...Sexual selection in fish inhabiting great lakes Sexual selection plays an important role in the animal kingdom as it can act as a driving force for evolution. Darwin describes sexual selection as depending on “the advantage which certain individuals have over other individuals of the same sex and species solely in respect to reproduction” (Darwin, 1871). This can be interpreted as intraspecific reproductive competition where typically there is a rivalry between males for obtainment of the female. This type of competition can cause drastic changes in behaviour and appearance in males in order to get the attention of the female. The reasons behind female choice have been debated since the days of Darwin but most believe that a female will prefer...
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...The Difference between Natural Selection and Sexual Selection There are debates raging on whether to regard natural selection and sexual selection separately. On one hand is the argument that the two are mutual and in particular, that sexual selection is a part of the natural selection. On the other hand is the contention that the two are exclusive of each other because the manner in with each selection progresses (Andersson & Simmons, 2006); (Kokko, Jennions & Brooks, 2006). For instance, natural selection is not selective in the sense of deliberation. Natural selection is eliminative, where organisms that do not meet the reductive nature of their environments cease existing. The elimination has no ordered sequence because it not definitive which organisms are up for elimination. Additionally, mate choice occurs in both males and females, although females appear to exercise this choice more than males (Rundle, Chenoweth & Blows, 2006). Alternately, sexual selection is deliberative because it involves organisms exercising elements of premeditation and choice, elements absent in natural selection. There are several characteristics that make up an organism that predispose some organisms do perform better compared to others in environments exigent for their existence. However, determining the interaction of these challenges with their environment is not straightforward. To illustrate, showing how mating preferences evolve genetically is challenging and compounded by the fact that...
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...Andrea Parodis-Moya 100912149 CGSC1001V Davies The Robot’s Rebellion and Sexual Selection The evolution of the human race notably displays the changes that occur in the physical body in reaction to external changes, but it is equally interesting to explore the evolution of the human brain and its successful attempts (through its immense intelligence) to overpower its own biological and instinctual goals. In our lectures, specifically under ‘Evolutionary Psychology’, Davies introduced sexual selection as a part of biological evolution, referencing an experiment conducted by Claus Wadekind where mate selection results parallel the ideas brought forth; this is the base example. To further explain this evolutionary concept, the ideas illustrated by Keith E. Stanovich serve as not just as reference, but also as an opportunity to explore a perspective that could challenge our own. Wadekind is a biological researcher that created an experiment that determined mate preference in humans. More specifically, he set up a test of women’s sensitivity to male odours. The study involved a group of female college students who were asked to smell T-shirts that had been worn by male students for three nights without scented products. The experiment concluded that women preferred the odours of men with the most dissimilar MHC (major histocompability complex) to their own. A person’s major histocompability complex is a large gene region that regulates the immune system response; the...
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...Sex differences in parental investment and sexual selection investigation. Introduction. Sex differences in parental investment and sexual selection are the evolutionary theory processes which suggest that our choice of partners is determined by the extent to which they possess certain features which help us to reproduce and prevent our species from extinction. Sexual selection states that some mates possess certain features that are attractive to the opposite sex, therefore allowing them to get an easier access to mates and pass our genes on to the next generation, such as youth and health in women, which will ensure their fertility, and resoursefulness in men, which means they will be able to provide for the offspring. Sex differences in parental investment suggest that different sexes invest different amounts of resources (time, energy etc.) into their offspring for it to survive, such as females investing far greater into their offspring compared to males due to a complex process of childbearing and childbirth. This leads to the same conclusion regarding women looking for partners with resources and men looking for women who are young to ensure they are able to reproduce and the child’s theirs as their main concern is to pass their genes and ensure the offspring’s they are investing into is theirs. The sex differences in human mate preferences were studied by Buss (1989), who developed a questionnaire which consisted of the two sections. First section included biographical...
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...Payton Miller November 2, 2015 Science Seminar 2020 Topic #3 The Driving Force of Sexual Selection on Speciation Speciation is a force that splits a species into more than one species because of one sex’s change in preference of mates that leads to divergence. According to Darwin in the Descent of Man, sexual selection “depends on the advantage which certain individuals have over others of the same sex and species solely in respect to reproduction.” Sexual selection is the selection of traits by one sex that are favorable to the other for improving the chances of the survival of their offspring. Competition between sexes has the potential to be quite an important force behind speciation, one worth recognition. Even though evidence...
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...Sex differences in parental investment and sexual selection investigation. Abstract. The study explored how differences in gender affect the partner preferences. Results were obtained through a questionnaire of school-aged individuals. The researchers expected that the results to show a difference in preferences of the characteristics of a partner depending on gender which is linked to the ideas of sex differences in parental investment and sexual selection. The results were consistent with the hypothesis, demonstrating evident difference in partner choice between males’ and females’. Introduction. Sex differences in parental investment and sexual selection are the evolutionary theory processes which suggest that our choice of partners is determined by the extent to which they possess certain features which help us to reproduce and prevent our species from extinction. Sexual selection states that some mates possess certain features that are attractive to the opposite sex, therefore allowing them to get an easier access to mates and pass our genes on to the next generation, such as youth and health in women, which will ensure their fertility, and resoursefulness in men, which means they will be able to provide for the offspring. Sex differences in parental investment suggest that different sexes invest different amounts of resources (time, energy etc.) into their offspring for it to survive, such as females investing far greater into their offspring compared to males due...
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...Discuss the relationship between sexual selection and human reproductive behaviour (24 marks) In this essay I will be discussing the two theories of sexual selection within humans and their reproductive behaviour. The evolutionary explanation of relationships says humans have an innate drive to reproduce and pass on our genes. Sexual selection is a process within natural selection where characteristics are selected because they’re attractive to the opposite sex, and so this increases reproductive success and passes on these traits to their offspring. Sex differences in sexual selection comes from our evolutionary past and so males and females have different reproductive behaviour; these differences are shown from their mate choice (inter sexual selection), mate competition (intra sexual selection) and differences within their short term and long term mating strategies. Males and females differ in mate selection as the different sexes have different needs which are stemmed from our genetic code which has evolved over millions of years. According to the inter sexual selection theory males and females look for different characteristics in a mate and behave differently to attract these mates. It is important to men that women prioritise physical attractiveness and so men are responsive to those who are young and attractive as it connotes that these women are more likely to be fertile and so the man can reproduce and pass on his genes. Therefore, men are attractive to women who...
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...State University DigitalCommons@USU Family, Consumer, and Human Development Faculty Publications 12-1-1995 Family, Consumer, and Human Development, Department of Sexual Selection, Physical Attractiveness, and Facial Neoteny: Cross-cultural Evidence and Implications [and Comments and Reply] Doug Jones C. Loring Brace William Jankowiak Kevin N. Laland Lisa E. Musselman See next page for additional authors Recommended Citation Musselman, L. E., Langlois, J. H., & Roggman, L. A. (1996). Comment on: Sexual selection, physical attractiveness, and facial neoteny: Cross-cultural evidence and implications, by Doug Jones. Current Anthropology, 37, 739-740. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Family, Consumer, and Human Development, Department of at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Family, Consumer, and Human Development Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact digitalcommons@usu.edu. Authors Doug Jones, C. Loring Brace, William Jankowiak, Kevin N. Laland, Lisa E. Musselman, Judith H. Langlois, Lori A. Roggman, Daniel Pérusse, Barbara Schweder, and Donald Symons This article is available at DigitalCommons@USU: http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/fchd_facpub/602 Sexual Selection, Physical Attractiveness, and Facial Neoteny: Cross-cultural Evidence and Implications [and Comments and Reply] Author(s): Doug Jones, C. Loring Brace, William Jankowiak...
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...Works Cited Coughlin, Ellen K. "RESEARCH NOTES: Darwin Said To Influence 19Th-Century Writer's Fiction." Chronicle Of Higher Education 38.4 (1991): A11. Academic Search Complete. Web. 14 Apr. 2013. In this report, Coughlin, Ellen studied the influence of Charles Darwin’s theory of sexual selection in Kate Chopin works. She describes the sexual attraction use by Chopin in her works according to Darwin’s theory. Holtman, Janet. "Failing Fictions: The Conflicting and Shifting Social Emphases Of Kate Chopin's "Local Color" Stories." Southern Quarterly 42.2 (2004): 73-88. Academic Search Complete. Web. 14 Apr. 2013 The presents work analyses the concept of skin color used by Kate Chopin her works. It discuss the way Southern discourses of race and class influences Chopin novels “Bayou Folk” and “A night in Acadie”. "Kate Chopin: Her Novels and Stories." Kate Chopin: The Awakening, The Storm, Stories, Biography. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Apr. 2013. The website provides information about the all the novels and stories wrote by Kate Chopin. It also has her biography and a list of books, articles and essays about Kate Chopin and her works. In addition, the website has series of questions about Kate Chopin personal life and her reputation as a feminist reformer. Tolentino, Jasdomin, "Kate Chopin's Life and Personal Influence" (2008).Excellence in Research Awards.Paper 2 In this paper, Tolentino discuss Kate Chopin life and her personal influence. He explain how the relations with...
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...* Natural Selection * Variation * Inherited * Selection * Population will become better adapted to a particular environment. Evolutionary Psychology - 1992 An evolutionary psychological approach: 1. Humans are part of biology. 2. There is nothing special about the human brain 3. Human nature is innate 4. Human behavior is the product of both innate human nature and the environment. Cognitive Psychology 1. Actions are caused by mental processes. 2. The mind is a computer. 3. Humans descended from an ape like ancestor. Heredity 1. Makes offspring look like parents. 2. Genes are written in a molecule called DNA. 3. Children obtain 50 % of their genetic make-up from each parent. Mutations: 1. Mutations occur when a gene inside a cell changes. The evolution of the mind: Cognitive psychology and evolutionary biology meet when we begin discussing the mind evolving through the process of natural selection. What were the adaptive problems faced by our hominid ancestors? 1. Shelter 2. Food The Savannah Principal 1. The savannah principle holds that the human brain has undergone virtually little or no change in the last 10,000, years. Sugars and fats contain calories for survival. Week # 2 Sexual Selection Choosing a mate or mates is one of the most important decisions that one will make in one’s lifetime and one of Darwin’s main components of sexual selection. Female Choice...
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...Influence of Social Role Theory on Mate Preferences in Different Relationships Sumer Pirzada Colorado State University Abstract This study was conducted in order to find if social role influence mate preference in short-term relationships. The hypothesis was not supported after carrying out the research process. There were 35.5% male respondents and the remaining respondents were 64.5% female. Of the 31 participants, which were recruited from pool of friends on Facebook to take the fifteen minute survey, the sample size was predominantly European/White with the mean age of 21 years. The participants took three surveys in order to identify whether they fall in homemaker or provider category then they took the third survey on their preference mate. Even though there was only a single significant finding: that homemakers prefer other homemakers when considering mates for a short term relationship, this study indicates that most college students fall into provider role probably because they want to pursue a career after graduating so they prefer homemaker as their mate regardless of being in long-term or short-term relationship. Keywords: social roles, mate preferences, physical traits, college students, short term relationship, long term relationship Influence of Social Role Theory on Mate Preferences in Different Relationships People choose their mates based on many human characteristics. These characteristics may vary for each individual, type of relationship...
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...Madelyn Lashinis Term Paper Article Summary Sexual Selection: Pipefish In this research, they looked at many observations that took place with sexual selection in pipefish. They looked into how and where breeding took place, how long the cycle of sexual selection took, and how fast the pipefish grew. The researchers used different waters (Portugal and Ireland) and the different temperatures of waters. That way it gave them more information to learn and choose from. Their hypothesis stated that the southern pipefish population would sense warm water and a longer breeding time, across a milder pressure of selection, with fewer females. The researches had predicted that the fish living farther north are where the males will be necessary, that...
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...survives, nor the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to change.” (Charles Darwin). One of the more controversial pieces ever written was Darwin’s Natural Selection. The controversy is evolution vs. creation. Religion says earth and mankind, and life in general was created by god (as told in the creation story) with a design and purpose. Darwin says life all descends from a common ancestor with modifications over time in an undirected manor. It is not outside the realm of possibility that Darwin may be right considering he was trained as a minister and allowed himself to step outside the general consensus. Much like he did, we may need to accept that there may be some truth to the work he has done over his life I feel that Darwin's work was impactful because it shows us that there are alternative reasoning’s behind how we got here. I agree with Darwin's work and his theory of evolution because it is actually supported by evidence. I don't know about you but I've never been religious. I also think that his theory should be taught because religion has no place in public classrooms. Let parents teach religion, schools teach science, and allow the child to decide what to believe. I believe that evolution is real because it explains why there are so many different types of certain species. Natural selection is the gradual process by which biological traits become either more or less common in a population. Variation exists within all populations of organisms. This occurs...
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...Primate Size and Sexual Dimorphism Sexual Dimorphism in Primate Evolution by J. Michael Plavcan and Correlates of Sexual Dimorphism in Primates: Ecological and Size Variables by Walter Leutenegger and James Cheverud are very similar articles for their respective journals, but do come to a major disagreement within their articles. The agreements come when discussing which primates are monogamous and polygynous, why this is the case, and why sexual dimorphism will continue at a forever-growing rate through time. Plavcan disagrees with Leutnegger and Cheverud on one key fundamental issue, saying that the study of sexual dimorphism as it relates to the size of primates, their mating system, and how this came to be. Similarities Plavcan, Leutnegger, and Cheverud reached the same conclusion when correlating the size of the primate and the likelihood of that primate being monogamous or polygynous. Quite simply, the bigger the primate, the more likely they are to be polygynous. The three cite a few reasons for this. The first reason is because of sexual selection. Polygynous males often fight for the affection of female primates and the bigger the primate, the more likely they are to succeed. This is why hominoids such as apes are polygynous, whereas smaller primates like Gibbons stay with one mate throughout their lives. The three scientists also do not consider it a coincidence that males are much larger and more advanced in their evolution of dimorphism. Consider the dental...
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...the psychology Welcome & Introduction If your reading this your studying for AQA A Psychology Psya3 and the Relationship topic is one of the ones you have chosen. Its a wise move I think as its one of the easier ones to learn. I generally advise picking something you can relate to because you have some grounding for it as opposed to learning whole new concepts or ways of thinking on subject matter thats completely foreign. It tends to save you time in getting your head around things. A bit about me - My name is Sajan Devshi and I self-taught myself AQA A A Level Psychology between 2011-2012 achieving an A* grade and 100% in both Psya3 & Psya4. You can check out my certificate on my website at http://www.loopa.co.uk as well as get my other model answers too for the other topics in Psya3 and Psya4. But enough about me - you can learn about me in more depth on my website - lets get on with the show and onto the the overview of this topic, structuring and the model answers themselves too. S ECTION 1 Memorising Your Model Answers This is going to be pretty much your hardest task and with the help of this book hopefully it becomes more manageable. People have various ways they memorise things and it is entirely up to you. Memorising Essays U SING A CRONYMS + P RACTICE The method of memorising the essays is the same across all my model essay answers. I employ the concept of “chunking” alongside the use of “acronyms”. Combined this helped me memorise ...
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