...Self-serving biases can be either beneficial or harmful to individuals. Self-serving bias is a process by which an individual distorts their perception of reality or ignores negative feedback in order to maintain their ego. To put it simply: “people want to feel positive about themselves, and most manage to see themselves favorably much of the time” (Baron, Byrne, Branscombe, 2007, p. 136). This bias often manifests as a failure to identify oneself as the source of errors, instead placing the blame on external, uncontrollable factors. Despite the fact that it represents a discrepancy in perception and reality, self-serving bias can be viewed as a sense of optimism about one’s life and abilities, and may be an important part of the maintenance of self-esteem. Perhaps the most significant evidence that self-serving bias is not maladaptive is that it is ubiquitous in nearly all parts of the population, yet there is no associated dysfunction with average levels of expression. If the level of self-serving bias seen in the general population was maladaptive, there would be an expected associated disorder or dysfunction. Self-serving bias is an effective method of maintaining and even raising self-esteem and confidence Although an “average” amount of self-serving bias may be adaptive and important in maintenance of one’s mental well-beingone can imagine there are situations in which exhibition of self-serving bias may have negative consequences. One way self-serving bias can...
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...Psychology 341:20 The Self Department of Psychology St. Francis Xavier University March 26th, 2007 The term narcissism was first introduced to us by Freud, (1914/1957, as cited in Campbell, Brunell, & Finkel, 2006) in reference to the story of Narcissus. Narcissus was the concept of self-love in human form. He viewed himself as better and more attractive than all of those around him, which in turn prevented him from developing any close, loving relationships with others. Narcissus spent him life looking for the “perfect” partner. One day he fell in love with his own reflection and could not bear to be separated from his newfound love. He remained by the pool of water until he eventually died. The story of Narcissus shows us that having a narcissistic personality can have detrimental effects on not only our relationships but on our selves as well (Campbell, Foster, & Finkel, 2002). By proposing the following research question I hope to identify a possible correlation between narcissistic behaviour and relationship satisfaction. My question is “Do narcissists engage in behaviour that negatively affects their relationships which may lead to a decrease in relationship satisfaction?” A suitable way to distinguish a narcissist from a non-narcissist is to consider that narcissists are very self-oriented whereas non-narcissists are primarily others-oriented. This difference may be due to the fact that narcissists are focussed on self-love whereas non-narcissists...
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...Neeli Bendapudi & Robert P. Leone Psychological Implications of Customer Participation in Co-Production Customer participation in the production of goods and services appears to be growing. The marketing literature has largely focused on the economic implications of this trend and has not addressed customers' potential psychological responses to participation. The authors draw on the social psychological literature on the self-serving bias and conduct two studies to examine the effects of participation on customer satisfaction. Study 1 shows that consistent with the self-serving bias, given an identical outcome, customer satisfaction with a firm differs depending on whether a customer participates in production. Study 2 shows that providing customers a choice in whether to participate mitigates the self-serving bias when the outcome is worse than expected. The authors present theoretical and practical implications and provide directions for further research. C ustomers increasingly are being encouraged to take on more active roles in producing goods and services. They go into photography stores and use machines to crop, enlarge, correct, or enhance their photographs; check themselves in and out of hotels; and even routinely scan and bag their own groceries at supermarkets. Customer participation per se is not new. Supermarkets, which are models of customer co-production with customers selecting, carting, and transporting groceries, date to the 1930s. What...
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...not be aware of it. Though there are more barriers that inhibit critical thinking then I can count on my fingers and toes, some familiar and popular barriers one may face are egotistical thinking, self-serving bias, and of course, emotional influences. The Ego Defense “Ego Defenses are psychological coping strategies that distort reality in order to protect ourselves from anxiety, guilt, and other bad feelings” (Goodpastor & Kirby, 2007, Chapter 2). In other words, refusing to accept that one has faults at all. Denial is the base of our egotistical thinking. We deny what we do not want to accept or feel. As a result, one can become close minded and arrogant in their opinions. This does not promote critical thinking. Instead, quite the opposite is occurring. Without an open mind and acceptance, how could anyone absorb any new information or even give other individuals views a chance? In order to overcome using the ego defense, one has to get past their own fears and learn to accept other people’s views, even when they contrast with their own. It is not easy to give up on ones ego, but it is necessary to move on and increase active critical thinking. A big ego does no good for anyone, it is not productive nor admirable. The Self-Serving Bias “..Aspect(s) of the self-serving bias is the tendency to take credit for our success and to blame our failures on...
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...narrow confidence intervals in making predictions. They tend to overweigh their own forecasts relative to those of others. The self-serving attribution bias, under which individuals attribute past successes to their own skills and past failures to bad luck, can lead to overconfidence. In the context of financial markets, the confidence of a self-attributing investor increases when public information is in line with his or her forecast, but it does not decrease as much when public information contradicts his or her forecast. The investor therefore gains excessive confidence over time, after receiving different confirming and disconfirming public news. A similar cognitive bias, illusory superiority (or the above average effect), also causes people to overestimate their own abilities. Evidence of this bias is documented in studies that ask subjects to assess their abilities - indeed, a vast majority of people say they are above the average. * Hindsight bias Hindsight bias, also known as the knew-it-all-along effect or creeping determinism, is the inclination, after an event has occurred, to see the event as having been predictable, despite there having been little or no objective basis for predicting it, prior to its occurrence. It is a multifaceted phenomenon that can affect different stages of designs, processes, contexts, and situations. Hindsight bias may cause memory distortion, where the recollection and reconstruction of content can lead to false theoretical outcomes....
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...Below are key definitions (terms) & concepts from the assigned readings and lecture slides. You should be familiar with them for Exam 1. The key definitions / concepts are not intended to be an all inclusive list of what will be on the exam. I also included the pages of the chapters that will be covered on the exam. I will not ask questions from chapter pages that do not fall in the ranges listed below. I will not ask questions from the “Skills & Best Practices” & “Hands On Exercises” sections in the OB textbook. I will not ask questions from the “HR How To”, “eHRM”, “Did You Know”, “Best Practices” & “HR Oops” sections of the HR textbook. Make sure you download the post-lecture slides from Carmen On page 4 of this study guide I have provided some example questions. Remember the likely sources of exam material: • Material Found in Book & Slides (found both places) – MOST LIKELY • Material Found Only In Slides (I have placed an ASTERISK on slides with non-book content that is exam material) • Material Found Only In Book (e.g. definitions, frameworks,…) Strategy & Strategic OB: K&K Chapter 1: Definitions (key terms): contingency approach, human capital, management, organizational behavior, social capital, Theory Y, total quality management Reading: p.5-16 (just the top of 16) Key concepts Human Relations Movement Theory X, Theory Y Total Quality Management Deming’s 85-15 Rule Contingency Approach Human Capital Social Capital Congruence...
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...and the group as a whole. It is important to maintain a strong sense of integrity and professionalism especially as part of a minority where there is a desire to maintain one’s own beliefs and promote that minority position. Through the understanding and application of social psychology concepts such as a self serving bias and belief perseverance we gain an insight into an individual’s self perception and motivations. An appreciation for how these individuals interact within the group and how the group as a whole behaves can be gained via concepts of groupthink, group polarization and the power of minority influence. An understanding and the applications of these concepts will aid individuals and those within a minority to be both assertive and resilient in their own beliefs as well as promoting that minority position. A self serving bias has the effect of creating an inflated sense of self worth and leads to an individuals’ focus being placed on their own successes or strengths and their failures and negative traits are seemingly overlooked (Sherrill, 2007). In the professional context it is essential to understand that co workers will be subject to two interpretations of self: that which they have formed of themselves and that which is perceived by others. Their own...
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...Started | 11/3/15 8:10 AM | Submitted | 11/3/15 8:35 AM | Status | Completed | Attempt Score | 20 out of 20 points | Time Elapsed | 24 minutes out of 1 hour. | Instructions | This quiz consist of 10 multiple choice questions and covers the material in Chapter 6. Be sure you are in Chapter 6 when you take the quiz. | * Question 1 2 out of 2 points | | | When we attribute our successes to our own characteristics but attribute our failures to external factors, we are exhibiting:Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | a self-serving bias. | Correct Answer: | a self-serving bias. | | | | | * Question 2 2 out of 2 points | | | ___________ is a change in a person’s behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard.Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | Conformity | Correct Answer: | Conformity | | | | | * Question 3 2 out of 2 points | | | When we use a self-serving bias, we tend to attribute ___________ to our own characteristics and to attribute ___________ to external factors.Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | our successes; our failures | Correct Answer: | our successes; our failures | | | | | * Question 4 2 out of 2 points | | | ____________ is an unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group.Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | Discimination | Correct Answer: | Discimination | | | | | ...
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...of is unknown sickness with hopes of getting better. His first impression of the place seemed to be to his liking, Givoni was pleased with the appearance of the nice rooms, attractive nurses and even interested in the knowledgeable doctors. Shortly after arriving at the sanatorium he found out the placing of the patients depended on their health state. This new information caused him to become obsessed with his placement and eventually began to effect his health. The concept that become clear while reading was that negative thinking will produce a negative effect. A concept can be used to help understand the main purpose of something or to help explain it. An example of a concept in the story that stood out was the hindsight bias. The hindsight bias is the tendency to exaggerate after learning an outcome. On page 4 in the beginning of the third paragraph, Givoni was asked to move to a different room due to a mother needing to be near her children and he graciously agreed. After agreeing the head nurse stated, “ such courageous act doesn’t surprise me coming from a person like yourself.” The nurse acted as though he expected Givoni to say yes but only knew this after the fact. The way the nurse was able to get Giovani to agree to move was by using the low ball technique. The low ball technique is a tactic used to get someone to agree to something with chances of agreeing to something larger. It wasn’t until after Giovanni agree when he threw in that the room he would have...
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...all individuals explore different cultures and perspectives. I have found that an open mind towards new and unfamiliar perspectives allows an individual to openly ingest new ideas. Self-concept, or the self-image that an individual holds of their self, is another barrier to critical thinking. Items related to self-concept are associations that an individual creates with a product or a cause. While associating with a product or cause is not a barrier, as examples of self-concept include individuals who buy a certain brand of vehicle, or an individual who associates themselves as an advocate of a particular dog breed. The barrier to critical thinking occurs when the individual cannot disassociate themselves from the associations they have made. A personal example of this is my association to Pit Bull advocacy groups; I own a Pit Bull, and I personally feel they receive an undeserved and uneducated negative stigma. While I associate myself as a Pit Bull owner, and believe they receive undeserved criticism, I must be able to critically think through situations regarding these dogs. It would not be acceptable to simply ignore relevant statistics, therefore I must disassociate myself from my cause temporarily and fairly assess the situation; this is the recommendation I would offer to others dealing to self-concept concerns. Another barrier to critical thinking is...
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...Perception 1. Describe Jim’s self-concept. Jim is using a personal construct, or mental yardstick, to measure his intelligence and responsibility when he is discussing how he is performing in school (Wood, 2012). He compares himself to his father by claiming his father is brilliant and did not have any trouble in school versus himself who is struggling to pull C’s. Jim feels that no matter how hard he tries he will never be an A student because he is using a self-servicing bias that college is more difficult than when his father went to college and he has no control of the difficulty (Wood, 2012). Jim is attributing his grades to external forces, such as more difficult material, and believes that no matter how much studying he will not receive better grades. 2. Explain, using examples from the video and course concepts, how Jim’s self-concept impacted his interaction with his father. Was it positive or negative? Jim’s self-concept had a negative impact on his interaction with his father. Jim states that he does not know how to convince his parents that he is doing everything that he can do. Wood (2012) explains that perceiving another person as domineering can create a feeling of insecurity in ability to communicate. Jim could attribute his parent’s concern that he is spending too much time with friends and not enough time studying as domineering and may not feel comfortable explaining that he is doing the best that he can. Jim is using self-servicing bias in his communication by...
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...incomplete evidence. A self serving bias is a cognitive bias that tends to enhance the ego and self confidence of an individual, through different processes. Since everyone wants to be strong and successful individual so most people demonstrate this one way or other. We tend to relate success to our internal attributes (hard work, intelligence, and dedication) and our failures to external attributes. If we are aware of these processes it can help us to evaluate our performance and progress more critically, and learn from our failures. In the just-world theory people believe that world is just and that the people get what they deserve. They believe that world is fair and they look for ways to explain any injustice. I think the just-world theory can lead people to not look for alternatives and try to overcome real obstacles to difficulties and problems and achieve success in life. We should make a sincere attempt to understand why things happened the way they happened and the self-serving attributes should not interfere with our desire to correct our mistakes and excel. Self-serving attributes might become self- handicapping by preventing a person to feel responsible for his/her failures. We can externalize failures and internalize success if we have self-serving attributional biases. Self-fulfilling prophecies change our actions and the actual situations get changed. They are kind of predictions which indirectly or directly come true by chance. My self-fulfilling prophecy is...
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...Jim and His Father April Moss Kaplan University CM 206 Professor Davis November 28, 2013 1) How would you describe Jim’s self-concept? Jim has a negative image about himself. Jim believes that his father have a unrealistic expectation of him. 2) How is self-concept affecting the interaction? Is it helping it? Hindering it? Explain using concepts from the text. Jim having a negative self-concept is hindering him. With his father telling him he isn’t trying hard enough he is actually thinking no matter how hard he studies he still isn’t going to do well. Perception of others is what we perceive in ourselves. 3) Using the process of human perception starting on page 64. Explain the situation from your perspective as a student. Selection-“We attend to certain stimuli based on a number of factors” (Wood, 2012, p.65). “We notice things that stand-out, because they are larger, more intense, or mor3e unusual than other phenomena” (Wood, 2012, p.65). With this being said Jim’s father isn’t seeing that Jim isn’t just hanging out with his friends all the time, that he is trying really hard to make better grades. Organization-“Once we have selected what to notice, we have to make sense of it” (Wood, 2012, p.66). “Prototypes, personal constructs, stereotypes, and scripts are cognitive schemata that we use to organize our perceptions of people and phenomena” (Wood, 2012, p.66). ...
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...Week 4 Tutorial 1. What is Hypothetical Future Value (HFV)? How did this contribute to Enron’s downfall? A: Hypothetical Future Value can be defined as the value has not been earned but it is believed to be received in the future. The Enron used fair value accounting to make the balance sheet and, the money which has not been earned was written down as profit. For example, if a house worth $10,000 today, and the price increases to $20,000 tomorrow, however, if do not sell this house, there is no profit. It only has capital holding gain. If fair value accounting is used, it only has comprehensive income but operating profit. However, Enron wrote down the comprehensive income as operating profit. Due to this, it can be said that Enron cooked the books. Therefore, Hypothetical Future Value contributes to Enron’s downfall. 2. Why would ‘good’ people engage in unethical activities in business? A: There are several reasons for that. To begin with, obedience to authority, it means that those people who may not have enough knowledge to judge something or may feel indecisive when they do not have sufficient experience, they are willing to take those people who have a better understanding on it and those people who can play a lead role on it, for instance, specialists’ and boss’s advice usually is willing to be taken. Therefore, it is not hard to explain why good people would engage in unethical activities, in terms of obedience to authority, because those good people may not have...
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...MGT 312 Final Exam 26/30 Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwaid.com/shop/mgt-312-final-exam-2630/ Results: 26/30 (86.67%) The interdisciplinary field dedicated to understanding and managing people at work is called: • Management dynamics • Management theory • Organizational dynamics • Organizational behavior The distinction between flexible and fixed individual differences: • Is that managers have little or no impact on flexible differences • Is that managers should hire people based on their attitudes and emotions • Is that managers have little or no impact on fixed differences • Has no practical value for managers Regarding using personality testing as part of the hiring process, experts have concluded that: • The typical personality test is not a valid predictor of job performance • Only the Big Five should be used as predictors of job performance • The effects of personality on job performance are so large it cannot be ignored by managers • There are many valid instruments available to managers to test for personality types 4 In Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior, ___________ is (are) the key link between _________. • Intentions; attidtudes and planned behavior • Norms; intentions and planned behavior • Intentions; norms and attitudes • Attitudes; intentions and planned behavior According to the Ajzen model, the strongest predictor of an employee’s behavior is (are): • The employee's...
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