...Renaissance in the North, and the late Renaissance in Italy. In Italy the society after the Middle Ages was powerful city states, extensive trade, and banking had developed. Education was a priority; in Italy the first University for Greek Studies was established. Most Scholars referred to themselves as humanists, not only did they believe education should teach the early Christian hood, but also liberal arts, grammar, poetry, history, politics, and philosophy. Renaissance humanists believed strongly in knowledge, they felt that God created mankind to pursue knowledge and strive to their full potential. Thus, this leads into artists creating visual elements of art to teach education. The main patron of artwork was The Church, wealthy independents, and merchant-princes. The Church paid the finest artists to paint stories of Bible references, because most people in this time period were illiterate. Examples for The Church would be “Bellini, Pieta,” “Leonardo, Virgin and St. Anne,” and “Leonardo, The Last Supper”. All three of these artworks illustrate a biblical story. Also another patron was Pope Julius II; he commissioned Michelangelo to paint the ceiling of The Sistine Chapel. Well-known artist of the Renaissance time period was Leonardo Da Vinci and Michelangelo. Leonardo and Michelangelo...
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...Meanwhile, in the Renaissance, besides the impressive attribution in arts and literature, women’s public status in holding the power and influence were also worth nothing. Some widows once control her husband’s power and some used their wealth to become patrons. Unlike the England and France, no woman became the authority in court or seized political power in Italy. “They could not appear in the court but had to be represented by their ‘guardian’, usually a father or husband. In the case of orphans and widows, guardianship passed to the closest male relative in the male line” (Opitz 269). Nevertheless, compared to the absolute silence before the Renaissance, some women were quite special that they once had a position on the public affair. For...
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...Bramante and Aesthetics of High Renaissance William Kidwell ART101: Art Appreciation Instructor Venecia-Tobin September 17, 2012 Bramante and Aesthetics of High Renaissance Italian architect and painter, born. about 1444 at Monte Asdrualdo (hence, sometimes ASDRUALDINO); died. in Rome, March 11th, 1514. Nothing is known of his early youth. His early artistic development also, about which Vasari has made so many erroneous statements, is mostly a matter of conjecture. Today, however, it seems fairly certain that Laurana, the architect of the ducal palace at Urbino, showed him the way to the impressive style of the High Renaissance. Bramante's artistic activity is divided into two periods of which the first was spent in Milan and the other in Rome. His work in Milan is characterized by a pronounced picturesque, decorative style. In Rome, on the other hand, we find a style which is more proper to the High Renaissance, exemplified in works that are, as far as possible, free from all external decoration, impressive by reason of their proportions, and recalling the antique by their grandeur and power. In 1476 Bramante became the court architect of Lodovico Sforza (Il Moro), having been in Milan, as has been abundantly shown, from 1474. At first he seems to have been engaged principally as a painter, following the vigorous manner of Mantegna and Melozzo da Forlí. It is true that only scanty remains of his work at this time have been found. Such are the recently discovered...
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...LEONARDO DA VINCI By Sade Green Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci, more commonly Leonardo da Vinci, was an Italian polymath. He was a painter, sculptor, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer. And also one of my favorite people. EARLY LIFE, 1452–1466 Leonardo was born on April 15, 1452, "at the third hour of the night" in the Tuscan hill town of Vinci, in the lower valley of the Arno River in the territory of Florence. He was the illegitimate son of Messer Piero Fruosino di Antonio da Vinci, a Florentine notary, and Caterina, a peasant who may have been a slave from the Middle East. Leonardo had no surname in the modern sense, "da Vinci" simply meaning "of Vinci": his full birth name was "Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci", meaning "Leonardo, son of (Mess) ser Piero from Vinci." Little is known about Leonardo's early life. He spent his first five years in the hamlet of Anchiano, then lived in the household of his father, grandparents and uncle, Francesco, in the small town of Vinci. His father had married a sixteen-year-old girl named Albiera, who loved Leonardo but died young. In later life, Leonardo only recorded two childhood incidents. One, which he regarded as an omen, was when a kite dropped from the sky and hovered over his...
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...The Last Supper and The Book Of Genesis Leonardo Da Vinci was one of the most prominent men in history and was the creator of many new ideas. He created many works of art and invented many new technologies that would be considered extreme for the time period. One of the biggest works of art he completed was “The Last Supper”. This painting, done in fresco, plays a significant role in Christianity and depicts Jesus with his disciples. Along with “The Last Supper”, The Book of Genesis was produced to influence belief on a group of individuals. These works of art are cemented in history and can be connected to each other by their significant individual affects on human existence. “The Last Supper” and the creation story in The Book of Genesis are connected to one another by theology and both share themes such as creationism and humanism. To understand how these individual pieces of work are connected to each other, one must first breakdown why these works of art were created. The Last Supper is one of the most thought-provoking and controversial works of Leonardo da Vinci. It is a mural painting, which means that it is directly painted on a wall, and is created by Leonardo in Milan from 1495 till 1498. Da Vinci painted it for his patron Duke Ludovico Sforza who decided that he wanted this religious scene painted. The Last Supper measures 15 feet × 29 feet and covers the back wall of the dining hall at Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan, Italy. Leonardo spent 3 years painting...
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...light of the Italian Renaissance.Born out of wedlock, the love child of a respected notary and a young peasant woman, he was raised by his father, Ser Piero, and his stepmothers. At the age of 14, da Vinci began apprenticing with the artist Verrocchio. For six years, he learned a wide breadth of technical skills, including metalworking, leather arts, carpentry, drawing and sculpting. By the age of 20, he had qualified as a master artist in the Guild of Saint Luke and established his own workshop.Florentine court records show that da Vinci was charged with and acquitted of sodomy at the age of 22, and for two years, his whereabouts went entirely undocumented. The Last Supper (Italian: Il Cenacolo or L'Ultima Cena) is a late 15th-century fresco painting by Leonardo da Vinci in the refectory of the Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan. It is one of the world's most famous paintings, and one of the most studied, scrutinized, and satirized.[1]The work is presumed to have been commenced around 1495 and was commissioned as part of a scheme of renovations to the church and its convent buildings by Leonardo's patron Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan. The painting represents the scene of The Last Supper of Jesus with his disciples, as it is told in theGospel of John, 13:21. Leonardo has depicted the consternation that occurred among the Twelve Disciples when Jesus announced that one of them would betray...
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...of Constantinople to Turkish army in 1453; transferred to Italy and retranslated - Catholic church challenged with Protestant Reformation; increased role of patronage and royal courts - Higher status for role of engineer - change in values: knowledge for wealth, power and status over standard theological considerations and attaining salvation turning point in the story of technology - changes in attitudes toward natural philosophy and technical arts, and change in relationship between science and technology - natural philosophers: justify search for knowledge on utilitarian and not just theological reasoning; this signals a changing relationship between science and technology - another important development was creation of linear (geometrical) perspective: three dimensional images onto two dimensional canvas is new method of drawing and painting images - Leon Alberti (1404-1472) known as “father of perspective”: while he did not invent linear perspective, did help to perfect the art by providing...
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...Leonardo Da Vinci: Greatest Inventor of the Renaissance What do you think of when someone mentions the name Leonardo da Vinci? Most people automatically think of the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. Not many people go right to the fact that he was the original inventor of the airplane and tank. Not only did he invent these, but da Vinci invented many military machines that people overlook today. The Renaissance housed some of the greatest minds and talents the world has even seen, including Leonardo da Vinci. He has been called by many people the original “renaissance man” for his advancements in anatomy, art, physics, and military technology. He was an all around genius and scholar in all fields of study. Unfortunately many of his inventions were ahead of their time, and were left in many of his notebooks and sketches for future scientists to make advancements upon. Many of his ideas did not work because Leonardo lacked the resources and information, due to his era and the scarcity of technology, to make them work. The notebooks that he left behind give a glimpse into one of the most creative minds in history. Even though many of his inventions did not work because they were too far ahead of their time, Leonardo da Vinci should be considered one of the greatest inventors of the Italian Renaissance because he was the most sought after technician and engineer in Italy of the time, and he revolutionized military technology for the generations to follow. Leonardo was born in a...
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...The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Prince, by Nicolo Machiavelli This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: The Prince Author: Nicolo Machiavelli Translator: W. K. Marriott Release Date: February 11, 2006 [EBook #1232] Last Updated: November 5, 2012 Language: English *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PRINCE *** Produced by John Bickers, David Widger and Others THE PRINCE by Nicolo Machiavelli Translated by W. K. Marriott Nicolo Machiavelli, born at Florence on 3rd May 1469. From 1494 to 1512 held an official post at Florence which included diplomatic missions to various European courts. Imprisoned in Florence, 1512; later exiled and returned to San Casciano. Died at Florence on 22nd June 1527. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION YOUTH Aet. 1-25—1469-94 OFFICE Aet. 25-43—1494-1512 LITERATURE AND DEATH Aet. 43-58—1512-27 THE MAN AND HIS WORKS DEDICATION THE PRINCE CHAPTER I HOW MANY KINDS OF PRINCIPALITIES THERE ARE CHAPTER II CONCERNING HEREDITARY PRINCIPALITIES CHAPTER III CONCERNING MIXED PRINCIPALITIES CHAPTER IV ALEXANDER WHY THE KINGDOM OF DARIUS, CONQUERED BY CHAPTER V CONCERNING THE WAY TO GOVERN CITIES OR PRINCIPALITIES CHAPTER VI ACQUIRED CONCERNING NEW PRINCIPALITIES WHICH ARE CHAPTER VII ACQUIRED ...
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...THE PRINCE CHAPTER I How Many Kinds Of Principalities There Are, And By What Means They Are Acquired ALL STATES, all powers, that have held and hold rule over men have been and are either republics or principalities. Principalities are either hereditary, in which the family has been long established; or they are new. The new are either entirely new, as was Milan to Francesco Sforza, or they are, as it were, members annexed to the hereditary state of the prince who has acquired them, as was the kingdom of Naples to that of the King of Spain. Such dominions thus acquired are either accustomed to live under a prince, or to live in freedom; and are acquired either by the arms of the prince himself, or of others, or else by fortune or by ability. CHAPTER II Concerning Hereditary Principalities I WILL leave out all discussion on republics, inasmuch as in another place I have written of them at length, 1 and will address myself only to principalities. In doing so I will keep to the order indicated above, and discuss how such principalities are to be ruled and preserved. I say at once there are fewer difficulties in holding hereditary states, and those long accustomed to the family of their prince, than new ones; for it is sufficient only not to transgress the customs of his ancestors, and to deal prudently with circumstances as they arise, for a prince of average powers to maintain himself in his state, unless he be deprived of it by some extraordinary and excessive force;...
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...African Kingdoms The Europeans in Africa Native American Cultures Maya Civilization The Empires of the Incas and the Aztecs The Spanish in the Americas and the Aftermath of Their Conquest The Impact of Technology Christian Humanism and the Northern Renaissance Luther and the Protestant Reformation The Spread of Protestantism The Catholic Reformation 2 WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS The French Revolution Napoleon Bonaparte The Industrial Revolution Advancing Industrialism Colonialism China and the West Social and Economic Realities Nineteenth-Century Social Theory: conservatism, liberalism & socialism The Radical View of Marx and Engels Picasso and the Birth of Cubism Futurism, Fauvism and Non Objective Art The Birth of Motion Pictures Freud and the Psyche Total War and Totalitarianism The First World War The Russian Revolution Nazi Totalitarianism The Second World War Identity and Liberation: Gandhi, Martin Luther King and Malcolm X 3 WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS The Black Death The most devastating natural catastrophe of the early modern era was the bubonic plague, which hit Europe in 1347 and destroyed one third to one half of its population within less than a century. Originating in Asia and spread by the Mongol tribes that dominated that vast area, the disease devastated China and the Middle East, interrupting long-distance trade and crossnatural encounters...
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...THE ART OF PERFORMANCE A CRITICAL ANTHOLOGY edited by GREGORY BATTCOCK AND ROBERT NICKAS /ubu editions 2010 The Art of Performance A Critical Anthology 1984 Edited By: Gregory Battcock and Robert Nickas /ubueditions ubu.com/ubu This UbuWeb Edition edited by Lucia della Paolera 2010 2 The original edition was published by E.P. DUTTON, INC. NEW YORK For G. B. Copyright @ 1984 by the Estate of Gregory Battcock and Robert Nickas All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief passages in connection with a review written for inclusion in a magazine, newspaper or broadcast. Published in the United States by E. P. Dutton, Inc., 2 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10016 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 79-53323 ISBN: 0-525-48039-0 Published simultaneously in Canada by Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited, Toronto 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 First Edition Vito Acconci: "Notebook: On Activity and Performance." Reprinted from Art and Artists 6, no. 2 (May l97l), pp. 68-69, by permission of Art and Artists and the author. Russell Baker: "Observer: Seated One Day At the Cello." Reprinted from The New York Times, May 14, 1967, p. lOE, by permission of The New York Times...
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...painter/architect Male Suffrage o Individualism: People sought to receive personal credit for achievements, unlike medieval ideal of “all glory goes to god” Names Ideas o Renaissance: Began in Italian city-states, a cause de invention of the printing press, laid way for Protestant Reformation Events Books/Texts Italy: City states, under HRE (Holy Roman Empire) o For alliances: old nobility vs. wealthy merchants FIGHT P-Prussia Popolo: third class, “the people”, wanted own share of wealth/power R-Russia A-Austria Ciompi Revolts: 1378 Florence, Popolo were revolting [eew], brief period of control over government B-Britain Milan taken over by signor (which is a tyrant) • o Under control of the Condottiero (mercenary) Sforza- Significant because after this, a few wealthy families dominated Venice (e.g. Medici) Humanism: Francesco Petrarch (Sonnets), came up with term “Dark Ages”, began to study classical world of rhetoric and literature Cicero: Important Roman, provided account of collapse of Roman Republic [like Edward Gibbon], invented Ciceronian style: Latin style of writing which humanists followed • [Even though they weren’t in Rome, Humanists did as the Romans do] Despite being accused of following Pagan culture, Petrarch talked a lot about universality Civic Humanists: Politicians/ diplomats, utilized public education for common good Plato: Studying Greek allowed enlightened people to observe platonic ideals...
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...reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data DeVries, Kelly, 1956– Medieval weapons : an illustrated history of their impact / Kelly DeVries and Robert D. Smith. p. cm. — (Weapons and warfare series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-10: 1-85109-526-8 (hard copy : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-85109-531-4 (ebook) ISBN-13: 978-1-85109-526-1 (hard copy : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-1-85109-531-5 (ebook) 1. Military weapons—Europe—History—To 1500. 2. Military art and science—Europe—History—Medieval, 500-1500. I. Smith, Robert D. (Robert Douglas), 1954– II. Title. U810.D48 2007 623.4094'0902—dc22 2006102102 11 10 09 08 07 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Production Editor: Vicki...
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