...(1920- 1989), was an occupational therapist and a developmental psychologist. During her life, she was known for coining the term, “Sensory Integration Dysfunction” in the 1960’s and wrote several titles on the subject. Today, we refer to “Sensory Integration Dysfunction” as “Sensory Processing Disorder”. According to spdstar.org, Sensory Processing Disorder, “...refers to the way the nervous system receives messages from the senses and turns them into appropriate motor and behavioral responses” and “exists when sensory signals are either not detected or don't get organized into appropriate responses”. The prevalence of Sensory Processing Disorder has been studied in 2004, “One study shows that at least 1 in 20 children’s...
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...Autism is classified as a spectrum disorder. There are different degrees in the way it affects children who are diagnosed. However, every autistic child experiences symptoms, challenges, and unique abilities. One major challenge most of the children encounter are difficulties with controlling their behaviors. It is common for children with autism to irrationally react to a stimuli or situation that would not cause a typical functioning child to react. This is due to a dysfunction in their sensory processing system. There have been many studies conducted focusing on the sensory problems autistic children face. It is clear that many children who are diagnosed react much different to certain stimuli than other children. Tomchek and Dunn (2007)...
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...According to this theory, language depends on “generic cognitive information-processing (attention, memory, etc.) and pattern-recognition mechanism” (Nelson, 2010, p.61). It is believed that repeated activation of language input leads some neural connections to be strengthened, while others might be weakened. This theory believes that the language is consisted of patterns from a particular language, not from basic universal grammar. Some general cognitive...
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...Psychopathology Specific Learning Disorders Table of contents Index Pages Introduction 3 Diagnostic criteria 4 Aetiology 11 Differential diagnosis 14 Comorbodity 16 Prevalence 16 Prevention and Treatment 17 Prognosis 18 Multicultural factors 19 Social factors 19 Conclusion 20 References 21 Stupid Slow Stubborn A tiny fragment of words used, labels for children and people with specific learning disorders. If only they understood Introduction The most basic definition of a specific learning disorder/disability according to Gould (2005) cited in Rörich (2008) is when a learner has an average to above average intelligence, with normal vision and hearing, and receives the same teaching experiences as other learners his age. He, however, underachieves. He is unable to keep up with his peers and generally cannot cope with the demands of the school (pp16). Margari (2013) defines SLD’s as that which are characterizations of academic functioning that are below the level that would be expected given their age, Intelligent Quotient and grade level in school, and interfere significantly with academic performances or daily life activities that require reading, writing or calculation skills. The gist of it, is that specific learning disorders are neurodevelopmental/cognitive disorders that Hulme and Snowling (2009,pp22) define as “typically characterized...
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...Case Study: Adam Lanza This paper aims to study the background and motivations for the violent act committed by Adam Lanza on December 14, 2012 at the Sandy Hook Elementary School. That day, Lanza, who was 20 years old, shot 20 children and six adults before he killed himself and after shooting his own mother (Stanglin & Bello, 2014). According to the Office of the Child Advocate report (2014), Adam Lazan shot his mother four times with a riffle. Later, he went to Sandy Hook Elementary School and eight minutes later he had killed 20 children within the ages of six and seven, and six staff members including the school principal, psychologist, teachers and teachers’ assistants. Finally, when first responders were arriving to the school he shot himself with a handgun. Such act resulted in the establishment of the Governor’s Sandy Hook Advisory Commission, which provides recommendations in public safety (Shooting at Sandy, 2014). In order to analyze the criminal act and the motivations behind it, first we will...
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...from a wide variety of individuals, from people with severe mental disabilities to brilliant people. Autism is a mental condition, present from early childhood, characterized by difficulty in communicating and forming relationships with other people and in using language and abstract concepts. ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) is a range of complex neurodevelopment disorders, characterized by social impairments, communication difficulties, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior. Experts estimate that 1 out of 88 children at the age of 8 will have an ASD, but males are four times more likely to have an ASD than females. While ASD is diagnosed as a neurodevelopmental disorder, it affects the child at all levels: physiological, autonomic, motor, gastric, immunological, sensory, cognitive, executive function, language, communication, emotions, and social systems. First we are going to see the common signs of autisms. Almost all ASD children are uncooperative with social...
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...Mock Treatment: Autism Aleksandr Drebskiy Queens College at City University of New York I. Diagnostic Criteria A. Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts as manifested by the following, currently or by history: 1. Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity ranging from abnormal social approach and failure of normal back-and-forth conversation; to reduced sharing interests, emotions or affect; to failure to initiate or respond to social interactions. 2. Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction ranging from poorly integrated verbal and nonverbal communication; to abnormalities in eye contact and body language or deficits in understating and use of gestures; to a total lack of facial expressions and nonverbal communication. 3. Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understating relationships ranging from difficulties adjusting behavior to suit various social context; to difficulties in sharing imaginative play or in making friends; to absence of interest in peers. Specify current severity: Level 1, Level 2, Level 3 B. Restrictive, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities as manifested by at least two of the following, currently or by history: 1. Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech (e.g., simple motor stereotypies, lining up toys, echolalia, idiosyncratic phrases). 2. Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to...
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...Professional Application Paper Ms. Presley Psy1010 Rebekah Griggs Effects of Autism Disorder on Children What is Autism? Autism can be defined as a disorder of neural development which is characterized by an impaired communication and social interaction as well as by restricted and repetitive behavior. These traits are manifest in a child before he/she is three years old. Autism affects the processing of information in the brain through altering how the nerve cells and their synapses do connect as well as how they organize: the explanation of how this process takes place is not fully understood. There are two other autism spectrum disorders are PDD-NOS which is diagnosed when the full criteria for the other disorders fails to be met and Asperger syndrome which lacks delays in the cognitive development. Scientists have argued that Autism has a strong genetic basis, even though autism genetics are complex and unclear if ASD has any correlation when explaining by the use of basic genetic variant or by the use of rare mutations. In some rare cases autism can be associated to some agents that cause birth defects. There are controversies that surround some other proposed environmental causes such as pesticides, childhood vaccines, and heavy metals. The hypotheses on vaccine have lacked biological plausibility or scientific evidence. The prevalence of ASD is 6 per every 1000 people, with 25% increase in men than in female; on the other hand autism prevalence is about 1...
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...Abstract In this research paper it famous and influential people were observed with Attention hyperactive disorder. With the use of the DSM IV our classroom text book and various internet resource this paper goes through the use of Ritalin and how people are commonly diagnosed with ADHD and do not have the disorder. Widespread use of medication and doctors immediately jump to prescribing medications such as Ritalin. Robert daydreamed so much that he was pulled out of school. Frank went into such trancelike dreams that one had to shout at him to bring him back. Equally problematic were Sam's restlessness and verbal diatribes. Virginia, too, demonstrated a tendency to talk on and on. Thomas experienced school problems, in part because of his high energy. Nick's tendency to act without thinking caused him to have several scrapes with death and near-tragedies, such as plunging to the earth from the roof of a barn, clutching an umbrella”. These are examples of situations that are common to many children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Children with ADHD tend to have creative and unique ways of thinking, and many problems focusing on one task, especially in school situations. Today children with this disorder are frequently prescribed medications to control their attention and/or hyperactivity. But are we doing what is in the best interest for children, or making it easier on the adults who have to deal with these children daily? In the previous stated...
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...to the early behaviorist theories (e.g., Thorndike, Guthrie, Hull), remembering was a function of S-R pairings which acquired strength due to contiguity or reinforcement. Stimulus sampling theory explained many memory phenomenon on the basis of statistical outcomes. On the other hand, cognitive theories (e.g., Tolman) insisted that meaning (i.e., semantic factors) played an important role in remembering. In particular, Miller suggested that information was organized into "chunks" according to some commonality. The idea that memory is always an active reconstruction of existing knowledge was championed by Bruner and is found in the theories of Ausubel and Schank. Some theories of memory have concerned themselves with the nature of the processing. Paivio suggests a dual coding scheme for verbal and visual information. Craik & Lockhart proposed that information can be processed to different levels of understanding. Rumelhart & Norman describe three modes of memory (accretion, structuring and tuning) to account for different kinds of learning. Other theories have focused on the representation of information in memory. ACT assumes three types of structures: declarative, procedural, and working memory. Merrill proposes two forms: associative and algorithmic. On the other hand, Soar postulates that all information is stored in procedural...
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...efficiency of human learning. Increased knowledge about how the eyes, ears and other sensory organs work and pass information to the brain, for example, has led to a greater understanding of how to attract and maintain a learner's attention. Similarly, increased knowledge about how sensory information and other types of information are actually processed in the brain is leading to a greater understanding of such things as the nature of memory. Ultimately, it may be possible to explain complex human behavior purely in terms of neurobiological activities, but, at present, such a prospect seems highly remote. In the meantime, the neurobiological approach is proving extremely useful in providing basic data for the fifth and last major branch of psychology - cognitive psychology. The neurobiological approach to psychology is when we look at how the neural functioning of neurons and neurotransmitters shape and affect the behavior of a person. In the case of mental illness you are looking at how a biological basis plays a part in the cause of the maladaptive human behavior. It is especially focused on how learning and the processing of information occurs within the patient. It also focuses on how the body reacts to the environment. It is considered as a more scientific way of looking at Psychology. Neurobiological Psychologists could treat disorders with medication by first understanding of personality disorders and anti-social behavior would be that there is something wrong with the physical...
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...Autism is a disorder that many children in America have, but the best way to deal with this disorder is to find ways to progress with their abilities to learn and better their everyday skills. There are many different treatments of Autism for children that can help with their skills. Autism is a neuro developmental disorder that has alternative treatments with medical care and support from others. The best periods to get these treatments are for young children were they’re still learning developmental skills. The three main ideas I am discussing are the physical, social, and medical treatments for this disorder. The physical treatments that are around to support children with Autism are therapy. There are different types of therapy they can get support with such as occupational, sensory, and craniosacral therapy. These therapies can significantly help these children’s motor skills. In the Article “Traditional occupational Therapy Services for Youth with Neurologic and developmental disabilities, by Windy Chou and Minerva Duong they stated that “Occupational therapists aim to improve client factors and skills that will enable re-engagement or new engagement in valued activities. Valued activities can include work, and community integration, which is one of the instrumental activities of daily living. Typically developing youth and young adults have many life skills to learn to prepare them for post-secondary schooling, or independent living, such as money and health management...
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...Attention, Motor Control, Emotions, Perceptions and Language. 2. What is the difference between a'smart' and a'smart'? What is Autism & Autism? It is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects socialization and communication and causes repetitive and stereotyped behavior. Experts estimate that occurs in 1.1 percent of the population. This was first reported in 1943 by Leo Kanner....
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...------------------------------ SPE 556 Week 1 DQ 1(UOP) For more course tutorials visit www.tutorialrank.com Tutorial Purchased: 0 Times, Rating: No Rating What is the definition of the terms disability, impairment, and handicap. Provide two real-life examples for each term. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SPE 556 Week 1 DQ 2(UOP) For more course tutorials visit www.tutorialrank.com Tutorial Purchased: 2 Times, Rating: A+ How do school, work, and recreational settings make reasonable accommodations for individuals with physical disabilities, other health impairments, or severe sensory disorders? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SPE 556 Week 1 Individual Personal Experience Paper(UOP For more course tutorials visit www.tutorialrank.com Tutorial Purchased: 3 Times, Rating: A+ Write a 250- to 500-word description of your personal...
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...schizophrenia other than the acknowledged role of medication as a treatment modality (Birchwood and Tarrier 1993). Developments in psychological theory have led to a number of innovative psychological treatments drawn from human experimental psychology such as behavioural and social psychology and cognitive science. Therapies based on cognitive behavioural theory have been rapidly developing, initially for the so called ‘neurotic disorders’ but in recent years evidence has accumulated to suggest that these cognitive behavioural approaches can be effective for those people suffering from psychosis ( Williams 1995). The aim of this assignment is to explore the basis of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and review its’ therapeutic application to schizophrenia. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) is an evolutionary paradigm that came about a from the merging of the established paradigm of behavioural therapy and contemporary cognitive therapy (Clarke and Fairburn 1997). Behavioural therapy historically focused on anxiety, phobic and obsessional disorders. Treatments were aligned to the learning theories of Pavlov and Skinner, anxieties and phobias were conceptualise to be conditioned fear responses, passively acquired and elicited by conditioned stimulii (Clarke and Fairburn 1997). A variety of techniques were employed to enable the client to ‘unlearn’ these acquired behaviours. These treatments regimes were concerned with maladaptive habits and behaviours; thought and emotional...
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