Iraq government. The first phase of the invasion started on March, 20 2003 and was led by the United States and a collation of the following countries: United Kingdom; Australia; Poland; Peshmerga Collation Iraq Force; (Later becoming ruling government of Iraq during phase two of the war) It was followed by a longer phase of fighting, in which, other collation countries participated in the fighting against an insurgency force that opposed collation forces and the newly formed Iraqi government. The following 38 countries were the remaining collation forces that participated in phase two of the conflict: El Salvador; Estonia; Romania; Albania; Azerbaijan; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Czech Republic; Georgia; Kazakhstan; South Korea; Latvia; Lithuania Macedonia; Moldova; Mongolia; Macedonia; Moldova; Mongolia; Singapore; Thailand; Tonga; Ukraine; Denmark; Slovakia; Italy; Japan; Norway; Netherlands; Dominican Republic; Portugal; Honduras; Hungary; Iceland; New Zealand; Nicaragua; Philippines Spain. These collation forces were opposed during phase two of the war by the following military entities: Baath Party Loyalists; Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation; Sunni Insurgents;...
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...Muslim League-British combine” divided them by imposing sharia on Muslims through the Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act. But only a minuscule minority of Muslims followed Hindu customs before 1937. Even this section had the right under laws such as the Cutchi Memons Act, 1920 and the Mahomedan Inheritance Act (II of 1897) to opt for “Mahomedan Law”. As for a majority of Muslims, there is enough evidence to show they followed Muslim law, not the Hindu civil code. In 1790, when Governor-General Cornwallis introduced a three-tier court system in Bengal (which was subsequently extended to other parts of India) he included qazis and muftis as “law officers” to assist British judges. The highest criminal court of this system, Sadr Nizamat Adalat, was assisted by the chief qazi of the district and two muftis. In cases pertaining to Muslims it had to apply Islamic law as per the fatwas of these law officers, which were binding on the court. The British judges had to wait till 1817 to overrule the fatwas when a resolution was introduced to repeal their binding character (Rudolph Peters: Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law). Before Cornwallis, Warren Hastings had decreed in 1772 that in matters of inheritance, marriage and other such religious affairs “the laws of the Koran with respect to the Mahomedans and those of the Shastra with respect to the Gentoos [Hindus] shall be invariably adhered to.” (Richard Shweder & Others: Engaging Cultural Differences). Even when...
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... women, and children everyday, that being said; ISIS is one of the most dangerous terrorist organizations to not only Iraq, but to the world. II. Background of Country: Iraqi history is extremely rich. Iraq's background dates back to ancient times, when many Empires rose and fell. Modern and Ancient Iraq occupies the region of Mesopotamia, Iraq. Many civilizations inhabited that historical region, including the Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians (Iraq). Iraq has had many problematic leaders, but one of the most was Saddam Hussein, the former president of Iraq. Saddam Hussein committed many crimes against humanity which lead to his execution. The most notorious crimes were committed the Dawa Killings, the Halabja Gassing and the Al- Sadr Assassination. These acts resulted in his the death of thousands of men, women, and children of Iraq. After 3 years of hiding, Saddam Hussein was executed for crimes against humanity in November of 2006 (Iraq). III. Description of Problem: ISIS is a terrorist organization, that has caused the unnecessary loss of life throughout the world, but many deaths are concentrated in Iraq. Since 2014, ISIS has taken over the city Mosul, and has enforced their views and beliefs on those people already there prior. ISIS opposes fundamental ideas which originated in the West such as, Christianity, and Democracy (Mantilla). ISIS regularly destroys churches , monuments, and other cultural building of importance that opposes their ideology (Mantilla)....
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...Nigeria’s quest for permanent seat in the UN INTRODUCTION To assess Nigeria’s quest for the permanent seat of the United Security Council, there is need to discuss the UN Security Council and the reforms that provide the opportunity for such quests. The Security Council The Security Council is one of the principal organs of the United Nations. It is charged with the maintenance of international peace and security. Its powers include the establishment of peace-keeping operations, the establishment of international sanctions, and the authorization of military action. It has 15 members; 10 non-permanent members, chosen by regional groups and elected by the General Assembly for two-year terms. It also comprises five permanent ones: namely the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Russia and China. These countries boast the most powerful military forces in the world. G U.N. Reform By the early 1990's, changes in the international system since the establishment of the United Nations in 1945 led to demands for the reform of the Security Council. The defeated powers of the Second World War, Germany and Japan, were now some of the largest contributors to the U.N., and they demanded permanent seats in the Security Council. Other regional powers also made claims on the grounds that Africa, Latin America and the Far East were not represented as permanent members of the UNSC. It is quite significant that in the light of their enormous contributions to world economy...
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...Peshmerga and Kurds). Essentially, the U.S. have somewhat stabilized these three groups and brought a sense of cohesion between them. Therefore if U.S. withdraw, will that cohesion then fall apart? And since the ISF will not be strong enough, will one or more of these groups use force to achieve their goals? Also if one group seems to be threatened by another when the U.S. isn’t involved, will that spark violence and will extremist exploit that? The potential conflicts that could arise between these main groups are many if and when the U.S. withdraws. For example, if the SoI are shunned, mistreated or threatened by the GoI or ISF, the Sunnis are likely to get involved violently with the GoI or ISF. The next conflict that could occur is if the al-Sadr wants to expand their political power, JAM could try to take hold of population centers. Another conflict that could arise is, if the Kurds feel isolated by the GoI or threatened by ISF, they could use the Peshmerga (Kurdish Military) to try and secure their own beliefs and the Kurdistan way. Lastly, the GoI and the ISF could potentially abuse their power and try to dominate Iraq. This would spark violence from the Sunnis and Kurds and possibly Shi’a parties. Next, the authors move to discuss direct threats to U.S. personnel. This includes departing forces, remaining forces and civilians who have relied on U.S. forces for their security. The main offender and threat to the U.S. would most likely be extremists. Although, extremists would...
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...KULIYYAH OF ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT SCINECES | ISLAMIC ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE | MASTER OF SCIENCE (FINANCE) | ACC6810 | ACCOUNTING IMPLICATIONS OF JIONT MUDARABAH (MUDARABAH MUSHTARAKAH) SUBMITTED TO: Prof. Dr. Abdul Rahim Abdul Rahman Basheer Hussein Altarturi G1111009 Semester 1 2012 Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 Mudarabah in a Traditional Viewpoint 4 2.1 Traditional Mudarabah; an Overview 4 2.2 Business Issues in the Traditional Mudarabah 5 3 Introduction to the Joint Mudarabah (Mudarabah Mushtarakah) 6 3.1 The Joint Mudarabah (Mudarabah Mushtarakah) Concept 6 3.2 Main Features of the Mudarib Mushtarak 8 3.2.1 The Conditions Issue 8 3.2.2 Capital Guarantee Issue 8 4 Accounting Issues in Mudarabah Contract 9 4.1 Profit Distribution 9 4.2 Reporting and Presentation 12 4.3 Agency Problem 13 5 Conclusion 14 6 Bibliography 16 Introduction Islamic banking and finance (IBF) emerged as an alternative from conventional banking and finance. IBF are different from conventional banking and finance as their objectives, operations, principles and practices must compliance with Islamic ethics and Islamic law (Shari’ah). Among other things, Shari’ah prohibits dealing in interest (riba), gambling and undertaking speculative transactions which subject matter and outcome are unknown (gharar), while it requires transactions to be lawful (halal). Therefore, IBF have tended to modify the conventional banking and finance...
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...Why the United States is losing the Information War Matt Apel CMR 592 Howard Kleinberg Introduction Cyber Warfare and cyber security have been on the rise for several years now. However, when these topics are discussed amongst government officials, business owners, and civilians the focus has been assaults on personal privacy, hacking into government computers systems, and denial of services. Rarely, is the focus on how armed groups and terrorist organizations are using Information Operations (social media and propaganda) to affect political, economic, and social systems all over the world. Information Operations is defined as, The integrated employment of the core capabilities of electronic warfare, computer network operations, psychological operations, military deception and operations security, in concert with specified supporting and related capabilities, to influence, disrupt, corrupt or usurp adversarial human and automated decision making while protecting our own. Also called IO (Air University 2006). Former Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) member Rand Waltzman states, “I recently concluded a $50 million program, Social Media in Strategic Communication, which led to the release of more than 200 publications and to the creation of a science of social media. What we learned is that “bullsh..t” is a weapon that is being used worldwide to fundamentally attack the medium of the press, and that the issue of freedom of the press is, in fact, a diversion....
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...Mid-term project The 15th of April, 2014 Chinese Occupation of Tibet The history of Tibet has its origins dated 2000-3000 B.C. when Tibetans are supposed to emigrate from northern China. But there is also a partial genetic continuity between the Paleolithic inhabitants and the contemporary Tibetan populations. The history of a unified Tibet starts from 7th century A.D. and has continuation nowadays. It should be mentioned that during the whole period of its formation Tibet was mostly influenced by China and Mongolian Empire. From the very beginning (approximately 13th century) Tibetans had to affiliate with political relationships with Mongolian Empire. Then, in 18th century, Mongolians were expelled by Chinese Qing dynasty. During following 2 centuries Tibet was in strong dependence from Beijing, moreover Qing dynasty had representatives of its interests there and even a small garrison. So that Tibet and Chinese established relationships between two territories, but, I may be wrong, as I understood Tibet wasn’t a part of Qing dynasty. Then the military control from the China side expanded and Tibet was claimed under Chinese "suzerainty" by Britain and Russia during the Great Game at the beginning of 20th century. Nevertheless, after Qing dynasty collapsed Tibet declared independence and all Chinese officials and residents were expelled by the Tibetan government. Tibet thenceforth functioned as a de facto independent nation until the Chinese army invaded its eastern borders...
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...released after 444 days. Jimmy Carter was a main proponent of the Shah and granted him asylum in the U.S., so the hostage keepers were satisfied to see him leave office (Kifner). These events completed the severing of all ties to the west and established Iran as an Islamic, Middle Eastern state. Steps taken by the Islamic clergy cemented Khomeini’s power and Iran’s stance on politics and civil liberties for years to come. In December of 1979, the clergy-dominated Assembly of Experts ratified a constitution based on a religious government and gave immense power to the rahbar, or supreme leader. Khomeini was the first rahbar (Afary). The government also included positions held by moderates such as Prime Minister Mehdi Bazargan, Abolhasan Bani-Sadr, and Hassan Nazih. Any oppositions leaders or moderates in the provisional government were forced out or resigned, and Khomeini ordered the Revolutionary Council (a secret religious group closely tied to Khomeini) to take control of the government (Kifner). Khomeini’s lieutenants assumed free reign to execute “enemies of the revolution”. Khomeini used Islam as an excuse for mock trials and executions for anyone apart of the Pahlavi regime, or people still interested in a democratic government. He implemented a conservative Shia dress code, so women wore the veil and everyone in general stopped dressing in the western style. He got rid of all laws from the Pahlavi regime, erasing them from history. He got rid of his enemies, and when there...
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...Are smoking cessation interventions prior to elective surgery, effective in achieving short and long term smoking cessation? ABSTRACT: 178 Objectives: Smoking cessation intervention programmes prior to elective surgery are reviewed in relation to achieving short and long term abstinence. Research studies examining smoking cessation interventions and its overall effectiveness were critiqued and evaluated using a systematic literature review. Methods: Specific medical databases were utilised, followed by a methodical search strategy to identify key articles. Through evaluation of the studies, reliability and validity will be established. Evidence based practice will be explored throughout the report and will demonstrate how to source and appraise relevant research, whilst indicating how research findings can be implemented within todays nursing practice. Findings: It has been identified that smoking cessation intervention programmes are successful in short and long term abstinence with evidence identifying that post-operative complications are higher in patients that smoke. Implications: The right time to introduce smoking cessation pre-operatively is debatable although the majority of research argues that even the shortest time will be of benefit to the patients overall health and recovery time. Patients attitudes and willpower towards smoking cessation have a considerable impact upon how effective the intervention is. INTRODUCTION: 110 Modern medical practice is...
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