...laboratory. Despite some of its properties that are advantageous in scientific experimentation such as its abundance, affordability, and quick breeding abilities in producing a new generation every 12 days. Historically, the Drosophila Melanogaster was unknown for its characteristics, until the famous biologist Thomas Morgan came to learn about these advantageous abilities. The fruit fly’s life cycle consists of four stages of reproduction, including the egg, larvae,...
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...carriers of a gene if they do not express it themselves but they can pass it on to their offspring. Is it possible for a fly to be a carrier of the Curly gene? B. No • Ebony x Wildtype “+” the wildtype (normal gene) and “e” the ebony (mutant gene) 1. Given that ebony is a recessive trait, what percentage of these...
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...for humans to see the process happening today. If that were to be true we would see intermediary animals. Consider dogs and cats as an example; one may see variations of these two animals but no one has ever observed a ‘“dat” or “cog.”’(The Scientific). On the other hand microevolution can explain the variations between the dog kingdom and the cat kingdom. Microevolution infact is present and can be observed while macroevolution has never been observed. For example, “evolutionary geneticist experimented with fruit flies and other rapidly reproducing species to induce mutational changes in hopes of creating new species or better kinds.” (The Scientific). With no such luck, Jeffrey Schwartz, a professor of anthropology in Pittsburgh and the leading evolutionist has said, “It was and still is the case that, with the exception of Dobzhansky's claim about a new species of fruit fly, the formation of a new species, by any mechanism, has never been observed.” (The Scientific). Meaning, no one has seen a fruit fly become a new specie it has never been observed or replicated by anyone besides Dobzhansky therefore Dobzhansky’s experiment cannot be held valid. A hypothesis can be validated if it can be repeated multiple times. Dobzhansky's experiment cannot even be held as a theory because by definition a theory is “understanding that develops from...
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...relationship between chromosomes and heredity in 1910. As well as the discovery of a pair of chromosomes called the sex chromosomes that determine the sex of offspring, Morgan’s fruit fly breeding experiment showed that the information carried is in the form of genes. He was the first geneticist to associate a specific gene with a specific chromosome. Morgan’s research team carried out experiments with white-eyed male fruit flies and red-eyed females flies. After a multitude of mating’s Morgan’s team concluded that white eyes were a characteristic that the male chromosome possessed. Therefore this observation led to them believing that the white eye colour was inherited as well as the sex of the fly. The conclusion that male flies inherit male characteristics because of the male (Y) chromosome and female flies always inherit female (X) chromosomes. It was confirmation of Sutton’s theory of connection between chromosomes and hereditary. Even though the discovery in the mating’s of white-eyed male fruit flies and red-eyed female flies was a trailblazing step in genetics, Morgan’s Y chromosome and X chromosome was soon challenged by a white eyed female fly. The offspring of a cross between two red-eyed parents. Morgan’s wife pointed out that it could be the chromosome composition that led to the exceptional fly. On examining white-eyed female cells, the scientists found that these cells contained an extra chromosome: two X chromosomes as well as a single Y chromosome. And it was this...
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...Wild Fruit Flies Bred With Scarlet Fruit Flies Introduction: Drosophila melanogaster is the scientific name for fruit flies. The flies are widely used today for genetics, physiology, and life history evolution. Since it is easy to care for, has 4 pairs of chromosomes, breeds quickly, and lays many eggs, the fruity fly is used for numerous studies. In this lab, fruit flies are to be examined to study heredity. With each new generation, probability, protein synthesis, and the principles of DNA, are all able to be seen within this experiment. For this lab, wild fruit flies will be bred with scarlet fruit flies. The trait to be examined in this lab is the eye color. Wild fruit fly's’ eye color (red) is a dominant trait. The scarlet fruit flies have scarlet eyes, and it is a recessive trait. Fruit flies are very small, but their eyes are complex. They have compound eyes. One eye contains hundreds of light-sensing units called ommatidia. Each ommatidia has a lens and a set of light-receptor...
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...inheritance states: * Mendelian genes have specific loci (positions) on chromosomes * Chromosomes undergo segregation and independent assortment * The behavior of chromosomes during meiosis can account for Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment * Morgan’s Experimental Evidence: Scientific Inquiry * The first solid evidence associating a specific gene with a specific chromosome came from Thomas Hunt Morgan, an embryologist * Morgan’s experiments with fruit flies provided convincing evidence that chromosomes are the location of Mendel’s heritable factors Morgan’s Choice of Experimental Organism * Several characteristics make fruit flies a convenient organism for genetic studies * They produce many offspring * A generation can be bred every two weeks * They have only four pairs of chromosomes * Morgan noted wild type, or normal, phenotypes that were common in the fly populations * Traits alternative to the wild type are called mutant phenotypes Correlating Behavior of a Gene’s Alleles with Behavior of a Chromosome Pair * In one experiment, Morgan mated male flies with white eyes (mutant) with female flies with red eyes (wild type) * The F1 generation all had red eyes * The F2 generation showed the 3:1 red:white eye ratio, but only males had white eyes * Morgan determined that the white-eyed mutant allele must be located on...
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...myself and iBottom of Form The Scientific Method Psychology is, like any science, a branch of knowledge that deals with a body of facts systematically arranged and shows the operation of general laws. In all sciences, including psychology, a special procedure, the scientific method, must be used to collect data to answer a question or to solve a problem. The scientific method not only answers the question at hand but also is used to construct scientific theories. A theory is systematically organized knowledge applicable in a wide variety of circumstances. (The amount of information available in any science is too vast to be useful unless it is organized through the use of theories.) Theories are also used to predict events or to answer questions in a specific scientific discipline. In psychology, theories are used to organize and predict behavior and mental processes. The findings of a particular study may support or lead to the alteration of a theory.While the scientific method doesn't provide a step-by-step recipe for dealing with specific circumstances, it does provide general guidelines for the following procedures in any scientific data collection. Formulation of the problem, design of the study, collection of data, analysis of data, conclusions drawn from data. The description of a study, its procedures, and its conclusions is frequently published as an article in a scientific journal. Careful attention to following the scientific method allows a second investigator to replicate or refute the...
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...Intro to Ethology First Word Stuff… Ethology- the scientific study of animal behavior Entomology- the scientific study of insects etymology- the study of the history of words and how their form and meaning have changed over time. 2, The Legacy of Ethology Konrad Lorenz- He developed the idea of an innate releasing mechanism to explain behaviors that are instinctive. Experimented with supernormal stimuli such as giant eggs or dummy bird beaks that could release the fixed action patterns more powerfully than the natural objects for which the behaviors were adapted. He shared a Nobel Prize in 1973 with Karl von Frisch and Niko Tinbergen in the area of Physiology or Medicine. Most of his work surrounding ethology was done between 1949 and his death in 1989. Niko Tinbergen- He is well known for developing the four questions he believed should be asked about any animal behavior regarding Proximate and Ultimate Mechanisms. A Major portion of his research surrounded supernormal stimuli and he was known for collaborating with Konrad Lorenz based around the fact that one could build an artificial stimulus more effective than the original stimulus. The majority of his work was done in the 1960’s and early 1970’s. Karl Von Frisch- An Australian ethologist whose work centered around the sensory perceptions of European honey bees. He was awarded the Nobel prize in 1973 along with Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen for his work in behavior physiology regarding communication...
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...Benavidez, Daryl Adrienne B. 1. Define Entomology. a. "Entomology is the study of insects." -P.J. Gullan and P.S. Cranston, 2010 b. "Entomology (from Greek ἔντομος, entomos, "that which is cut in pieces or engraved/segmented", hence "insect"; and -λογία, -logia[1]) is the scientific study of insects, a branch of arthropodology." 2. List down five branches of branches of entomology and describe it. a. Ecology and Behaviour - Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment, such as the interactions organisms have with each other and with their abiotic environment while behaviour can be regarded as any action of an organism that changes its relationship to its environment. Behavior provides outputs from the organism to the environment. b. Taxonomy- It is the study of classification. Classification of insects and their relatives is also part in studying entomology. Classifications are tools that gives names for groups of species that serves as an easy way for communicating information about those species. c. Anatomy and Physiology- This is the study of the internal and external body parts of an organism where it is discussed anatomically (where it is found) and physiologically (what is its purpose). This is very important in studying entomology because throughout the class, the parts of insects will be described and pointed out. The anatomical and physiological properties of the insects' body parts will be tackled too. d. Biochemistry-...
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... B. a tentative explanation for a specific phenomenon. 0 C. an explanatory idea that is broad in scope and supported by a large body of evidence. D. a widely accepted idea about a phenomenon. E. A, C, and D 4. In order to be scientifically valid, a hypothesis must be: A. phrased as a question. B. based on faith C. testable D. falsifiable E. both C & D 0 5. Which of the following would best lend itself to scientific testing? A. My mom’s chocolate chip cookies are lower in calories than your mom’s chocolate cookies. 0 B. My grandma’s peach cobbler is better than your aunt’s blueberry muffins. C. God made the rainbow as well as the rain. D. People with kind smiles make better parents. 6. Farmer Fred tries out a new fertilizer on his corn crops. What is the dependent variable? A. Farmer Fred B. no fertilizer C. amount of fertilizer D. no harvest E. amount of harvest 0 7. The role of a control in an experiment is to: A. prove that a hypothesis is correct. B. provide a basis of comparison with the experimental. 0 C. ensure repeatability. D. know what you are looking for...
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...Can Animals be used Animal Testing? Name: Institution: CAN ANIMALS BE USED IN ANIMAL TESTING? Thesis statement: This paper discusses research on how animal testing brings more medical advancement and less human-based experiments and sees if there are any alternatives to the use of animals in research since it is a practice of animal cruelty. Introduction Animal Testing refers to strategies done on living creatures for reasons of exploration into fundamental science and ailments, surveying the adequacy of new drugs, and examining the human health. The processes involved in this testing, even those that are seen to have no significant effect, still cause the animals bodily as well as mental pain and suffering. Often these processes cause a great deal of distress. Some animals are re-used in the succeeding experiments while others are killed at the end of the experiment. Approximately 115 million animals are estimated to be used every year in the world for laboratory experiments (Dawkins, 2012). However, only a few countries assemble and publish the data about the use of animal in testing and research. For instance, about 90 percent of the animals are used in laboratories in the United States. This statistics excludes species, for example, mice and birds, fish, reptiles and invertebrates, thus these figures presented by the U.S, Department of Agriculture is considerably underestimated. Countries in Europe such as France, United Kingdom, and Germany are among those using animals...
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...RESISTANCE IN DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF TOMATO AGAINST INSECT PESTS An internship report submitted for the award of degree of Bachelor of Science (Hons.) Agriculture In Department of PBMG By Babar Usman Roll No. 110 Reg. No. 2009-URTB-1136 Session: 2009-2013 The University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir Faculty of Agriculture Rawalakot CERTIFICATION It is certify that M. Usman Afzal, Reg. No. 2009-URTB-1136, University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Faculty of Agriculture Rawalakot has successfully completed his internship program submitted by his report in this present form by the University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir Rawalakot. Internship Supervisor ……………………….. Department Chairman…………………………. DEDICATION DEDICATED TO HOLY PHROPHET (PBUH) MINER AT OF KNOWLEDGE My beloved Parents (Father) WHO SUPPORTED ME FINANCIALLY AND MORALLY AND GAVE A LOT OF SACRIFICES FOR MY STUDY. (Mother) Who guided me to the right path Who was the inspiring force behind Each and every step I took forward in my life Especially to My sisters, brother and friends who encourage Me & Guide me to right path to future ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to acknowledge the omnipresent kindness and love of the Almighty Allah, The Most Gracious and The Most Merciful, Who made it possible for me to complete the writing of this internship report. I would love to express gratitude and respect to the Holy Prophet Muhammad (SAW) who is forever a torch of guidance...
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...Edexcel GCE Biology Advanced Unit 5: Energy, Exercise and Coordination June 2010 Scientific Article for use with Question 7 Do not return the Insert with the question paper. Paper Reference 6BI05/01 Turn over N37096A ©2010 Edexcel Limited. 1/1/1/1/1/ *N37096A* Scientific Article for use with Question 7 It’s All in the Mind The link between the brain as a physical organ and what we feel in our conscious mind has long been the subject of research, particularly where we appear to be unable to control aspects of mood or behaviour and where normal life is affected. Stress, pain and depression can be explained in terms of nerve impulses and brain chemistry, and the causes of Parkinson’s disease are well understood, but finding reliable ways of correcting problems has proved elusive. Understanding more about how the brain works may well lead to new methods for treating such problems. Dancing Worms and Deep Depression In a laboratory in Germany, a tiny worm dances to flashes of light. A flash of yellow and it darts forward. A flash of blue and it jerks back. Yellow, forward, blue, back – right on cue every time. The worm is not a toy or a robot but a living creature. It has been engineered so that its nerves and muscles can be controlled with light. With each flash of blue its neurons fire electric pulses, causing the muscles they control to clench. A flash of yellow stops the nerves firing, relaxing the worm’s muscles and lengthening its body once again. The worm is in the vanguard...
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...Edexcel GCE Biology Advanced Unit 5: Energy, Exercise and Coordination June 2010 Scientific Article for use with Question 7 Do not return the Insert with the question paper. Paper Reference 6BI05/01 Turn over N37096A ©2010 Edexcel Limited. 1/1/1/1/1/ *N37096A* Scientific Article for use with Question 7 It’s All in the Mind The link between the brain as a physical organ and what we feel in our conscious mind has long been the subject of research, particularly where we appear to be unable to control aspects of mood or behaviour and where normal life is affected. Stress, pain and depression can be explained in terms of nerve impulses and brain chemistry, and the causes of Parkinson’s disease are well understood, but finding reliable ways of correcting problems has proved elusive. Understanding more about how the brain works may well lead to new methods for treating such problems. Dancing Worms and Deep Depression In a laboratory in Germany, a tiny worm dances to flashes of light. A flash of yellow and it darts forward. A flash of blue and it jerks back. Yellow, forward, blue, back – right on cue every time. The worm is not a toy or a robot but a living creature. It has been engineered so that its nerves and muscles can be controlled with light. With each flash of blue its neurons fire electric pulses, causing the muscles they control to clench. A flash of yellow stops the nerves firing, relaxing the worm’s muscles and lengthening its body once again. The worm is...
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...Eyeless mutation gene located within the second intron of Drosophila melanogaster Justin Lazarus Genetic 300 Abstract The following experiment was conduct over a several week time span to determine and identify the mutation that is causing the eyeless mutation within the Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies. The experiment included genome sequencing and comparison between the Drosophila melanogaster wild type and the Drosophila melanogaster eyeless type. After combining the two different phenotypes. We determined that we were unable to visualize the mutation at a chromosomal level, as both wild-type and eyeless flies looked similar. The experiment involved electrophoresis and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) through which we were able to isolate and amplify the needed DNA eyeless DNA. The difference between the wild-type Drosophila melanogaster and the eyeless Drosophila melanogaster is approximately only 500-nucleotide base pairs. As we see the eyeless phenotype is approximately 3000 base pairs in length while the wild-type phenotype is approximately 2500 nucleotides base pairs in length, a difference of about 500 base pairs. After completing nucleotide sequencing and comparing our data on the blast website, we determined that the eyeless mutation has being interest exons two and three, but more specifically the mutation itself was located within the second intron at base pairs 8264 to 9212. Introduction In the early 20th century scientists had already been acquainted with...
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