...In Hatton and Trautner’s article, ‘Equal Opportunity Objectification? The Sexualization of Men and Women on the Cover of Rolling Stone’ (2011) examines and analyzes the changes on how the male and the female are sexually represented. This review will critically look at the arguments of the authors and the research discipline. Also, it will examine the previous literature related to the research topic. Further, the paper will examine the methodology used by the authors to analyses the study. Finally, it will discuss its findings and the contribution of the research to the study field. The study by Hatton and Trautner is an interdisciplinary study about sexuality and gender as well as the media. The above disciplines deals with the representation of sexuality and gender in the media. Also, it looks at how other issues regarding gender and sexuality affect individuals’ and the society. By examination of Braithwaite et al. (2015), it is evident that pornography influences friends and the society. Also, Hall, West and Hill (2012) shows implication of song lyrics on sexuality educators. The authors of the article have several...
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...CHALLENGE THE MEDIA Table of Contents: Introduction Testimonials Websites Activity Article: Media and Girls Books and Reports Take Action 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 End the Sexualization of Girls and Young Women in Mainstream Media Children are exposed to a barrage of sexual and violent images through mainstream and other media. As children gain more access to media through technology such as phones and computers, the time per day that children are exposed to images is increasing. The average high school student spends as much as 8-10 hours a day with some type of media, according to recent findings from the Geena Davis Institute. Studies estimate that counting all ads, logos, labels, and announcements a child is exposed to 16,000 images in one day. (Youth Media Reporter 2009). Media and Violence Against Women Often, media such as TV, commercials, movies, music lyrics, and even Halloween costumes, sexually exploits girls and young women; and it perpetuates unhealthy and unrealistic stereotypical portrayals of both young men and women. Sexually violent material can contribute to a social climate in which violence against women is more accepted. According to several studies by the APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls (2007), men and women exposed to sexually objectifying and violent images of women from mainstream media were more accepting of rape myths, sexual harassment, sex role stereotypes, and interpersonal violence. Such structures of violence allow violence against...
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...evaluation I have chosen an article from a popular website dedicated to pop culture and media. Written by reviewer Bob Hoose, this review talks about an array of different aspects to the film “Into the Woods” and gives rating based on age content and a “plugged in” rating. Hoose talks about the positive elements, spiritual and sexual content as well as if there was any violence, crude or profane language or alcohol and drug use (Hoose, n.d.). One of the storylines includes how Cinderella’s prince and the Baker’s wife act on the sexual attraction they have towards each other. “She resists him at first but eventually gives in, and they kiss passionately” (Hoose, n.d.). Along with Little Red and her grandmother being devoured by a wolf, which is violent in itself, Hoose also mentions other instances that are intense on screen: …the Baker rushes in and draws his knife to plunge it into the beastie's protruding belly. (The camera, ahem, cuts away before contact.) Several other prominent characters lose their lives as well. One falls off a cliff, another is pushed and hits her head on a stump, still another is hit in the forehead by a slingshot-launched rock, and a fourth crashes to the ground as she's transformed into a pool of bubbling tar. (Hoose, n.d.) One of the more shocking things Hoose points out is when the witch claims she was raped when her possessions were stolen. Other problematic sexual content that Hoose delves into is the sexualization of the stepsisters and...
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...Too Sexy Too Soon? A Case Study of Abercrombie & Fitch Stephanie Roussell / MC 7999 / 11.21.11 Introduction Abercrombie and Fitch, an American retailer with nearly 800 U.S. and international stores, is no stranger to controversy. The company has long profited from shock value and consumer backlash not only in its marketing, but also in its clothing and employment practices. Known for its preppy, casual style of mid-luxury clothing, the retailer is a mainstay in the American shopping mall. But recent controversies about its product style and marketing practices have kept the company continually in the news. The latest controversy is no different. In March 2011, the company posted a new product on its Abercrombie kids website: the “Ashley” bikini, a striped triangle bathing suit, sized for girls ages 8 to 14. It seemed innocent enough until one small word in the clothing description caused a firestorm of media and activist backlash. The website described the bikini as a “push-up,” complete with “extra padding for breast enhancement.” (Mendez, para. 1) Because this description was added to a website that markets to girls as young as 2nd grade, it caused an uproar about the company’s intentions of over-sexualizing young girls. Comments began pouring in decrying the company’s apparent lack of decency or sensitivity. All were asking the same question: “how soon is too sexy?” Did this controversy expose a company intent on objectifying young girls? Or is it another cog in the...
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...deal, and successful cooperation. Nevertheless, there is one great problem, an ethical one. Also, the fact is that prostitution will exist no matter what because men will always degrade women, and women, in turn, can do the same to men, even though these moral aspects are not connected with the legalization process, mostly depending on moral qualities of the society members, and not on a position on prostitution. Thus, the essay will try to prove why prostitution should not be legal with the help of analysis of the articles of the well-known scientists. While feminist theory represents prostitution as a working activity that lets women use their “agency” or “free choice”, calling them “migrant workers”, even despite the fact that a bigger part of those women are working to pay debts, or under duress, it serves to normalize prostitution concept and its rapid growth. Nevertheless, most of the problems, such as violence against women, organized crime, trafficking, early sexualization, that become more pressing day after day are seen as a substantial part of sex industry functioning. The feminist theory pays less attention to violence against women than to work and economy question. Moreover, the idea of sexual work has already caused a significant controversy at feminist debates, just as the fact that most of “academic feminists” and activists seem to speak for prostitutes, representing their sex industry by themselves, as respective sexual workers. View on the issue of prostitution...
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...| * Home * MyNCSL * Help & Member Services * Contact Us | Login | Create Account | | | | | | * About Us * ------------------------------------------------- Mission & Governance * ------------------------------------------------- Member Services * ------------------------------------------------- Executive Committee * ------------------------------------------------- Legislative Staff Coord. Cmte. * ------------------------------------------------- Standing Committees * ------------------------------------------------- NCSL Foundation * Legislatures & Elections * ------------------------------------------------- News/Contacts/Overview * ------------------------------------------------- Organization/Procedure/Facilities * ------------------------------------------------- Legislator/Staff Information * ------------------------------------------------- Elections & Campaigns * ------------------------------------------------- Redistricting * ------------------------------------------------- Ethics * ------------------------------------------------- Legislative Leaders * ------------------------------------------------- Women's Legislative Network * ------------------------------------------------- International Programs * ------------------------------------------------- Trust for Representative Democracy * ------------------------------------------------- Legislators...
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...Editorial and Production Staff APA Books Editorial Director: Mary Lynn Skutley Senior Editor, APA Style: Anne W. Gasque Production Manager: Jennifer M. Meidinger Production Editor: Harriet Kaplan APA Journals Director, Editorial Services: Paige Jackson Editorial Supervisor: Jeffery Hume-Pratuch Manuscript Editor II: Chelsea Lee Manuscript Editor II: Stefanie Lazer 1-4338-0704-1 978-1-4338-0704-6 Copyrighted Material. Not for Distribution. Copyrighted Material. Not for Distribution. Contents Electronic Media How References Are Constructed 2 Notation 2 General Guidelines 4 Consistency 4 Use of the Archival Copy of Version of Record 4 Electronic Sources and Locator Information 4 Understanding a URL 4 The DOI System 5 The DOI as article identifier 5 The linking function of DOIs 6 Providing Publication Data for Electronic Sources 6 General Guidance on Including DOIs and...
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...Children as Consumers: Advertising and Marketing Children as Consumers: Advertising and Marketing Sandra L. Calvert Summary Marketing and advertising support the U.S. economy by promoting the sale of goods and services to consumers, both adults and children. Sandra Calvert addresses product marketing to children and shows that although marketers have targeted children for decades, two recent trends have increased their interest in child consumers. First, both the discretionary income of children and their power to influence parent purchases have increased over time. Second, as the enormous increase in the number of available television channels has led to smaller audiences for each channel, digital interactive technologies have simultaneously opened new routes to narrow cast to children, thereby creating a growing media space just for children and children’s products. Calvert explains that paid advertising to children primarily involves television spots that feature toys and food products, most of which are high in fat and sugar and low in nutritional value. Newer marketing approaches have led to online advertising and to so-called stealth marketing techniques, such as embedding products in the program content in films, online, and in video games. All these marketing strategies, says Calvert, make children younger than eight especially vulnerable because they lack the cognitive skills to understand the persuasive intent of television and online advertisements...
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...know it has only been about for the last century but now it seems that it is once again diminishing from society. I say this because when looking at childhood from 50 years ago and comparing it to childhood today there is a huge difference. Today toys seem to be targeted at children of ages 1-10 years old but not for children above that age (Manhattan Institute for Policy Research). Children seem to be pushed into the spotlight of adult activities such as the fashion and glamour world in the case of beauty pageants (Daily Mail Online 2011). There also seems to be more of a focus on older children playing on computer consoles with violent games which depict realistic and gruesome actions. These computer games also depict real life situations such as the war in Afghanistan and give these older children the opportunity to play as a soldier in this scenario. Content What is childhood? Childhood is not to be confused with being a child, it is a completely different idea altogether. In modern day society, childhood is a social construct which is not seen as a natural or biological stage of life, but as being created out of the idealism of socio-cultural values. This creation is shown in the way that children are taught to behave, how to dress, and how they should be treated appropriately. This being said there are also other factors that would exhibit...
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...PROBLEM Introduction “Arming the youth with information,” one of the goals of the Reproductive Health Bill. In line with one of the two targets of Goal 5 - Improving Maternal Health - of the eight Millennium Development Goals which is achieving universal access to reproductive health by 2015. To achieve its goals, the bill provides for mandatory reproductive health education and that it be taught in "an age-appropriate manner... by adequately trained teachers starting from Grade 5 up to Fourth Year High School." As Iloilo Representative Janette Garin, author of the Reproductive Health Care Act says, “It’s very difficult to live in a society where we will be hypocritical and pretend that nothing is happening. But as early as grade 4 and 3, children, especially those in public schools, already have girlfriends and boyfriends.” Defined by United Nations (UN) on ICPD 1994, 'Reproductive health' is “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and...not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and its functions and processes.” Considering the fact that we are a Christian nation, some people and religious groups find this topic very sensitive to be discussed among youngsters. In this regard, Filipino mothers have the “you-will-learn-when-you-are-old-enough” attitude. As with this, the researchers have come up to a study that would determine the knowledge regarding reproductive health of the high school freshmen’s considering...
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...products and services by children, and by adults for children, is ubiquitous and has been associated with negative health consequences such as poor nutrition and physical inactivity. But, as Douglas Evans points out, not all marketing in the electronic media is confined to the sale of products. Increasingly savvy social marketers have begun to make extensive use of the same techniques and strategies used by commercial marketers to promote healthful behaviors and to counter some of the negative effects of conventional media marketing to children and adolescents. Evans points out that social marketing campaigns have been effective in helping to prevent and control tobacco use, increase physical activity, improve nutrition, and promote condom use, as well as other positive health behaviors. He reviews the evidence from a number of major recent campaigns and programming in the United States and overseas and describes the evaluation and research methods used to determine their effectiveness. He begins his review of the field of social marketing by describing how it uses many of the strategies practiced so successfully in commercial marketing. He notes the recent development of public health brands and the use of branding as a health promotion strategy. He then goes on to show how social marketing can promote healthful behavior, how it can counter media messages about unhealthful behavior, and how it can encourage discussions between parents and children. Evans concludes by...
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...COSMETICS ADOPTION AMONG YOUNG MALE ADULTS IN MALAYSIA CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem Background Personal identity is increasingly sought by consumers and one is recognized based on what one consumes (Firat & Venkatesh, 1993). People try to become the being they desire to be by consuming the items that they imagine will help to create and sustain their idea of themselves, their image and their identity (Bocock, 1993). Judgements about individuals are no longer made upon occupation or role in production but rather on what is consumed and how individuals present themselves (Firat, 1993). Through the possession of products, consumers can display their successes reflecting their personal achievement (Mitchell, 1983). Postmodern consumerism is obsessed with appearance and consumption, where style is a substitute for identity and presentation overshadows essence. This concept is part of a culture that have feminized men (Brod, 1995) and considers women and men as equally involved in the practices of consumption (Bocock, 1993). Masculine and feminine differences have been abolished by the postmodern patterns of consumption (Kacen, 2000) and these patterns of consumption are both determined and enhanced by the types of products consumers invest in (Seabrook, 1999). The construction of the male consumer of who they are, of their identity as men, is now achieved as much through style of dress, body care, image and having the right look, as do their female counterparts...
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...APA 格式第六版 APA 格式第六版 林天祐 臺北市立教育大學 中華民國 99 年 8 月 30 日 1 APA 格式第六版 APA 格式第六版 所謂 APA 格式是指美國心理學會 (American Psychological Association) 所發行的出版手冊（Publication Manual）有關論文寫作的規定格式，APA 格式第六版在 2009 年 7 月發行，與第五版相比較，新版手冊文章結構、文 獻引用、參考文獻、圖表、統計數字等方面均有增修（請參閱本文中的對 照表） 。想要進一步瞭解其他相關內容的讀者，可直接閱讀﹕Publication manual of the American Psychological Association 一書。 本文依據第六版的最新格式，介紹撰寫研究論文最常用的規定，包括﹕ （1） 文章結構（2）文獻引用（3）參考文獻（4）圖表製作（5）數字與 統計符號，以及（6）其他常用格式等六大項。其中有關圖表製作方面，特 別提供必較詳細的實例供參考，另外中文的寫作格式，是本文作者依據 APA 格式自行訂定的，僅供參考之用，各學術單位可自行修定（如統一改用西 元年代） ，針對部分第六版未規定之格式，本文作者也建議讀者可以參考第 五版寫作。 壹、文章結構 依據 APA 的格式，文章的結構包括封面、摘要、本文、參考文獻、註 記、以及附錄與補充資料等部分（請參閱該手冊，第 23 至 40 頁） 。 封面部分依次包括報告題目、作者姓名、單位及頁首小標題（running head）四部份，首先呈現的是報告主題，題目要能確切反映研究的變項或主 要問題，避免不必要的贅詞；其次是作者的姓名（在作者姓名之後不加任 何職稱，如教授，以及學位名稱，如博士） ，及作者的服務單位及電子郵件 信箱，最後是頁首小標題，目的在方便讀者查閱，其長短英文以 50 個字母 為高限，中文長度則以足以辨識出文章題目為標準。 摘要部分依文章性質不同而異， （1）實證性文章之摘要內容包括：研 究問題、研究對象、研究方法、研究發現（含效果值、信賴區間及∕或顯 著水準） 、結論與建議； （2）文獻分析或後設分析文章之摘要內容包括：研 究問題、分析之規準、文獻選取之依據、研究結果（含主要效果值）與效 果值之主要調節變項、結論（含限制） 、建議； （3）理論性文章之摘要內容 2 APA 格式第六版 包括：理論的內涵及∕或原則、理論對實證結果的解釋程度、結論； （4） 方法論文章之摘要內容包括：相關方法之討論、本方法之特性分析、本方 法之應用範圍、本方法之統計特性（如強度、考驗力） （5）個案研究之摘 ； 內容包括：研究對象及背景特徵、個案之問題性質或解答。 英文摘要（abstract）的字數，視期刊而定以 150-250 字為上限，敘述 時依內容之重要性順序呈現，不分段落（起始行不縮排） ，有數字時，除字 首外全部採用阿拉伯數字。摘要的撰寫應力求忠實反映本文內容，用詞精 簡明確，且不添加作者本身的意見，採敘述方式而非條列方式撰寫。但學 位論文摘要，因內容較多可分段敘寫，本文作者建議以一頁為原則。 本文部分包括緒論、研究方法、研究結果、討論。緒論包括：研究問 題、研究的重要性、文獻分析、研究假設與設計；研究方法包括：研究對 象、抽樣程式、研究工具、實施程式、樣本大小、考驗力、精確值、研究變 項與與共變項、研究設計、實驗操作或介入。研究結果在忠實呈現資料分析 ...
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