...determined, either by what you have genetically inherited or by your social environment and experience. The alternative to determinism is choice and interaction this is the belief that people can take control of their own lives through the choices they make. It is sometimes referred to as the ‘free will’ viewpoint. Genetic factors and disorders. Each cell in the body contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. One chromosome from each pair is inherited from your mother and one is inherited from your father. The chromosomes contain the genes you inherit from your parents. There may be different forms of the same gene. These different forms are called alleles. There are different genes that determine your eye colour and your hair colour. The different forms of genes are caused by mutations in the DNA code. Genetic disorders are depending on certain factors these are; what genes you inherit of your parents, whether the gene for that condition is dominant or recessive and their environment, including any treatment they may receive. An example of a genetic disorder is Sickle Cell Anaemia; Sickle cell anaemia is a disease where your body produces abnormally shaped red blood cells. The cells are shaped like a crescent or sickle used to cut wheat. Sickle cell anaemia is caused by a genetic mutation that affects normal development of red blood cells. Symptoms of sickle cell anaemia can have a significant impact on quality of life. Potential complications can be life-threatening. Biological Biological...
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...supply for the body is not replaced with nutrient rich foods Amy has a higher likely hood of being anemic. Amy is also a picky eater, so given the choice she may not make wise eating choices. Amy’s eating habits need to be redirected to healthier foods that would give her the proper amount of iron. Amy could also take an iron supplement; but should really see her doctor, iron is important to the body because it helps get enough oxygen throughout the body. Diagnosis is done through a physical exam, as well as a complete blood count; and an iron test to see how much iron is in the blood. Treatment is usually an iron supplement that is monitored by your doctor. Prevention can be through a healthy diet with foods rich in iron such as; meat, eggs, whole grain, and iron-fortified foods. (Web MD) Marcus is getting ready for kindergarten. His mother is concerned, and wants Marcus to be screened, because she carries the “trait”. Being that Marcus is African-American, he has a high likely hood of inheriting this trait from his parents if they have the disorder. I believe that the trait that Marcus’ mother is speaking of is sickle cell anemia; this disorder affects approximately 100,000 people in the United States. Sickle cell disease causes red blood cells to form into a crescent shape, like a sickle; The sickle-shaped red blood cells...
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...Microevolutionary Process Notes * 1) Natural selection works on individuals * 2) Individuals do not evolve, populations do * Insecticide application didn’t result in insecticide resistance: some insects carry trait of resistance in their genes * Processes in Microevolution -Mutation -Non-random mating -Genetic Drift -Natural Selection -Gene Flow * Hardy-Weinburg Theorem: Frequencies of alleles and genotypes are preserved from generation to generation in populations that are not evolving -p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 * Hardy-Weinburg tells us that we will never get rid of bad genes and it’s used to figure how gene populations change over time * The Hardy-Weinberg theorem describes a pop’n that is not evolving. It has 5 assumptions: 1. Genetic Drift: This represents random changes in small gene pools due to sampling errors in propagation of alleles. The bottleneck effect and founder effect are prime examples of genetic drift. In either case the number of individuals in a population is drastically reduced distorting the original allelic frequencies. (H-W assumes large population) 2. Gene Flow: The movement of alleles into and out of a gene pool. Migration of an organism into different areas can cause the allelic frequencies of that population to increase. Most populations are not isolated, which is contrary to the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem. (H-W assumes the population isolated from others) 3. Mutations: These changes in the genome of an organism are...
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...P1 Public Health Strategies in the UK and their origins. In this article I am going to describe the key features of public health strategies as they relate to current times in the UK. -Monitoring the health status of the population. This strategy involves keeping track of people’s health/keeping an eye on everyone though statics. By tracking changes in the health of the population health professionals are able to alert people to potential problems, for example regular check-ups, at doctors for asthma or Dentist to check up on teeth and make sure they are in good condition plus Orthodontic. Also the NHS provide a free midlife MOT to check people aged between 40-74, to make sure they are in good health and to help reduce the number of elderly who suffer with high blood pressure. Also for HIV, they monitor the health of the population with HIV tracking the number of people with HIV within the population. This helps the NHS find out the population of people with HIV in order for them to take further actions. -Identifying the health needs of the population. This strategy involves identifying health needs, including those that are common problems/ illness that are considered a major problem. For example identifying the illness and providing support through services or medicine, advert are a great way that can get you aware, and provide you with health awareness that is common in the population. Doctors for example monitor the health status of...
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...Disease Addisonian Anemia Albright’s Syndrome Alport’s Syndrome Alzheimer’s Argyll-Robertson Pupil Arnold-Chiari Malformation Barrett’s Bartter’s Syndrome Becker’s Muscular Dystrophy Bell’s Palsy Berger’s Disease Bernard-Soulier Disease Berry Aneurysm Bowen’s Disease Brill-Zinsser Disease Briquet’s Syndrome Broca’s Aphasia Brown-Sequard Bruton’s Disease Budd-Chiari Buerger’s Disease Burkitt’s Lymphoma Caisson Disease Chagas’ Disease Chediak-Higashi Disease Conn’s Syndrome Cori’s Disease Creutzfeldt-Jakob Crigler-Najjar Syndrome Crohn’s Curling’s Ulcer Cushing’s Cushing’s Ulcer de Quervain’s Thyroiditis Primary adrenocortical deficiency Pernicious anemia (antibodies to intrinsic factor or parietal cells → ↓IF → ↓Vit B12 → megaloblastic anemia) Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, café au lait spots, short stature, young girls Hereditary nephritis with nerve deafness Progressive dementia • Loss of light reflex constriction (contralateral or bilateral) • “Prostitute’s Eye” – accommodates but does not react • Pathognomonic for 3°Syphilis • Lesion pretectal region of superior colliculus Cerebellar tonsil herniation through foramen magnum = see thoracolumbar meningomyelocele Columnar metaplasia of lower esophagus (↑ risk of adenocarcinoma)- constant gastroesophageal reflux Hyperreninemia Similar to Duchenne, but less severe (mutation, not a deficiency, in dystrophin protein) CNVII palsy (entire face; recall that...
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...Effect of Sickle Cell Disease Gene of Two Parents Traits on a Child Desmond Jefferson PSY104 Holly Johnson April 15, 2013 In trying to expound the reasons why the genes of the two parents influence the traits of an offspring, with in examination of how abnormalities can contribute to genetic and / or chromosomal disorder. I will use sickles cell disease to explain my reasoning. According to Wikipedia, Sickle-cell disease (SCD) is an autosomal recessive genetic blood disorder with over dominance, characterized by red blood cells that assume an abnormal, rigid, sickle shape. Sickle cell disease decreases the cells' flexibility and results in a risk of various complications. In this paper I will discuss how sickle cell disease occurs because of a mutation in the hemoglobin gene. Even though sickle cell gene of two parent’s traits affects a child, what are the chances of having a baby with sickle cell trait? Knowing that individuals with sickle cell trait can pass the sickle hemoglobin gene to their children and, when one parent has sickle cell trait and the other parent has normal hemoglobin the child may inherit. How do you know if you have sickle cell trait? You can easily get a blood test form most hospital, medical centers and doctor offices. When you get the blood test, it determines if you have sickle cell trait. As in women, they can find out if they have sickle cell traits during their pregnancy to find out if the child is going to have the trait or the disease...
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...can't feel your bones getting weaker. A 84 years old women with thin, small boned can has a broken bone at any time. Because of the weakness and she can also experience a fracture that wouldn’t occur in normal bone. Usually the symptoms of osteoporosis may not be visible unless she breaks her bone. The woman has a low bone mineral density. There is no cure for osteoporosis. She needs to control avec precautions her movement. Osteoarthritis is a joint disease. As we get old we are exposed to have osteoarthritis. A female with 84 years is already inflammatory of her joint. Osteoarthritis can be cause by infection in the joint, chronic gout and rheumatoid disease. It can be genetic .It can be genetic for example someone who is born with sickle cell disease affect it can promote the breakdown. It can also be cause by an abnormal anatomy or bad nutrition. The old lady needs to do repetitive movement. A muscle without workout or movement can atrophy. We need to keep our body movement. The lady needs to give a chance to her muscle to contract. She needs therapist . When the biceps muscle is not moving and there is not force in the muscle. Normally our muscle role is to contract. If there is not contraction our muscle fills sick. After all when people get old everything change in their life. A healthy nutrition and a food daily exercise can help ours muscle. We cannot do anything about the age. But she needs to stay stable. REFERENCES Cohen, Adi; Fleischer, Jessica; Freeby...
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...different blood disorders that stem from theses causes: sickle cell anemia, thrombocytopenia, and iron deficiency anemia. Each of these blood disorders are diagnosed, treated, and have different prevention methods. Sickle cell anemia causes normal round red blood cells to become crescent shaped. Normal red blood cells can easily move throughout the body’s blood vessels and supply the body with the adequate amount of oxygen enriched blood. But crescent or sickle shaped red blood cells often get stuck in the blood vessels blocking the vessels and causing the stop of oxygen from getting to the bodies organs, tissue, muscle, and bones. Sickle cell anemia is caused by an inherited genetic trait by both of the parents of the affected child. If the child only inherits the sickle cell gene from one parent then the child is said to have the trait but not the disease. However, the child that has only the trait is considered a carrier of the disease and can pass the gene to his or her children. Most people are diagnosed with sickle cell anemia when they are born by having a simple blood test that most hospitals require at birth. Antibiotics are the first course of treatment and it is given to children between the ages of two months to five years of age. Parents are also encouraged to have their children’s routine childhood immunizations on time. The hardest part of this disease is the pain that the patient goes through by the sickle cells blocking blood vessels. Each patient is put on some...
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...Sickle Cell Disease is an illness that affects people all across the globe. This paper will give a description of the sickness through the discussion of the causes, symptoms, and possible cures. Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a "group of inherited red blood cell disorders."(1) These disorders can have various afflictions, such as pain, damage and a low blood count--Sickle Cell Anemia. Sickle cell disease is the most common inherited blood disorder in the United States. Approximately 80,000 Americans have the disease. In the United States, sickle cell disease is most prevalent among African Americans. About one in 12 African Americans and about one in 100 Hispanic Americans carry the sickle cell trait, which means they are carriers of the disease. Sickle cell disease is caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin-Beta gene found on chromosome 11. Hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body. Red blood cells with normal hemoglobin (hemoglobin-A) are smooth and round and glide through blood vessels. In people with sickle cell disease, abnormal hemoglobin molecules - hemoglobin S - stick to one another and form long, rod-like structures. These structures cause red blood cells to become stiff, assuming a sickle shape. Their shape causes these red blood cells to pile up, causing blockages and damaging vital organs and tissue. Sickle cells are destroyed rapidly in the bodies of people with the disease, causing anemia. This anemia is what gives the disease...
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...Sickle-cell disease From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the disease itself. For the genetic transmission of sickle-cell disease and its carrier state, see sickle cell trait. Not to be confused with Sick cell syndrome. Sickle-cell disease Classification and external resources Figure (A) shows normal red blood cells flowing freely through veins. The inset shows a cross section of a normal red blood cell with normal haemoglobin. Figure B shows abnormal, sickled red blood cells log jamming, sticking and accumulating at the branching point in a vein. The inset image shows a cross-section of a sickle cell with long polymerized HbS strands stretching and distorting the cell shape. ICD-10 D57 ICD-9 282.6 OMIM 603903 DiseasesDB 12069 MedlinePlus 000527 eMedicine med/2126 oph/490ped/2096 emerg/26emerg/406 MeSH C15.378.071.141.150.150 GeneReviews • Sickle-cell disease Sickle-cell disease (SCD), or sickle-cell anaemia (SCA) or drepanocytosis, is a hereditary blood disorder, characterized by red blood cells that assume an abnormal, rigid, sickle shape. Sickling decreases the cells' flexibility and results in a risk of various complications. The sickling occurs because of a mutation in the haemoglobin gene. Individuals with one copy of the defunct gene display both normal and abnormal haemoglobin. This is an example of codominance. Life expectancy is shortened. In 1994, in the US, the average life expectancy of persons with...
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...Sickle Cell Disorder Research Paper Sickle cell anemia is a disease passed down through families in which red blood cells form an abnormal sickle or crescent shape. Red blood cells carry oxygen to the body and are normally shaped like a disc. Sickle cell disease refers to a group of inherited red blood cell disorders. It is the most common genetic disease in the U.S. An estimated 70,000-80,000 Americans have sickle cell disease. Normal red blood cells are round like doughnuts, and they move through small blood tubes in the body to deliver oxygen. Sickle red blood cells become hard, sticky and shaped like sickles used to cut wheat. When these hard and pointed red cells go through the small blood tube, they clog the flow and break apart. This can cause pain, damage and a low blood count, or anemia. What is sickle cell trait? A person with the sickle cell trait does not have (and will never have) sickle cell disease. However, the presence of the trait may impact his/her children How do you get sickle cell disease? Sickle cell disease is not contagious; you cannot "catch" it. You inherit it from your parents. If, for example, one parent has normal hemoglobin ( type AA) and the second parent has abnormal hemoglobin ( type AS, or the sickle cell "trait"), there is a 50% chance that each child will have the sickle cell trait, but they will not have sickle cell disease ( type SS). The three most common forms of the disease in the United States are: 1. Hemoglobin...
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...Critical reflection In last four months, I have learned a lot of new information. I have come to believe taking genetics course is very crucial for a nurse. We discussed a lot of interesting genetic cases in classroom which improved my knowledge about the basic concepts of genetics, about role of the environment in genetic diseases, and about various risk factors associated with genetic diseases. By taking this course I now identify how to construct a family pedigree that can be used to take detailed family history in a clinical setting. I have learnt that family history not only holds important information about an individual’s past but can so be used to predict the future health of patients. Information from family history can be used as a diagnostic tool and help guide decisions about genetic and screening tests for the patient and family members at risk. An accurate family history will be important to establish a pattern of transmission. The genetic course has also made me think about my own family history. I do know that my grand father died of colon cancer and my other grand father died of type 1 diabetes. I know that this type of common diseases can run in families, because of this I was a little concerned about the fact that my parents and siblings including myself could be affected by it. However, taking this course helped me to conduct genetic risk assessments for our family based one the lessons I learnt from the course. This has enabled me to have a better understanding...
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...SICKLE CELL ANAEMIA Name: Institution: Introduction The sickle cell anaemia is a relentless hereditary kind of anemia in which a transmuted form of hemoglobin disfigures the red blood cells into a hemispherical outline at low oxygen levels (Sickle cell anaemia, 2015). The disorderedly affects individuals of the Caribbean, African as well as Asian origin, in the United Kingdom sickle cell disorders is mostly usually experienced in the Caribbean along with African persons. Consequently, this paper is going to talk about sickle cell anaemia along with alternate issues related to it. What causes sickle cell anaemia? Sickle cell anaemia is brought about by an alteration as well as uncharacteristic alteration in the gene that initiates the body to create hemoglobin. The sickle cell DNA is mostly inherited whereby it is conveyed from one generation to another in the family. To acquire sickle cell anaemia one must inherit the flawed DNA from mutually all the parents. Should one get the DNA from only one parent then this condition can be described as a sickle cell condition? There is a high chance that the person’s blood will have some sickle cell, and will also be able to generate the ordinary hemoglobin but not experience the signs of the disease. Conversely, the individual will be perceived as the carrier of sickle cell anaemia...
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...1 Personal Impact Paper on Sickle Cell Disease Glenda Kessen NUR427 9/8/14 Amy Highland 2 Sickles Cell Anemia is a chronic, serious red blood cell disorder that is lifelong. "It is the most common genetic disease in the United States." (Guyatt, GH 2007). Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is inherited and results in a decrease of the ability of red blood cells to carry much-needed oxygen through the body. The cells become clogged, due to their crescent shape, which keeps them from delivering oxygen. This can cause unbearable pain, damage to the body organs, and even death. The frequency of the pain episodes can range from several a year to multiple times a day. SCD is caused by hemoglobin S, which is an abnormal type of hemoglobin. When the cells are exposed to low oxygen levels, the Hemoglobin S changes the shape of the red blood cells. Red blood cells are made of marrow that is located inside the large bones of the body. The bone marrow is constantly making new red blood cells to replace the old cells. The life of the normal red blood cell life is about 120 days. Their purpose is to carry oxygen and remove the carbon dioxide, which is a waste product, from the body. Sickle-shaped cells die about ten to twenty days that prevents the bone marrow from making new red blood cells. Ethnicity plays a part in SCD, with African Americans more likely to be affected. Both parents are carriers of the sickle cell trait which is passed on to the child. The child will inherit...
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...Ashley McHugh Ms. Greve Biology I Academic (2)-1 11 January 2016 Sickle Cell Disease: A Chronic Cruelty Sickle cell disease is a collection of inherited blood cell disorders in which the hemoglobin in red blood cells mutates into a dangerous crescent shape. This crescent shape is “not flexible and can stick to vessel walls, causing a blockage that slows or stops the flow of blood.” Sickle cell disease is the most common genetic disorder in the United States, but it primarily affects African Americans. Victims suffer from lifelong complications wherein the worst of the pain lies in sporadic episodes. Sickle cell disease is an incurable hereditary condition which produces abnormally shaped red blood cells that trigger periods of severe pain;...
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