...Anyone can speak English. Now it is your turn! To begin with, language is a tool of communication to transfer information. It has obviously distinguished mankind from the rest of the animal world (Barber, Beal, and Shaw: 2012). Learning a language is a matter of language acquisition. When we learn a language, it means we make an attempt to acquire a language. That is why you need to know how humans acquire languages. Language can be acquired by two ways, viz. spontaneous learning and guided learning (Kleine:1986). Since English is not our mother tongue, we need to take a great deal of effort to master it. Therefore English is acquired by guided learning for native Indonesians. English is a lingua franca in a lot of countries which means English has become a global language nowadays. What is a global language? Crystal (2012:3) describes, that a language achieves a genuinely global status when it develops a special role that is recognized in every country. Lingua franca can be described as a language for day-to-day public communication in a country whose official language is not English. ‘Sorry’, ‘thank you’, ‘bye’, etc. are commonly used everyday almost all over the world. It is an evident reality that through entertainment a language can influence local culture. Therefore you can also easily find quite a few English loanwords in our official language. Wherever you go, even in the countryside, you can easily find English signs and advertisements. Whenever you enter a restaurant...
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...NEGATIVE LANGUAGE TRANSFER W H E N L E A R N I N G SPANISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE NURIA CALVO CORTÉS Universidad Complutense de Madrid RESUMEN. Este trabajo se centra en la influencia negativa de la transferencia lingüística en el aprendizaje del español como segunda lengua. Está dividido en dos partes: una teórica y un análisis práctico. La primera incluye los distintos aspectos que se tienen que tener en cuanta a la hora de considerar la transferencia lingüística. La segunda analiza distintos ejemplos de transferencia negativa que se han extraído de textos escritos por varios estudiantes británicos que están aprendiendo español. La conclusión mostrará que el análisis de estos errores puede ayudar a predecir algunos de estos errores. PALABRAS CLAVE. Influencia negativa, transferencia lingüística, español como segunda lengua, dos partes: una teórica y un análisis práctico, transferencia negativa, predecir errores. ABSTRACT. This paper focuses on the negative influence of Language Transfer on the learning process Spanish as an L2. It is divided into two main parts; a theoretical one and a practical analysis. The former includes the different aspects considering language transfer, whereas the latter analyses different mistakes due to negative transfer, which have been taken form texts written by several British students when learning Spanish. The conclusion will show that the analysis of these mistakes may help predict some of these mistakes. KEY WORDS. negative influence,...
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...position of linguist last Tuesday. In High School I was particularly strong in languages, participating in different competitions, aimed at checking English-language knowledge. At such contests, I was one of the top three students in my native city –Abovyan. During my school years I was appointed to be the monitor of the class due to my responsibility, leader qualities, good organizational skills, ability to work in team, and good relations with teachers, classmates. Now I am a student in the university after V. Brusov. The main subject of my studies was linguistics. I also study foreign languages. My first language is English. I study also Hindi and German. I have taken part many programs and competitions. Studying four years I have discovered a passion for languages, I enjoyed my English classes, in particular my Linguistics classes, and even though they were very general I found those topics relating to human languages extremely exciting. For instance, I realized that the study of Linguistics goes beyond understanding the structure of language, I came to realize that this would help to understand how the unconscious knowledge that humans have about languages works, and how languages differ from each other. I was particularly attracted to your Linguist position because of the job description of the languages used in your company. I am fluent and have excellent command of the following languages-which matches your job requirements perfectly: English and German. I believe I...
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...College In Oxford, want to express how incredibly miserable the English people is when it comes to learn foreign languages. As described in the introducing part of the article it’s decisive for Britain’s future economy. Will thinks that the politic situation between Newt Gingrich’s and Mitt Romney has a lot to do with the prejudices that seems to be in the contemporary Britain. The Americans actually mean that it’s not possible to be an American if you’re not able to speak English, because they don’t want to be compared to Europeans, because they seems to have “lack of martial spirit and solidarity with US”. If a population in a country isn’t able to speak foreign languages then they’re forced to stay in the same culture and therefore are their employability chiefly limited. Will Hutton really want to tell the British inhabitants that it’s not just important to be able to handle another language, it’s also really nice to know it because there’s a lot of advantages an example is in text two, where pupils are on an excursion to try out their English on tourists, which makes them able to communicate with other cultures. Gradually has other countries begun to learn English, so whether if the English people needs foreign languages is a debate itself. Not only Europe sees English as a global language, now the Orient sees it as well and because of this view on the English language does the writer David Hughes sense “the rest of the world is coming to our rescue by learning ours”. Susan...
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...RUNNING HEAD: Language-Acquisition Theories Language-Acquisition Theories Kayla Whitacre ESL 433N 10/10/2013 Language-Acquisition Theories Language acquisition is crucial for all students- especially for students whose native language is not English. The English language contains words that have many different and unrelated definitions, and many phrases that, when taken literally, are confusing and frustrating. In order for those students to be able to flourish in their academic careers, they must be able to collectively achieve reading comprehension as well as an understanding of figurative language. "Bridging Two Worlds: Reading Comprehension, Figurative Language Instruction, and the English-Language Learner" is an article about bringing reading comprehension and figurative language instruction together in the minds of English Language Learners (ELLs). However, that is not all that this article is about. It is also about bridging the ELL’s understanding of their native language with the English language in order for the ELL student to succeed in their language acquisition both socially and academically. The best way for this to happen is for the teacher to teach explicit instruction to the ELL student. In explicit or direct instruction, the instruction is teacher centered and highly structured (Palmer & Brooks, 2004). The teacher must first model the thinking process that is required in order to comprehend the words and phrases and also the procedures involved...
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...Long Jin Dr. Peters Tutorial November 29, 2012 How to learn a language well People notice that language is helpful and useful for them, so many young people begin to learn another language, even two or three languages. How does someone learn a foreign language well? Why is it important to learn a language? Now, as everyone knows, English is the most widely spoken language, so almost all of the people in the world want and intend to learn it, but just mastering a language is not enough to live in modern society. So many people also learn other rare foreign languages, such as Japanese. If people want to master the language of Japanese, they should know the characteristics of the Japanese language, the relation between language and culture, and learn some methods to learn Japanese well. Frist of all, we have to know the function of the language. There are five main characteristics about Japanese. First of all, Japanese is an SOV language subject, object and verb. The second one is ellipsis. It is possible that sentences can omit its subjects, transitive verbs, and third person pronouns in Japanese. Polite and honorific expressions are the third one. Its abundance in grammar’s and vocabulary’s means for make a distinction between diffident levels of politeness and civil in Japanese and are well known in the world. Forth is passiveness. Intransitive verbs can be used in passive sentences in Japanese. Verbs are just charged their forms of verbs and put in the end of sentences...
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...1 The Official Language Movement Your Name ETH/125 Date Instructor 2 The Official Language Movement When it comes to the constant debate over bilingual education there are many sources that can be reflected on . Part of all this is society personal attitudes when it comes to immigrants. (Rolf Kjolseth 2000). Many American, although not always conscious of their actions, often show a hypocritical double standard when it comes to bilingualism. On one side, they show pride and encourage a natural born American citizen that studies abroad learning a foreign language and becoming bilingual, at the same time they expect that all immigrants stop using their native languages and use only the English language to communicate. (Porter 1998) Much of the debate over bilingual education stems from an unrealistic expectation of immediate results. (Jim Cummins 2002). The public automatically believe that students should immerse themselves into the American culture and learn English and forget about their previous cultural background. Although many studies have shown that bilingual education provides a positive environment during the learning and social growth of many language-minority students, the opposition while mostly politically motivated has shown to have the upper hand when it come to most states debates. Many believe that being able to speak multiple languages in politics produces confusion among the citizens of a country. Any individual living in the United...
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...several approaches that we had to consider before doing the learning experience. As our topic was about language, we had to carefully consider the different types of languages spoken in the classroom. For example, in our power point when we were talking about how different languages are written – the Chinese and Vietnamese language, we had to do extra research on it in order to explain to the audience the reasons why some languages differ from the English alphabet and why some are so similar. The Chinese and Arabic language is combined with different symbols and is completely different to the English alphabet. In contrast, the Vietnamese language is similar to the English alphabet but some of the letters are repeated with different symbols on top of the letters which suggests the different sounds being made when pronounced. For example, the ‘o’ with the hat at the top is in a lower toned compared to the one with a hook on the side. Though the language has different characteristics, we can relate to it in some way, making it easier for us to learn languages that are similar to our English alphabet. When we got the class into groups to discuss the different languages that they can say ‘hello’ in, we considered whether or not there are people from different ethnic backgrounds who speak different languages. We ensured this worked by asking people in the class ‘who speaks a language other than English at home?’ the majority of the people in the class put up their hands therefore, we...
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... The Consequences of Adopting a New Language The text Hunger of Memory by Richard Rodriguez is an autobiography about his path to education in the United States. He uses educational challenges facing immigrants and the consequences these may bring to explain the difficulty of his transition from speaking Spanish to learning and speaking English. His parents teach him Spanish which is his first language, although he lives and attends school in America. However, he has to learn English. His parents are Mexican emigrants who are fluent in Spanish and rarely speak English, so they have difficulties communicating with their neighbors. Rodriguez realizes that living in America means that he will have to become fluent in English despite the culture of his family because it is the only way he can become a member of American society. He explains what learning a public language has changed in his life. Richard Rodriguez immediately recognizes the separation of his private and public world in his early life. He considers the inside of his house to be private and the out side of the house to be public. His family and Spanish belong to his private society, and it contains a feeling of intimacy and a sense of belonging. He sees Spanish as a home language that makes him feels special and differentiates him from other people around him. The Los Gringos, school, and the English language are associated with the public society. English is something that...
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...society. In order to interact and integrate, then people need to communicate, one of the most significant tools to communicate is called language. “Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols which permits all people in a given culture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate or to interact” (Finocchiaro, 1974:3). By means of languages, people are able to convey the feelings, the thoughts in mind, and the messages, so that the people can interact with each other. Language constitutes paramount medium for communication in people’s life. “Language plays a great part in human life. (Bloomfield, 1995:3). So, through language, people can interact with each other. One purposes of language is to communicate. “One form of communication is the interaction between speakers” (Lubis, 1988:10).The interaction includes the way speaker to convey meaning and express feeling, also how people do with words and utterances and then form good sentences to be sent to other speakers. To avoid misunderstanding between the speakers, they usually try to convey the messages hard and find another way or strategy to convey the messages. Sometimes, when they get stuck in the middle of conversation, they will change the words could not find with mime, gesture, and face expression or translate the words unknown into the native language, even, they laugh in the middle utterance. Since the topic only run to the buses, they use strategies to convey the messages. The strategies...
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...in the essay Mother Tongue, Amy Tan talked about her love and fascination of language, and how language can evoke an emotion, a visual image, and how it’s a tool she uses everyday in writing. She then goes into how she is aware of the different ways she uses the English language, she was in a middle of a speech, talking very precise about her book to a group of people using her knowledge of correct grammar that she has learned throughout school, and books, until she spotted her mother, and started to reminisce about how she holds a conversation with her mom. She starts off by giving a example of a conversation with her mom, they were talking about a price of a piece of furniture and Tan heard herself saying, not waste money that way, and she knows this different kind of English , she has been speaking with her mother, family talk ,she calls it, all of her life. Tan also expresses how at the same time her mother is very intelligent. She reads Forbes report, listens to Wall Street Week, and converses daily with her stockbroker. Tan calls this "Broken" or "Fractured" English. Tan goes into a explanation about how she was also ashamed of her mother’s English, because Tan believed that her English reflected the quality of what she had to say. Tan states she thinks family is the major influence of the way one speaks a certain language. Because of her mother's influence over her life Tan decided to write a book using the English she grew up with, maybe not the correct grammar that critics...
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...approach to teaching English language learners which integrates language and content instruction. The dual goals of sheltered instruction are: to provide access to mainstream, grade-level content, and to promote the development of English language proficiency. Sheltered instruction techniques were designed to be used by all students; however teachers must be sensitive to how languages are learned in order for them to be affective. Sheltered instruction differs from the traditional ESL classroom by focusing on subject mastery instead of focusing on English development. Sheltered instruction draws from methods and strategies advocated for both second language learners and mainstream classroom, instead of pullout ESL classes. Yet it still focuses on emphasizing the need to teach the students met cognition and content area terminology. In order for sheltered instruction to work effectively in the classroom, the teachers must first be prepared to administer the lesson. Many pre-service teacher programs are working to equip teachers with the skills they need to be successful. Beginning with pre-service teachers achieving a strong foundation of cultural psychology, language theory and acquisition as well as certified content knowledge in their undergraduate major, the courses incorporate multiple field experiences as well as pedagogical methods and cultural diversity instruction. Since the basis of sheltered instruction is to provide a framework for language development then one of...
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...situation of Middle school students Oral English study, and propose some personnel but effective strategies to stimulate students’ oral English skills. Key words:Oral English, interests, communication. Table of Contents Abstract…………………………..........................….............................................……….ii Table of Contents…………………………………………………………........…………iii Outline…………………………………………………………………………………… v 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………… 1 2. The Significant Value of Oral English………………………………………………… 2 2.1 English is the most widely used languages…………………………………………. 2 2.2 Oral English Skills is the Necessary Condition for Future Job……………………. .2 3. The Reasons Why The Middle School Students Lack Of Oral English Study Interest. .3 3.1 The out-of-date teaching methods………………………………………………………. 4 3.2 The current examination system…………………………………………………………5 3.3 Students lack of the essential language environment………………………………………6 3.4 Spoken English can’t Get as much...
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...in which it is juxtaposed. Bilingual education The logic behind bilingual education is the use of students’ native language in learning while at the same time learning English. Bilingual students have an added advantage in regard to understanding materials when two different languages are being used in the classroom. The increasing language and cultural diversity have necessitated the need for bilingual education which improve learning (Harris para 13). Such education enables students to diversify their learning since they are not confined within one language. Bilingual education enables inclusiveness in the classroom and total participation from the students/teachers can code switch and code mix to enhance understanding and communication. In the absence of bilingual education, other alternatives are sought in order to accommodate monolingual students and those who cannot understand and speak English fluently. Such options include using two different languages at the same time in class and translating while learning. However, a sustainable bilingual education program is necessary to overcome the problem of communication barrier in education. Nevertheless, the options above can be utilized although they have their own demerits. There are problems that ostensibly arise due to use of two different languages in the classroom. Firstly, the use of another language may require a translator which may...
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...Questionnaire on your language learning experience1 In order to facilitate your start in the tutorial program we would like to ask you to allow some time to answer the following questions (please jot down a few words). This is quite useful for your tutor as it helps him/her to prepare the first tutorial meeting more properly. Please fill out this form and send it by e-mail to your tutor. We would like to thank you very much in advance for your productive support! Surname/Family name: First name Language you want to learn__________________________________________________________ Dou you want to get credits (ECTS)? Yes: No: If "yes", how many (1-3 ECTS)?: I. Introduction What are you studying? What is your native language? II. Languages, you have studied and time span Which languages have you learned so far? How long have you studied them? (months or years) How have you learned the languages? (In class; autonomous learning; CD, CD-Rom, Internet etc; combination of lessons and self-studies?) What was good? What was bad? ( e.g. What worked out quite good and in which situation? What was a negative experience and why?) Why have you learned the languages? (you have to; private interest; to get a better job etc.?) In which areas of your life (studies, job, free time, practical training abroad, social networks etc) do you use the language(s) Did you have and do you have contact to other learners / native speakers, who are speaking the language? (Tandem, peer-group...
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