...number and title | |Edexcel BTEC Level 3 Diploma in Health and Social Care (QCF) |Unit 4: Development Through the Life Stages | |Learner name | Assessor name | | |Hayley Vincent | |Date issued | Hand in deadline |Submitted on | |9.11.15 |23.11.15 | | | | | |Assignment title |Ageing | |Criteria |To achieve the criteria the evidence must show that the learner is able to: | |reference | | |P4 |Explain two theories of ageing | |P5...
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...linked to social learning or social strain theory. Instead, gang disengagement is rooted within the context of social bond theory. Many former gang members that were studied and referenced throughout this paper identified a common theme of the importance of the roles of attachment to others, involvement and commitment to conventional and appropriate activities, as well as the belief of the law, regardless of the gender of the offender. Many of the ex-gang members and offenders studied discussed the concept of fear that often tagged along with these social ties, and how, in more cases than not, these social ties kept them within the gang. Gang disengagement is a fairly under researched topic, especially gang disengagement and the role...
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...Unit 4: development through life stages Task 1 P4: Explain two theories of ageing Social Disengagement Theory The social disengagement theory is a theory that was discovered in 1961 by William Henry and Elaine Cumming and it claims the beliefs that as people get older and become more fragile (elderly), they would naturally tend to withdraw themselves from social involvement, being less active and restricting themselves from interacting with others. http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-the-disengagement-theory.htm (Pearson education limited, 2010, pg170). However this is not the case for all ageing individuals as reasons for their disengagement may not be the result of the theory. For example, ill health of an individual may be the reason they become less sociable as it may prevent/restrict them from doing things and interacting with people how they would’ve before. In the case study we learn of Martha and Catherine, two elderly individuals of 80 who out of choice live in sheltered housing due to physical disabilities and as looking after their own home is too stressful, who have taken to the theory in different ways. The social disengagement theory hasn’t yet affected Martha fully or her look on life as she enjoys interacting with others in the home she lives – ‘there are always people to talk to and sometimes we get together to play cards’. Martha says ‘I like to get out and walk in the park as much as possible in order to stay fit’, while however she said she ‘couldn’t cope...
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...Unit 4 : P4 Over the Christmas holidays, which was a good opportunity for me to see whether the disengagement theory or whether the activity theory has a bigger affect on Elaine and her Husband. They say that as individuals get older, they are expected to physically decline , which increases the likelihood of them excluding themselves from society, however this wasn’t the case for Elaine and her husband. Throughout their life, they have experienced factors from both the social disengagement theory and the activity theory, which I will be explaining . I also asked a few questions to Elaine and her husband Jim regarding their daily life: 1. How much physical activity do you take part in daily? They both answered by saying they start their day with a morning jog to the gym which lasts a duration of 20 minutes to the gym and then they have an hour workout session and a jog back home. Personally this shows that both individuals are very active as they take part in physical actives to ensure that they are fit and maintaining a healthy diet, and this shows that the activity theory is proven to make sure individuals are happy when taking part in physical activity and they both said that they feel fresh and relaxed when exercising , and it’s must do everyday. 2. How do you feel about getting old and have you experienced any change physically? Jim said he hasn’t thought of getting old as he physically feels the same however he has experienced a problem with his skin as it has became...
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...Major theories of ageing in relation to the development of an individual As an individual grows older they get more withdrawn from the rest of society. The society actually rejects older people from a lot of activities. It is part of growing older and it is a way of distancing yourself from people before you die. Therefore the two major theories examine what causes an individual to distance themselves from this the rest of the people. The social disengagement theory basically examines the development of an individual and how it influences their development as they grow older. The activity theory of ageing examines how an individual continues to be attached to their normal routine of life. The two theories suggest two different things which two different individuals might have an impact on. The social disengagement theory would affect the personality of an individual because they are disengaging from the rest of the society and they become lonelier. Loneliness would impact in their lives because they have no one that pays interest to what they want and what makes them happy. Once the individual isolates themselves from the rest of the society, everybody who was close distances themselves. The social disengagement theory suggests that it is normal for older people to withdraw from the society and it becomes part of their life. This would not be very accurate because it causes the individual to be more stressed. They would be more stressed because they are disengaging from...
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...4: Development through the life stages P4: Explain two theories of ageing In this assignment I am going to explain the two theories of ageing I will be talking about the activity theory and the disengagement theory, saying the main points and then comparing them. People age throughout their life; it’s not only adults who age ,teenagers age from when they were a baby to becoming a teenager ,also babies age from being a baby to becoming a child. Age does not begin at any particular age. For example when people say we age or your ageing, they don’t man it literally, they may mean that you are developing, or growing up. Every life stage of an individual involves ageing. One of the theories that I am going to be talking about is the activity theory, which was created by Bromley in 1966; this theory is the opposite of the disengagement theory. Bromley believed that older adults would have to disengage but for them to also remain active to prevent disengagement from occurring he believed that older adults will age suitably if they take part in activities and live a more animated and lively lifestyle, which would prevent themselves from experiencing disengagement. According to Bromley he says that older adult’s excellence of life would get better however it depends on the older adult’s attitude, the activities that was carried out by the older adult and their interaction made with others. Bromley also added on to his theory that as long as older adults remain to be active they will...
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...Social Development Research Social Development Research I chose to read and summarize an article found in the UOP library from the source Psychology and Aging September 1, 1992, written by Laura L. Carstensen titled “Social and Emotional Patterns in Adulthood: Support for Socieomotional Selectivity Theory”. I chose this article because I have wondered before why people choose who they do for social companions and what happens to those relationships as people mature. What really sparked this question in me was I often wondered what my Grandfather was like when he was younger and what kind of people he hanged out with. He was a very friendly person with a great personality I never seen him really socialize with any friends, he just took care of my Grandmother as she was dying. Now that she is gone he does not too much in the way of getting out and socializing. I have often asked myself, as likable as he is why does he just sit at home and not go out with some his old friends or go make new ones. So this article touched on something that I had already been in search for an answer on. This article pointed out different theories like the “disengagement theory and activity theory” (Carstensen, pg 331 paragraph 1) and brought out how it compared with the selectivity theory. Laura Carstensen constructed this article with two theories in mind, “(a) Selective reductions in social interaction begin in early adulthood and (b) emotional closeness to significant others increases rather...
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...Two Theories Of Ageing Activity Theory: “The activity theory of aging proposes that older adults are happiest when they stay active and maintain social interactions. The theory was developed by Robert J. Havighurst as a response to the disengagement theory of aging” (www.boundless.com/) This theory indicates that regular exercise be it of the mind or physical exercise, keeps the older adult healthy and stimulated. Therefore it could potentially ward off diseases, viruses and infections whilst allowing the older adult to preserve relationships. Continuity Theory: “The continuity theory is one of three major psychosocial theories which describe how people develop in old age. The other two psychosocial theories are the disengagement theory, with which the continuity theory comes to odds, and the activity theory upon which the continuity theory modifies and elaborates.” (www.boundless.com/) The continuity theory is exactly how it sounds, studies have shown that as adults mature they try and hang on to things that they find familiar. Things from the past can be very helpful in comforting and elderly adult such as a familiar face, or a familiar song. They can ease people and reassure them that everything is going to be okay. Whilst some things can hazardous such as a lady could be used to going dancing every Saturday night but as she grows older her bones become brittle therefore endangering her. The physical and Psychological changes with ageing As we become...
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...inequality that currently exist in education. A common pattern still today is to take on the old fashioned role of a housewife. This does not require secondary education, and generally the man takes on the work/education role in this particular instance. The patterns seem to be going more towards equality these days. There are organizations that have implemented policies to ensure to the most fair practices between equalism of genders in education. Chapter 10: Describe the three functionalist theories of disengagement, activity, and continuity. Note how each focuses on the adjustments that occur between elderly people and others in society. There is the disengagement theory which primarily describes passing the roles smoothly from generation to generation, ensuring a continuous process. The activity theory describes elderly keeping busy when they are retired. This could be anything from picking up a new hobby like golf, to volunteering at a place they love to be. Continuity theory discusses how some retirees will tie strings to their past to assist in the adaption to older age. Chapter 11: Using the conflict perspective, explain how the ruling class controls the United States. The conflict perspective describes the "ruling class" as a group that have common interests and are generally wealthy. They have similarites such as attending high end institutions, supporting same political parties, ect. They can utelize their combined knowledge, money, and power to control the...
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...argues that social learning does not require only direct experiences as radical behaviourists of operant and classical conditioning suggest (Wortley, 2011). Bandura (1977) supports his argument with three reasons. The first is that behaviour is learned through observation (Cherry, 2013). The second is that cognitive mediation is an essential part of the learning process (Cherry, 2013). The third is that not all learned behaviour is repeated (Cherry, 2013). This is because unlike traditional behavioralists, Bandura (1977) views the internal mental processes as important as the external processes in learning (Moore, 2011). His reasoning for this is that the modelling process requires attention, retention, reproduction and motivation in order to acquire the behaviour and determines whether they instigate it and maintain it (Bahn, 2001). As such, Bandura’s (1977) social learning theory, later called social cognitive theory is built upon reciprocal determinism (Moore, 2011). He proposed the triadic SOR model, which shows how interpersonal factors; locus of control, self-efficacy and moral disengagement (organism), interact interchangeably with behaviour (response) and the environment (stimulus) (Simon, 1999/2001). This is an expansion upon the pre-existing behavioralist S-R model, which argues that behaviour is purely the mindless response of the conditioned or unconditioned stimulus acting upon the environment (Parish, 2010). Thus it is clear that Bandura’s social learning theory is built...
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...Fifty To have morals generally means as having a set of values or principles. These values, good or bad are most commonly instilled in us from infancy and usually evolve as we become older and make life choices. Perhaps we can say it’s the foundation of good values in people that bring out their decent and moral conduct. At least that’s what I believe. I would have never imagined that during my vacation, I’d end up shipwrecked out in the middle of the Caribbean Ocean and my sole existence would depend on three individuals aboard that cruise ship that were so different. I say this because prior to the shipwreck I got to socially interact with the other passengers who were on the cruise with me. It’s those three men that are now making all the decisions for one hundred and seventy four other passengers, crewmembers and myself, although very intelligent and equally portray a common sense type of character, have a set of totally different ethical beliefs. The theorist with the divine command type of personality preached daily about “doing what God wants us to do” and how it’s important for parents to raise their children with a strong religious background if we want them to find eternal life with God. Don’t get me wrong, its not that I think he’s wrong or disagree, I just believe that my vacation time involves a lot of RR and I certainly don’t want to be discussing such personal matters with complete strangers. Now, the second gentleman whom I call the “relativist” seems...
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...established solid relationships with their customers earn significantly more money than those who have not been able to foster good relationships with customers (Hellriegel & Slocum Jr., 2011). Employee rewards, bonuses, commissions or any incentive pay are powerful employee motivators to improve productivity and to build a strong customer relationship. Leaders must constantly review and evaluate both the sales people and the company’s selling strategy to see if there is a need for improvement. The most common improvement needy areas would be employee morale, encouragement, training programs, and the learning theories. The objective of this paper is to discuss the importance of how Mr. Salatino’s employees form perceptions and make attributions, and the learning theory that is most appropriate for his employees. It will also suggest how Mr. Salatino could apply the learning theory to improve employee performance and leverage an understanding of the value of self-efficacy to ensure he hires the most successful salespeople. Mr. Salatino stated that his employees are expected to take personal credit for the positive results as well as blame when things go bad (Hellriegel & Slocum Jr., 2011). Thus, it may be easy to determine the positive results because it is evidenced with the revenue growth. However, how would the employees determine...
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...Crisp (2010) defines prosocial behaviour as ay voluntary act which benefits another, although such acts can also benefit the helper. Prosocial behaviour (PB) is, like most human behaviour, influenced by a set of two factors that are, dispositional and situational. Dispositional factors are unique and internal, whereas situational factors are external to people. This essay will consider the interaction between these forces in explaining PB. Evolutionary theorists presume PB to be egotistically or selfishly motivated. They focus on principles of kin selectivity, sfafdf and reciprocal altruism in explaining such behaviour. Characteristics such as empathy have been observed in a varity of animals such as primates (De Waal, 2009). Social learning theorists argue that prosocial behaviour too is endorsed through observational learning and reinforcement. Wuzas (2011) for example has shown that the prosocial disposition of children is influenced by their parents. In contrast, cognitive theorists, such as Latane and Darly (1970) have proposed a situational model of behaviour in emergencies. According to these theorists, a person must make a series of correct decisions in order to intervene in emergencies. If any decision is not made correctly, intervention does not occur. So, in order for PB to occur, people must notice the happening, decide that it is an emergency and that help is required, decide that they are responsible, decide that they can help appropriately, and lastly, decide...
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...Social Learning Theory and Perception NAME Strayer University Online Business 520 Dr. Irene Zoppi 4 November 2012 Social Learning Theory and Perception Case Study Discuss how Joe could address the importance of understanding how people form perceptions and make attributions about others with his employees. Joe Salantino, as the President of the Great Northern American, has the charge of creating a successful sales force. A successful element in creating this successful sales force is the understanding of the perception of the sales team. According to Hellriegel & Slocum, perception “is the declaration of the way individuals sift, arrange, and interpret sensory information”. (Hellriegel & Slocum, 2011). It is Joe’s responsibility constantly assess the team develop a model and atmosphere that reflects his idea of type of people he envisions for his sales team. Also, this would include the development of a model for his sales team to use to screen customers and create a repeat customer base, which according to the case study, he believes is critical to become a top performer. Joe’s model should consider various internal and external factors that coincide with the vision that he believes makes up a successful sales force. The internal factors include learning, personality and motivation while the external ones consist of size, contrast, repetition, and intensity. These factors must be conveyed to the sales...
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...| Week 4/Assignment 2 | [Type the document subtitle] | | Shaneil white | | Bess | 1/30/2013 | | Great Western Supply, a division of Great North American Companies, offers a wide variety of promotional and marketing equipment. Operational for more than 35 years, GNAC serves numerous industries, including automotive facilities, bank and credit unions, day care, fire departments, funeral homes, hospitals, insurance and law firms, nonprofit agencies, post offices, and schools (NGA). The companys products include adhesive cubes and notes, apparels, auto accessories, plastic and paper bags, backpacks and totes, calendars, candy and food items, clocks, watches, coloring books, desk items, drink ware, flashlights and novelties, and sports items (NGA). It also offers household items, key tags, magnets, pencils and pens, stickers, static clings, decals, pins, stress relievers, and tools and measuring equipment. Additionally, Great Western provides arts and crafts and office supplies and computer-related products. The company is located in Farmers Ranch, Texas. One of the popular incentives that the company offers the employees is the blue light signal (NGA) . This is when the rotating blue light signals that a sale is on, and for the next hour the employees are able to take advantage of the great deals. Many of the employees of the company earn anywhere from 60,000 to 100,000 a year (NGA). This is remarkable. The employees earn commission from the sale calls...
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