...Very dangerous tumor cells (what’s detected in screenings) Causes of cancer: 1. If there’s mutation in the Proto-oncogenes (tumor suppressor genes), which code for proteins and regulates mitosis… then there will definitely be problem with normal cell division. 2. Carcinogens are substances or physical agents that lead to development of cancer when body is exposed to them. 3. General mutations due to internal/external factors can cause cancer. a. Internal factors- errors in DNA replication; Free radicals; errors in protein synthesis b. External factors- Infectious agents (bacteria/viruses); pollution and chemicals in environment; Radiation (sun); medical treatment (chemo); Lifestyle factors (diet, tobacco) Benign vs. Malignant * Benign * Tumors that stay in one place (Don’t spread to other parts of body) * Can be removed usually, with surgery * Usually encapsulated * Maintains normal cell structure/function (size and shape) * Don’t come back in most cases * Cells don’t invade other tissue * Malignant * Tumors that DON’T stay in one place * More aggressive...
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...Midterm 1 Notes * Anthropological Approaches to Understanding Evolution * What is Anthropology? * the study of culture * the study of humans * the study of humans and human behavior * the study of culture among different people and places * the study of global cultures and the comparisons between the various differences * It incorporate culture, including language, social practice, religion, etc. * the study of culture…it can be scientific, humanistic and based on observation * the study of humans in all parts of the world…it combines several fields into a holistic view * the study of humankind in all time and places * Anthropology is: 1. A Social Science * Academic discipline concerned with society and the relationships among individuals within a society, which often reply primarily on empirical approaches 2. Studies Culture * Culture is composed of ideas, values and perceptions * Culture is not instinctual, it must be learned and shared * Culture only exists within a society or group of people * Culture is a human adaptation to their environment 3. Holistic * The various parts of human culture and biology must be viewed in the broadest possible context in order to understand their interconnections and interdependence * Cultural Anthropology * The study of patterns of human behavior, thought and emotions, focusing on humans as culture-producing and culture-reproducing creatures ...
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...Mendel’s principle of inheritance Principle of segregation Two alleles per offspring, one from each parent Independent assortment Distribution of one pair of alleles does not influence another pair Genes don’t blend Eukaryotic and prokaryotic Prokaryotic – are one celled organisms. Two kinds- bacteria and archaea Cells structure is simple Eukaryotes- every organism that has more than one cell. Cell structure is more complex than prokaryotes Prokaryotes Prokaryotic cells are one celled organisms they were the first organisms on the planet First appeared around 3.7 bya Have a free flowing nucleoid with no nuclear envelope Cytoplasm- gel like, holds all of the cells internal structures (organellas) Ribosomes- you should know. Flagella- used for locomotion as well as a sensory tool (also present in eukaryotes) Pili- help with attaching to surfaces and the transfer of dna Eukaryotic First appeared 1.5 bya Has a nucleus contained in a nuclear membrane Many more organelles Mitochondria Mitochondria Responsible for producing energy Separate dna called, mitochondria dna, which is only passed down through the mother Eukaryotes Two types of cells in complex organisms Somatic cell (body cell) Diploid-has full set of paired chromosomes (46) Gamete cell (sex cell) Haploid-only has half of the chromosomes (23) Cell division Required for an organism to, Grow, Mature, Maintain tissues, reproduce Mitosis and meiosis Mitosis Prophase Metaphase ...
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...theory of biological evolution: an expanded synthesis Published online: 17 March 2004 Springer-Verlag 2004 Abstract In 1858, two naturalists, Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, independently proposed natural selection as the basic mechanism responsible for the origin of new phenotypic variants and, ultimately, new species. A large body of evidence for this hypothesis was published in Darwin’s Origin of Species one year later, the appearance of which provoked other leading scientists like August Weismann to adopt and amplify Darwin’s perspective. Weismann’s neo-Darwinian theory of evolution was further elaborated, most notably in a series of books by Theodosius Dobzhansky, Ernst Mayr, Julian Huxley and others. In this article we first summarize the history of life on Earth and provide recent evidence demonstrating that Darwin’s dilemma (the apparent missing Precambrian record of life) has been resolved. Next, the historical development and structure of the “modern synthesis” is described within the context of the following topics: paleobiology and rates of evolution, mass extinctions and species selection, macroevolution and punctuated equilibrium, sexual reproduction and recombination, sexual selection and altruism, endosymbiosis and eukaryotic cell evolution, evolutionary developmental biology, phenotypic plasticity, epigenetic inheritance and molecular evolution, experimental bacterial evolution, and computer simulations (in silico evolution of digital organisms)...
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...Biology: Midterm 1 (Friday, October 2, 2015) Outcomes for Exam In multiple choice format questions, identify the following: 1. Characteristics of viruses and why they are not generally considered to be “alive”. * virus= infectious biological particles; 1+ nucleic acid molecules surrounded by protein capsid or envelope * nucleic acid: DNA or RNA, composed of single/double strand (genes encode coat proteins, proteins of regulation of transcription) * capsid: protein coat of virus, viral genome packaging * envelope: lipid bilayer that contains proteins * enveloped viruses: genomes contain genes for synthesis of envelope proteins * viral genomes= virus-specific enzymes (nucleic acid replication) * non-living organism/not “alive” - lack that properties of life (no independent reproduction, no metabolic system= no energy, dependent on host cells 2. Why viral infections are usually difficult to treat with drugs, and exceptions to this general principle. * viruses= hidden in host cells, use host cell machinery to replicate (no obvious viral product to be targeted by drugs/antibiotics - not like bacteria) * symptoms can only be relieved not treated - natural immune function treats — some viruses deadly symptoms= prevention w/ vaccinations (e.g. measles, polio) * Viruses using own polymerases (e.g. RNA viruses - influenza)= more obvious targets - antiviral drugs to treat 3. Whether viruses...
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...Snapdragons red dominant to white heteroz pink. Green leaves dom to purple. Pink purple x pink heteroz what would be pink purple? ¼ Tomatoes red dom to white dark green incompletely dom to light green fruit and leaf color loci not linked. Red tomato medium green leaves x white tomato and out of progeny 100 plants two white. Plant then crossed to dithered. What fraction of progeny have white fruit and leaves not dark green? 3/16 Ferrets sing. Rec allele g sing G snort. Incompletely dominant alleles for dark rown and blond are also found in the species. Two loci segregate independently of each other. Singing light brown ferrets mate with snorting dark brown with singing mothers (gg Brbr x Gg BrBr. Expected phenotypic ratio? 9/16 sidabr:3/16silibr:3/16sndabr:1/16 snlibr Lucy int in butterflies X vulgaris. Rip rec lethal to relative to the wild type allele. Esp phen ratio of cross btw X vulgaris gen +rip X +rip if the alleles segregate independently? 3:1 Spotted rabbit x with a solid colored rabbit produced all spotted offspring. F1 generation rabbits x among themselves, they produced 32 spotted and 10 solid. What were the gen of F1? SS x ss Horses black dependant upon dom gene B chesnut upon rec b. trotting gait due to dom gene T pacing gait to rec allele t. Homozygous black pacer x chesnut trotter what is appearance of F1? Black trotters Located on X chrom of a cat is a gene that codes for deafness. This gene rec. Fem cat heteroz for deafness x male not deaf....
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...“The longer you live the longer you should live” –Wiley “Evolution’s a bitch” –Wiley “Suckers are good to eat” –Wiley WHAT HAS EVOLUTION DONE FOR ME What has evolution done for me • Agricultural crops and animal breeding for the past 8,000 years • With the discovery of methods to reconstruct evolutionary relationships there is been a vast increase in the relevance of evolutionary biology to human society. Reconstructing Phylogenies • 1859-1950- No coherent empirical methods • 1950-1966- Emergence of Phylogenetic Systematics • Phylogeny by discovery of the order of evolutionary innovation Ribotyping • Fingerprinting or sequencing RNA • Many diseases have unknown causes • However, diseased tissues can be ribotyped. (Wiley Death Fish) • This process involves extracting DNA from diseased tissues and then sequencing the DNA that codes for rRNA. • If a disease agent such as a bacteria is present, then we will get ribosomal DNA sequences from the host (you) and the bacteria (the infection agent). Ribotyping: Phylogeny matching • Once we have the rDNA sequences, we can plug them into a sequence matrix of all life and see where our unknowns appear on the tree of life. Our Food Chain • Some products are easy to identify, but others are not. • A slab of fish fillet from a sea bass looks like a slab of sih fillet from a farmed Asian catfish. • But the sea bass costs $10/pound while the Asian catfish...
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...1 cyclopentane Proteins Primary structure AA sequence Secondary 3D shape resulting from hydrogen bonding btwn amino and carboxyl group. Alpha helix and beta pleated sheets Tertiary Hydrogen bonding btwn R groups Ionic bonding btwn R groups Hydrophobic and hydrophilic effects Disulfide bonds btwn Cysteine Quaternary Multiple tertiary structures come together. H-bond, disulfide bond, hydrophilic/phobic interactions Nucleic acids Polymer of what? nucleotides Parts of DNA Nitrogen base, 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group Structure 1' attached to base, 5' attached to phosphate group, 3' attached to another nucleotide, antiparallel Base types & number of H-bonds A-G: Purine - two rings C-T: Pyrimidine - one ring C-G: 3 h-bonds A-T: 2 h-bonds RNA vs DNA 2' extra OH in RNA; Single stranded; U instead of T Chemical reactions in metabolic processes Breakdown/synthesis of products is called Catabolism/anabolism(synthesis) ************************************* CELLS ************************************* Structure and functions of cell Basic...
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...Chaotic Growth with the Logistic Model of P.-F. Verhulst Hugo Pastijn Department of Mathematics, Royal Military Academy B-1000 Brussels, Belgium Hugo.Pastijn@rma.ac.be Summary. Pierre-Fran¸ois Verhulst was born 200 years ago. After a short biograc phy of P.-F. Verhulst in which the link with the Royal Military Academy in Brussels is emphasized, the early history of the so-called “Logistic Model” is described. The relationship with older growth models is discussed, and the motivation of Verhulst to introduce different kinds of limited growth models is presented. The (re-)discovery of the chaotic behaviour of the discrete version of this logistic model in the late previous century is reminded. We conclude by referring to some generalizations of the logistic model, which were used to describe growth and diffusion processes in the context of technological innovation, and for which the author studied the chaotic behaviour by means of a series of computer experiments, performed in the eighties of last century by means of the then emerging “micro-computer” technology. 1 P.-F. Verhulst and the Royal Military Academy in Brussels In the year 1844, at the age of 40, when Pierre-Fran¸ois Verhulst on November c 30 presented his contribution to the “M´moires de l’Acad´mie” of the young e e Belgian nation, a paper which was published the next year in “tome XVIII” with the title: “Recherches math´matiques sur la loi d’accroissement de la e population” (mathematical investigations of the law of...
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