...Behavior Therapy B.F. SKINNER • (1904–1990) Reported that he was brought up in a warm, stable family environment. • As he was growing up, Skinner was greatly interested in building all sorts of things, an interest that followed him throughout his professional life. • He received his PhD in psychology from Harvard University in 1931 and eventually returned to Harvard after teaching in several universities. • He had two daughters, one of whom is an educational psychologist and the other an artist. • Skinner was a prominent spokesperson for behaviorism and can be considered the FATHER OF THE BEHAVIORAL APPROACH TO PSYCHOLOGY. • Skinner championed radical behaviorism, which places primary emphasis on the effects of environment on behavior. • Skinner was also a determinist; he did not believe that humans had free choice. He acknowledged that feelings and thoughts exist, but he denied that they caused our actions. Instead, he stressed the cause-and-effect links between objective, observable environmental conditions and behavior. • Most of Skinner’s work was of an experimental nature in the laboratory, but others have applied his ideas to teaching, managing human problems, and social planning. Science and Human Behavior best illustrates how Skinner thought behavioral concepts could be applied to every domain of human behavior. • In Walden II (1948) Skinner describes a utopian community in which his ideas, derived from the laboratory, are applied to social issues. • His 1971...
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...Health Promotion in Nursing Marcus Botts Grand Canyon University Health Promotion in Nursing In its most simple definition health promotion is the process of facilitating individuals, groups, and/or communities control their own health. There is a strong compatibility between health promotion and occupational therapy with the earliest discussions dating back more than fifty years ago. The idea of health promotion to prevent illness was highlighted internationally in 1978 at an international Conference on Primary Health Care. The Declaration of Alma-Ata expressed the need for immediate action by all governments, health care workers and developers, as well as the work community to promote and protect the health of people worldwide. (Health Promotion: Future occupational therapy in an ageing New Zealand, p36, 2012). In 1986, the World Health Organization (WHO), released the Ottawa Charter, which is perhaps, the most important document in the field of health promotion. It provides five principles to guide health promotion activities: building healthy public policy, creating supportive environments, strengthening community action, developing personal skills, and re-orienting health care services toward prevention of illness and promotion of health. These principles provide a vision to which occupational therapy health promotion services should be aligned. (Health Promotion: Future occupational therapy in an ageing New Zealand, p36, 2012). As it relates to health care promotion...
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...Running head: FAMILY HEALTH ASSESSMENT April 09, 2011 FAMILY HEALTH ASSESSMENT Family Health Assessment The family of my choice is the Jones family. Sarah Jones is 40years African American, born into the Jones family with both parent alive and grandparent alive. The Jones family are devoted Catholic, they believes strongly in their Christian faith. Sarah Jones family has history of diabetes, hypertension, constipation, alcoholism and long history of smoking. Sarah Jones has history of diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and a long 2 history of smoking cigarette ,chronic back pain, insomnia,depression and she weighs 300lbs and height 4.5ft tall , has never being married and has no children. Sarah Jones lives with her parents and she is an unemployed student, Sarah’s parents are retired. Health perception and Health Management In regards to the data collect on Ms Jones , it is noted that she has a long family history of smoking . Sarah Jones also has history of smoking cigarette, Sarah Jones has history of congestive obstructive pulmonary disease, which will result in failure to nourish tissues(Gordon, 1987). Nutrition and Metabolic Ms Jones data collected indicated a history of being obese and diabetes and she is unemployed and lives with her parents who are retired , Sarah Jones has problem of insufficient fund which makes it difficult for her to purchase food that are recommended for diabetic client and also she is unable to make good selection of food...
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...(NA) is the most well-known and widely available self-help group for drug addicts in treatment and recovery. Unlike Alcoholics Anonymous, which is limited to alcohol problems, Narcotics Anonymous is open to substance abuse problems of all kinds. NA uses fellowship and a set of guided principles—the 12 steps—to help members achieve and maintain sobriety. The twelve recovery steps include admitting powerlessness over the addiction and surrendering to a “higher power,” which you can interpret according to your own beliefs. A key part of a 12-step program is choosing a sponsor. A sponsor is a former addict who has time and experience remaining sober and can provide support when you’re dealing with the urge to use. NA members attend group meetings facilitated by other members—all recovering drug addicts. Meetings take place on a regular basis, at various times, and in many different locations around the world. Members are free to attend any of the many meetings held each week. The 12 steps The twelve-step process involves: •admitting that you are powerless to control your addiction or compulsion •recognizing a higher power “as you understand it” that can give strength •reviewing the mistakes you’ve made in the past, with the help of your sponsor •making amends for past mistakes and wrongs •learning how to live a new life, free from old unhealthy habits and ways of behaving •helping fellow drug addicts Other self-help support groups for drug addiction There...
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...need-induced tensions results in behavior that he or she anticipates will satisfy needs and thus bring about a more comfortable internal state. Motivation can be either positive or negative. Innate needs—those an individual is born with—are physiological (biogenic) in nature; they include all the factors required to sustain physical life (e.g., food, water, clothing, shelter, sex, and physical safety). Acquired needs—those an individual develops after birth—are primarily psychological (psychogenic); they include love, acceptance, esteem, and self-fulfillment. All behavior is goal oriented. Goals are the sought-after results of motivated behavior. The form or direction that behavior takes—the goal that is selected—is a result of thinking processes (cognition) and previous learning (e.g., experience). There are two types of goals: generic goals and product specific goals. A generic goal is a general category of goal that may fulfill a certain need; a product-specific goal is a specifically branded or labeled product that the individual sees as a way to fulfill a need. Product-specific needs are sometimes referred to as wants. For any innate or acquired need, there are many different and appropriate goals. The specific goal selected depends on the individual’s experiences, physical capacity, prevailing cultural norms and values, and the goal’s accessibility in the physical and social environment. Needs and goals are interdependent and change in response to the individual’s...
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...April 14, 2005 NURSING THEORY ➢ Why the interest in theory? 1. The no. 1 requisite if we have to be on the level of being a professional. 2. To guide us in how to go about the different nursing actions. 3. It becomes a framework for organizing data. Theory – speculative in nature Nursing Theory – mental conceptualization where the perspective is a nursing aspect - explain & describe a particular nursing action - can also predict its effects on clients’ outcome - primary purpose is to generate scientific knowledge - serve several essential purposes 1. Description – clarifying ideas, phenomena, experience or circumstances that are not well understood. E.g. meaning of pain to patient 2. Exploration – how ideas are related. E.g. relationship of pain to patient’s physiological & psychological conditions 3. Explanation – the whys of events & occurrences 4. Prediction & Control – knowing & foretelling correctly what will happen & also how to make it happen. E.g. how to control the severity of the client’s pain Components of a Theory a. Concepts – basic unit in the language of theoretical thinking - can be empirical or concrete (can be observed through the senses) or abstract (not observable) b. Definitions – statements of the meaning of a word c. Assumptions – accepted facts d. Phenomena – reality Types of Theories a. Grand Theories – does not prescribe actions ...
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...Introduction: Health outcomes refer to the changes in the health status of individuals or the population. The outcomes are attributed to multiple or planned interventions, whether or not the intention of the intervention was to alter the health status. These interventions include health services and programs including health promotion programs, government policies, laws and regulations, and consequent programs. Intervention may also include unintended or intended health outcomes of government policies in areas besides health. Health outcomes are evaluated by health indicators (World Health Organization, 1998). Health indicators are a single measure, represented quantitatively, that encapsulates an important aspect of health, such as the amount people suffering from a chronic disease. It also captures a variety of health determinants such as income, or the important aspects of the health care system, such as the proportion of patients who revisit the hospital for additional care following previous treatment (World Health Organization, 1998). These indicators can be used to describe a public health concern at a specific point in time. It can indicate periodic changes over time at the population or individual health level, describe differences in the population health, and examine the extent at which program objectives are being met. These indicators can possibly encompass illness or disease measurements which are commonly used in measuring health outcomes, such as health expectancy...
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...University: Family Centered Health Promotion December 21, 2013 “Health promotion is the process of enabling people to discover their core passions and optimal health, enhancing their motivation, gaining control over, and improving their health while changing their lifestyle.”(WHO 2005.) It moves beyond a focus on individual behavior and in the direction of a wide range of social and environmental interventions. Health promotion are for the prevention of communicable diseases, with the correlated intentions put into education, community development, policy, legislative, and regulation, are justly valid for prevention of communicable diseases, injury, violence, and mental problems. Health promotion is attempt to modify social factors, and society norms. It is intended to help the less fortunate or uneducated and give them the empowerment to change their lives. Health promotion is used as a key factor with each client to teach ways and adjustments in their everyday life to improve their health. Improving lifestyles not only allows for a healthier life but for a happier life. Encountered will be less hospital visits and stays, less doctor visits, and less of a medication regimen possibly. Health promotion serves as a comprehensive social and political movement. Its actions are directed towards changing social, environmental and economic status to alleviate their impact on public and individual health, as well as to encourage activities directed towards strengthening the...
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...Running head: MOVIE FAMILY CARE PLAN Movie Family Care Plan Marcheta Hays University of Phoenix Movie Family Care Plan Introduction The intent of this paper is to assess and develop a care plan for a selected patient and their family. Attention will be directed to the family structure and function and the interactions between the patient and the family. SW is a single white female living New York City. She is a successful playwright in her thirties and her health status is free from disease or illness. There are no current physical manifestations of illness for SW; however she has had periods of psychotherapy for unresolved childhood issues and ineffective copying mechanisms. Family Members SW Age- mid thirties Sex –female Marital Status – engaged to CM Ethnicity- Caucasian Religion- Catholic Education- College degree Occupation – Professional playwright Interests and Hobbies – unknown VW Age- 60-70 Sex –female Marital Status – married to SJW Children – 3 female, 1male Ethnicity- Caucasian Religion- Catholic Education- some college Occupation – homemaker Interests and Hobbies – socializing with life-long friends the Ya-Yas SJW Age- 60 -70 Sex –male Marital Status – married to VW Children – 3 female, 1male Ethnicity- Caucasian Religion- Catholic Education- some college Occupation – Farmer Interests and Hobbies – unknown CM Age- mid thirties Sex –male Marital Status – engaged to VW Ethnicity- Caucasian Religion-...
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...As practitioners, it will be useful to utilize the HBM to help understand health and illness perceptions of our patients. Legal or Ethical Concerns Legal and ethical concerns could occur if there are not informed consents and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA) protocols in place. As mentioned earlier the patient was well informed of her diagnosis and the potential consequences of not complying with her treatment plan. The patient gave consent for treatment and verbalized understanding of compliance and agreed with her treatment regimen. Conclusion The patient exhibited a classic case of hypothyroidism, which would benefit from being placed as an article in the Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, principally because it would provide useful information on clinical management and current trends of the disease to a wide range of primary care nurse...
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...Using the health belief model, how can nurses encourage patients to make immediate and permanent behavior changes; particularly as they relate to lifestyle choices? Perceived severity is the degree to which the person attributes negative medical, clinical, or social consequences to being diagnosed with an illness. Together, perceived susceptibility and perceived severity provide motivation for reducing or eliminating such threats. The type of action taken depends on perceived benefits (beliefs about the effectiveness of different actions) and perceived barriers (potential negative aspects of particular actions). People are thought to weigh an action's effectiveness in reducing a health threat against possible negative outcomes The health promotion, have achieved through internal mechanisms intrinsic or three people, some of these are: 1. Self-care, ie, decisions and actions that the person performs for the benefit of their own health. 2. Mutual aid or that people do to help each other according to the situation they are living. 3. The creation of healthy environments or environmental conditions that promote health, such as healthy schools that constitute enhancers scenarios the capacities of children, in which health education and health promotion They are educational options for human development and values education in childhood. The health promotion in addition to personal and behavioral considers as more comprehensive strategy for implementation and dissemination...
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...Research Brief NO. 8, OCTOBER 2008 How Engaged Are Consumers in Their Health and Health Care, and Why Does It Matter? By judith h. hiBBard and peter j. cunningham Patient activation refers to a person’s ability to manage their health and health care. Engaging or activating consumers has become a priority for employers, health plans and policy makers. The level of patient activation varies considerably in the U.S. population, with less than half of the adult population at the highest level of activation, according to a new study by the Center for Studying Health System Change (HSC) (see Figure 1). Activation levels are especially low for people with low incomes, less education, Medicaid enrollees, and people with poor self-reported health. Higher activation levels are associated with much lower levels of unmet need for medical care and greater support from health care providers for self-management of chronic conditions. Figure 1 Level of Activation of U.S. Adults, 18 and Older, 2007 Level 1 (least activated) 6.8% Level 2 14.6% Level 4 (most activated) 41.4% Level 3 37.2% Note: Four levels of patient activation have been identified through the Patient Activation Measure (PAM). At Level 1, the least-activated level, people tend to be passive and may not feel confident enough to play an active role in their own health. At Level 2, people may lack basic knowledge and confidence in their ability to manage their health. At Level 3, people appear to be taking some action but may still...
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...has been the driving force behind evidenced based practice for years and has helped revolutionize effective infection control methods. There are still many gaps to be filled. One of the biggest happens to be improving compliance rates among hand hygiene. This has been classified as a problem, but there is not a large array of research on specific interventions. One of the interventions that have been put under the microscope is the effect that education plays on change behavior to increase hand hygiene compliance. The following research articles emphasize this intervention. Article 1 The first article was entitled “Increasing Hand Hygiene Compliance Requires Culture Change” written by Treon, Kelley, Kneebone, and Miles (2007). The purpose of this research focused on designing an innovative educational intervention to increase overall awareness of infection control practices, and to increase overall hand hygiene compliance. The research question proposed was looking to determine if education can cause change behavior and increase hand hygiene adherence. The design of this research consisted of both qualitative and quantitative research providing a blended project. Likert surveys about infection control were given prior to the educational intervention to obtain a baseline and needs assessment. Then, an interactive hand culturing experience took place to show culture and organisms that end up on hands after touching common surface. Finally, a “Glow-Germ” experiment was performed...
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...Compassion Fatigue Compassion Fatigue What is Compassion Fatigue? Caring too much can hurt. When caregivers focus on others without practicing self-care, destructive behaviors can surface. Apathy, isolation, bottled up emotions and substance abuse head a long list of symptoms associated with the secondary traumatic stress disorder now labeled: Compassion Fatigue. This used to be labeled as burnout and is a deep physical, emotional and spiritual exhaustion, which can include feeling actual pain. Caregivers such as nurses and physicians as well as families may become less empathetic and unable to give their all to their patients. Learning to recognize the signs and symptoms is the first step towards combatting this problem. Some Key Points * Compassion fatigue is a form of burnout that manifests itself as physical, emotional and spiritual exhaustion * To prevent or recover from compassion fatigue, take time for self-reflection, identify what's important and live in a way that reflects it * To sustain yourself at work, develop “principles of practice” — guidelines of personal integrity that articulate the parameters of your personal values. Commit to live and work within these principles. What is Compassion Fatigue? Caring too much can hurt. When caregivers focus on others without practicing self-care, destructive behaviors can surface. Apathy, isolation, bottled up emotions and substance abuse head a long list of symptoms associated with the secondary traumatic stress...
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...Theory Randy Wayne Rising Liberty University Psychology of Personality 341-D06 Timothy Williams May 07, 2013 Abstract Years of research has been conducted by Albert Bandura on the Social Cognitive Theory. The practical use of Social Cognitive Theory has an interesting approach to changing or maintaining behaviors. Bandura has researched Social Cognitive Theory and the individual differences that show the flexibility that people have dealing with behavior. The Social Cognitive Theory of Mass Communication discusses the role that mass media plays in society in regard to influences on behavior within society. The Social Cognitive Theory of Human Agency, by Bandura, which describes the power that people posses to influence their own actions to get the deserved results the individual, desires. Social Cognitive Theory on Gender Development addresses the development of people’s lives according to the gender and the roles that are stereotypical by society in regards to personality and behavior. Health Promotion from the Perspective of Social Cognitive Theory deals with health promotion and disease prevention from social cognitive theory. The approach of changing health practices of social systems rather than the habits of individuals. Social Cognitive Theory in Cultural Context explains that people adapt to diverse conditions all over the world. Parents from impoverished environments through sacrifices want their children to have a better life. Lastly, Going Global with Social...
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