...* * * Menu The math behind Six Sigma metrics Mon, 7 Jan 2008 By Valerie Bolhouse, Certified Six Sigma Blackbelt (This information supports an article appearing in the January 2008 issue of Vision Systems Design, "Quality Numbers: Six Sigma.") In nature and most manufacturing processes no two things are ever exactly the same. There exist small variations from part to part or measure to measure. If you were to acquire metrics on features of 100 "identical" parts and plot the values relative to frequency, you would be plotting a histogram. For stable processes, the curve would most likely be a normal, or bell-shaped, curve. The analysis of the data in this fashion is called descriptive statistics. Data about the entire population is not usually studied. It is more useful to study a sample of that population and infer from the analysis what the entire population most likely looks like. This is inferential statistics. The confidence in the correctness of that prediction is dependent upon the size of the sample and the behavior of the data. Some of the useful characteristics that can be calculated from the data are described below. The average value of the data is called the mean or X-bar. The equation for the mean is (X1+X2+X3+...+XN)/N, also denoted by ΣXi/N. Another measure calculated from the data is the variability, or the degree to which the individuals cluster about the mean. The most common measure of variability is the variance. The variance is calculated by...
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...SIX SIGMA (6σ) EN ZIJN PLAATS IN DE INDUSTRIE Bart Witdouck Hogeschool West-Vlaanderen – Departement PIH, Master in de Automatisering bart.witdouck@howest.be ABSTRACT De steeds maar sneller veranderende economische condities zoals wereldwijde competitie, verkleinerende winstmarges, de vraag van de klant naar hoge kwaliteit, productvariaties, etc. hebben een grote invloed op de industrie. Om een antwoord te bieden op al deze condities zijn verscheidene industriële engineering en kwaliteitsmanagement strategieën nodig zoals Total Quality Management (TQM), Kaizen, Just-In-Time manufacturing (JIT), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), etc. Six Sigma is een vrij nieuwe trend tussen al deze strategieën. Six Sigma bevordert het productieproces van kritische processen wat leidt tot het beter gebruiken van resources en zorgt voor continue kwaliteit van het gefabriceerde product. Keywords: Six Sigma, Kwaliteitsmanagement, Total Quality Management, TQM, DMAIC, DMADV 1. INLEIDING Om te begrijpen wat Six Sigma betekend moet eerst inzicht verworven zijn in het begrip Total Quality Management (TQM). TQM is de laatste twee decennia geëvolueerd tot een strategische manier van aanpak in productie en service organisaties om een antwoord te bieden op de competitieve business wereld (Desai and Shrivastava). Vandaag is TQM een manag ement strategie geworden gebaseerd op het continue verbeteren van kwaliteit. Het is een management strategie om er zich bewust van te maken dat kwaliteit in iedere...
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...1992-2248 ©2011 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Applying six sigma to manufacturing processes in the food industry to reduce quality cost Hsiang-Chin Hung* and Ming-Hsien Sung Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, I-Shou University, Taiwan. Accepted 13 January, 2011 In recent years, an increasing number of companies have used different types of quality programs in order to increase internal and external customer satisfaction as well as to reduce quality cost. Among all of these programs, Six Sigma is perhaps the most widely-accepted initiative by all a broad range of organizations. The DMAIC (define-measure-analyze-improve-control) approach has been followed here to solve an underlying problem of reducing process variation and the associated high defect rate. This paper explores how a food company in Taiwan can use a systematic and disciplined approach to move towards the goal of Six Sigma quality level. The DMAIC phases are utilized to decrease the defect rate of small custard buns by 70% from the baseline to its entitlement. At the beginning of this project, the defect rate was 0.45% (Baseline), and after the improvement actions were implemented during a six-month period this fell to below 0.141% (goal). The critical successful factors for Six Sigma projects, especially those in the food industry, are discussed at the conclusion of this paper. Key words: Six sigma, food industry, process improvement, DMAIC. INTRODUCTION Since the early 1980s...
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...The Six Sigma Handbook Revised and Expanded A Complete Guide for Green Belts, Black Belts, and Managers at All Levels THOMAS PYZDEK McGraw-Hill New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-HIll Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-141596-3 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-141015-5. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at george_hoare@mcgraw-hill.com or (212) 904-4069. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all...
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...Armor School Research Library TDCD Fort Knox KY Bibliography March 2006 Lean Six Sigma Lean: Identifying 'waste' or ‘non-value-added activities’ from the customer perspective and then determining how to eliminate it the 'right' way. [Lean Six Sigma Institute] Lean Six Sigma: A business improvement methodology that maximizes shareholder value by achieving the fastest rate of improvement in customer satisfaction, cost, quality, process speed, and invested capital. [Lean Six Sigma Institute] http://www.army.mil/aeioo/rc/terms.htm Army rallies troops behind Lean Six Sigma program (Author: RP news wires – February 11, 2006) The Army’s growing Lean Six Sigma program has its roots in a corporate method of eliminating wasted time, money and material. Lean Six Sigma integrates two independently developed improvement tools: Lean and Six Sigma. Lean is an outgrowth of the Toyota production system, and focuses on increasing efficiency and reducing cycle time by the elimination of waste. Six Sigma was developed by Motorola beginning in the 1970s as an approach to improving quality and effectiveness through statistical control. Its roots go back more than 150 years to a Prussian mathematician who introduced the concept of the normal curve. Together, Lean and Six Sigma are powerful tools in transforming organizations, Army Materiel Command officials said. They said Lean Six Sigma enables a culture of innovation that continuously listens to customers, questions the...
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...Exploring Six Sigma Ricardo Vergara Training Management 3340 April 29, 2012 Abstract This paper explores Six Sigma, the business initiative that was developed by Motorola in the early 1990s. This program has had very good success with some very large corporations such as Allied Signal and General Electric. This paper will explore the methodology of each of the five phases in the Six Sigma model. The five phases are Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control (DMAIC) Phases. The Six Sigma model will then be evaluated based on the researched information. Further, a recommendation will be made concerning whether an organization should implement Six Sigma based on the evaluation. Establishing a Six Sigma Program Introduction: In a world class business environment, employees will be stimulated to strive toward a goal of total quality and continuous process improvement. The benefit of achieving this goal is to become more competitive in the marketplace by reaching business excellence in meeting and exceeding the demands of the customers. The improvements in productivity and the reductions in cost will make stretching towards this goal a feasible business mission (Constanza, 1996, p. 251-252). Operations managers...
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...SUMMER INTERSHIP PROJECT REPORT ON “Dabbawala Employee Satisfaction Survey” At Mumbai Dabbawala SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIRMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BY SHRISH PRATAP SINGH Roll no – (0844370026) (2008-2010) EXCEL SCHOOL OF BUSINESS MATHURA (U.P) (Affiliated to U.P.Technical University,Lucknow) ACKNOWLEDEMENT A task undertaken without offering prayers to almighty and taking blessings from the elders is not a good beginning. Likewise the work completed without acknowledging the assistance to those who were always by my sides to make my efforts fruitful in the task left incomplete. In the beginning, I would like to express my sincere thanks to my Institute teachers for giving me an opportunity to take the practical experience of working life. I convey my sincere thanks to Mr Raghunath Medge or providing me the proper guidance and Mrs. Priyankya Gautam for providing me the opportunity to carry out research effectively and efficiently. I would also like to pay thanks to all my classmates and friends and my family members for co-operating with me and helping me to complete the project. (SHRISH PRATAP SINGH) PREFACE Quality without creativity is meaningless. As changes grow ever more unpredictable creativity is rapidly becoming recognized a core management skill. Today’s business environment demands that managers posses a wide range of knowledge skills and competencies, as well as sound understanding of management...
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...Operations Management for MBAs Operations Management for MBAs Fifth Edition Jack R. Meredith Scott M. Shafer Wake Forest University VICE PRESIDENT & EXECUTIVE PUBLISHER EXECUTIVE EDITOR PROJECT EDITOR ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR OF MARKETING MARKETING MANAGER MARKETING ASSISTANT PRODUCT DESIGNER MEDIA SPECIALIST SENIOR CONTENT MANAGER SENIOR PRODUCTION EDITOR PHOTO DEPARTMENT MANAGER DESIGN DIRECTOR COVER DESIGNER PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT George Hoffman Lisé Johnson Brian Baker Amy Scholz Kelly Simmons Marissa Carroll Allison Morris Ethan Bernard Lucille Buonocore Anna Melhorn Hillary Newman Harry Nolan Wendy Lai Ingrao Associates This book was set in 10/12 ITC Garamond light by MPS Limited and printed and bound by RRD/Jefferson City. The cover was printed by RRD/Jefferson City. This book is printed on acid free paper. Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007, 2002, 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to...
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...Tags o Print o Download PDF o Backlinks o Source o Delete o Rename o Redirect o Permissions o Lock * discussion * history * notify me Details last edit by willzhouchuan willzhouchuan Oct 10, 2006 8:26 pm - 23 revisions hide details Tags * none Protected COVERPAGE- NAMES, id#s AND NAME OF CASE(Please add your student number after your name/thanks) Professor: Dr. Giovani J.C. da Silveira Lodge Karen Koupal Ondrej Miller Alana Ogunsola Oluseun Will Chuan Zhou (328253) Name: Case Analysis of Deutsche Allgemeinversicherung Coverletter?- Addressed to kluck, from consultants If someone can find a sample cover letter for case analysis then I can make it longer Dear Mr. Kluck; We are a 5 member consulting team from University of Calgary, Haykayne Business School and we did a very comprehensive study on Deutsche Allgemeinversicherung's PMV project and its problems, including the problem's background, the competition the company is facing, the firm's current state, Suitability of SPC use in the service industry, Measurement Issues faced at DAV and specific recommendations, the following is our analysis. Cheers Group 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS SYNOPSIS Deutsche Synpnosis Deutsche Allgegeinversicherung, the second largest insurance firm in Germany, had decided to adopt a new quality improvement initiative: PMV in order...
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...Process Improvement Process improvement is a fundamental to business management. If you run an operation (and all businesses do, one way or another) you are reliant on two things: * The people you employ, their skills and capabilities * The processes that you use, the way you do things So the only ways an operation can perform better are to improve its processes or its people. Changing processes (the way you do things) is something we all do everyday. So what is all the Fuss About? There is a lot of mystique associated with process improvement, lots of jargon and multiple methodologies but process improvement is very easy. There are only three simple questions that you need to get your mind around: 1. What is your purpose? A process is series of actions or steps taken to achieve an end. And that end is all important. If your process is to work well you must be very clear what the thing is that you are producing. The “purpose” of the process should be obvious. It is difficult to cook a great meal if you aren’t clear what you want to eat, the same is true for any other process. 2. Who is your customer? The only person who can tell you if you are meeting your purpose is your customer. That is the person you are working for. You only have one customer; it is the person who is handing over the cash, the person who is paying for what you are doing. 3. Is your customer happy? If everything your process does focuses on meeting that customer need, nothing more...
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...six sigma six sigma training, history, definitions - six sigma and quality management glossary Six Sigma is now according to many business development and quality improvement experts, the most popular management methodology in history. Six Sigma is certainly a very big industry in its own right, and Six Sigma is now an enormous 'brand' in the world of corporate development. Six Sigma began in 1986 as a statistically-based method to reduce variation in electronic manufacturing processes in Motorola Inc in the USA. Today, twenty-something years on, Six Sigma is used as an all-encompassing business performance methodology, all over the world, in organizations as diverse as local government departments, prisons, hospitals, the armed forces, banks, and multi-nationals corporations. While Six Sigma implementation continues apace in many of the world's largest corporations, many organizations and suppliers in the consulting and training communities have also seized on the Six Sigma concept, to package and provide all sorts of Six Sigma 'branded' training products and consultancy and services. Six Sigma has also spawned manay and various business books on the subject. Six Sigma, it might seem, is taking over the world. Interestingly while Six Sigma has become a very widely used 'generic' term, the name Six Sigma is actually a registered trademark of Motorola Inc., in the USA, who first pioneered Six Sigma methods in the 1980's. The original and technically correct spelling seems to be...
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...Type I error (or, error of the first kind) and Type II error (or, error of the second kind) are precise technical terms used in statistics to describe particular flaws in a testing process, where a truenull hypothesis was incorrectly rejected (Type I error) or where one fails to reject a false null hypothesis (Type II error). The terms are also used in a more general way by social scientists and others to refer to flaws in reasoning. This article is specifically devoted to the statistical meanings of those terms and the technical issues of the statistical errors that those terms describe. Statistical test theory In statistical test theory the notion of statistical error is an integral part of hypothesis testing. The test requires an unambiguous statement of a null hypothesis, which usually corresponds to a default "state of nature", for example "this person is healthy", "this accused is not guilty" or "this product is not broken". An alternative hypothesis is the negation of null hypothesis, for example, "this person is not healthy", "this accused is guilty" or "this product is broken". The result of the test may be negative, relative to null hypothesis (not healthy, guilty, broken) or positive (healthy, not guilty, not broken). If the result of the test corresponds with reality, then a correct decision has been made. However, if the result of the test does not correspond with reality, then an error has occurred. Due to the statistical nature of a test, the result is never...
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...WHAT IS SIX SIGMA? PETE PANDE LARRY HOLPP McGraw-Hill New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto McGraw-Hill abc Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. X-XX-XXXXX-X The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-138185-6. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at george_hoare@mcgraw-hill.com or (212) 904-4069. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these...
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...TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND SIX SIGMA Edited by Tauseef Aized Total Quality Management and Six Sigma http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2559 Edited by Tauseef Aized Contributors Aleksandar Vujovic, Zdravko Krivokapic, Jelena Jovanovic, Svante Lifvergren, Bo Bergman, Adela-Eliza Dumitrascu, Anisor Nedelcu, Erika Alves dos Santos, Mithat Zeydan, Gülhan Toğa, Johnson Olabode Adeoti, Andrey Kostogryzov, George Nistratov, Andrey Nistratov, Vidoje Moracanin, Ching-Chow Yang, Ayon Chakraborty, Kay Chuan Tan, Graham Cartwright, John Oakland Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained...
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...Chapter Web resources for this chapter include • OM Tools Software • Animated Demo Quality Management In this chapter you will learn about . . . ● What is Quality? ● Quality Management System ● Quality Tools ● TQM and QMS ● The Focus of Quality Management-Customers ● The Role of Employees in Quality Improvement ● Quality in Services ● Six Sigma ● The Cost of Quality ● The Effect of Quality Management on Productivity ● Quality Awards ● ISO 9000 2 Problems • Internet Exercises • Online Practice Quizzes • Lecture Slides in PowerPoint • Virtual Tours • Company and Resource Weblinks www.wiley.com/college/russell Quality Management at GREEN MOUNTAIN COFFEE ike wine, coffee quality is judged on attributes like fragrance, aroma, acidity, body, flavor, balance, and finish. Coffee professionals use words like “lush,” “complex,” and “fruity” to describe their evaluations, which are based on precise sensory criteria. Coffee Review, one of the most respected and widely read coffee publications in the world, rates coffees based on a 100-point scale, similar to the one used in the wine industry. Coffee connoisseurs seek out coffees awarded a rating of 80 or above. Each year GREEN MOUNTAIN submits coffee to Coffee Review for independent reviews. On average, Green Mountain L Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons Chapter 2 • Quality Management 53 coffees scored 88.8 points—significantly higher than their better-known west coast and European competitors—and...
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