...obtained by bone marrow biopsy (often called a trephine biopsy) and bone marrow aspiration. A bone marrow aspiration should be performed as part of the same procedure. For patient safety and convenience, biopsies are usually performed on the posterior iliac crest. The biopsy specimen should measure at least 1.6 cm and, if it does not, consideration should be given to repeating the procedure, possibly on the contralateral iliac crest. Bone marrow examination is used in the diagnosis of a number of conditions, including leukemia, multiple myeloma, lymphoma, anemia, and pancytopenia. The bone marrow produces the cellular elements of the blood, including platelets, red blood cells and white blood cells. While much information can be gleaned by testing the blood itself (drawn from a vein by phlebotomy), it is sometimes necessary to examine the source of the blood cells in the bone marrow to obtain more information on hematopoiesis; this is the role of bone marrow aspiration and biopsy. { A trephine (/trɨˈfaɪn/; from Latin trypan, meaning to bore) is a surgical instrument with a cylindrical blade. It can be of one of several dimensions and designs depending on what it is going to be used for. They may be specially designed for obtaining a cylindrically shaped core of bone that can be used for tests and bone studies, cutting holes in bones (i.e., the skull) or for cutting out a round piece of the cornea for eye surgery. A cylindrically shaped core of bone (or bone biopsy) obtained with a...
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...CASE STUDY Mr. Gergen is a 32 – year – old man who has scheduled an appointment with a dermatologist to have a black spot on his right ear assessed. Mr. Gergen states, “My wife noticed a black circular area on my ear about two weeks ago and she suggested I get it looked at since she did not remember the spot being there before. I know that too much time in the sun in not very good for your skin. I’m a physical education teacher so I am out in the sun a lot, and I admit that I did not always remember to apply sunscreen.” Case Study There is a dark area on Mr. Gergen’s right ear approximately 0.4 cm by 0.4 cm round in size. The color of the surrounding skin is normal. Mr. Gergen says that he noticed the spot about four months earlier but did not think much of it. “I figured it was a mole. Since it did not hurt, I really didn’t give it much thought.” 1. You are the nurse working with the dermatologist. Make a list of questions you could ask regarding the area of concern to help determine if the site on Mr. Gergen’s ear could be melanoma. * Describe your daily hygiene practices? * What skin products are you currently using? * Do you do anything to protect yourself from the sun? * Are you aware of any situation or stressor that changes your skin condition? * Do you think that stress plays a role in your skin condition? * Has your skin condition changed your relationship with others? * Are there any treatment options that...
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...brain can only function in a very narrow temperature range). As the brain overheats, the individual will become disoriented, combative, argumentative and may hallucinate. 4. Due to the growth, change of color and bleeding these are all first signs of melanoma. He should have them looked at by the dermatologist. The Dr. will more than likely take a biopsy of the mole. All potentially cancerous skin growths must be biopsied to confirm acancer diagnosis. Depending on the suspected type of skin cancer, the biopsy techniques vary slightly but crucially. Any potential melanoma requires a surgical biopsy, in which the entire growth is removed with a scalpel if possible. A pathologist then studies the sample under a microscope to determine whether cancer cells are present. If melanoma is diagnosed, other tests may be ordered to assess the degree of cancer spread (metastasis). They include: Imaging. Your doctor will order one or more tests to look for metastasis. They include CT scan, MRI, PET scan, bone scan, and chest X-ray. Other biopsies. Using a variety of techniques, your doctor may want to get tissue samples from lymph nodes. Skin growths that are most likely basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, or other forms of nonmelanoma can be biopsied in various ways. Part or all of the growth can be...
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...Medical Diagnosis: Basal Cell Carcinoma II. Anatomy and Physiology: In mammals, the skin is the largest organ of the integumentary system made up of multiple layers of ectodermal tissue, and guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments and internal organs. All mammals have skin because it interfaces with the environment and plays a major role by being anatomical barrier in protecting the body from pathogens and prevention of excessive fluid loss. Its other functions are insulation, temperature regulation, sensation, and the protection of vitamin B folates. The skin also has the ability to absorb nitrogen and carbon dioxide by diffusion into the epidermis in small amounts. The skin is divided into three layers; the epidermis, which provides waterproofing and serves as a barrier to infection; the dermis, which serves as a location for the appendages of skin; and the hypodermis (subcutaneous adipose layer). Epidermis is divided into several layers where cells are formed through mitosis at the innermost layers. They move up the strata changing shape and composition as they differentiate and become filled with keratin. They eventually reach the top layer called stratum corneum and are sloughed off, or desquamated. This process is called keratinization and takes place within weeks. The outermost layer of the epidermis consists of 25 to 30 layers of dead cells. The dermis is the layer of skin beneath the epidermis and is composed of connective tissue and cushions the body. It...
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...What is Lupus?- Lupus is a chronic inflammatory disease that can affect the skin, joints, blood cells, kidneys, brain, lungs and even heart. It is considered an autoimmune disease which means the body’s immune system attacks itself. With this being an autoimmune disease, the body creates what is referred to as autoantibodies which destroy the healthy tissue and cause pain, irritation and inflammation. This disease seems to mainly attack women ages 15-45, although men and children can get it as well. Someone of any ethnicity can get Lupus, however women of descent other than Caucasian tend to be more likely to get it. The cause of Lupus is unknown although it is said that genes may play a certain role Lupus can range from a mild case to life-threatening or can progress quick or slowly, so it is important be treated as...
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...Leprosy, also known as Hansen’s disease, is an infectious disease that mainly affects the, eyes, skin, nerves, upper respiratory tract and nasal mucosa. It causes severe skin sores, and peripheral neurological damage. It causes sensory loss in the skin and muscle weakness. Leprosy is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae. Many people think that this disease is very contagious. But leprosy is actually not that contagious. In order to get leprosy you have to come into close contact with nose and mouth droplets from someone that has an untreated case of leprosy. In many cases children contract this disease more so than adults. What is the cause of leprosy? Leprosy is caused by the bacillus bacterium M. leprae. M. leprae was discovered by the scientist G.A Hansen in 1873. This bacterium is a slow-growing, intercellular pathogen that cannot live outside its host. Therefore, studies on this bacterium are extremely difficult because it can take an extremely long time for this bacterium to grow. Another reason it is so difficult is because it can not be grown in a lab. It has to be grown inside of an animal. What are some of the signs and symptoms of Leprosy? Since Leprosy is so slow-growing, it can take many years for signs or symptoms to even show up. Most of the symptoms affect the skin, nerves, and mucosa membranes. Leprosy can cause, skin sores, growths on the skin, numbness of skin, muscle weakness or paralysis especially in the hands and feet, enlarged nerves, nose bleeds...
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...CNS (Central Nervous System) Cancer I. Anatomy The central nervous system (CNS) is made up by the brain and spinal cord. This complex system controls both things that we intentionally think about and do, like walking and talking, and essential body functions that occur without specific thought on our part, such as breathing and digesting food. The CNS is also involved with the five senses of seeing, hearing, touching, tasting, and smelling, as well as emotions, thoughts, and memory. The brain is a soft, spongy organ that is made up of nerve cells and tissue. It is divided into three major sections: the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brainstem. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain, and is divided into two halves, called the right and left hemispheres. The right hemisphere controls the left side of the body and the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body. Each hemisphere is further divided into sections called lobes. There are four lobes in each hemisphere: the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal, and each lobe is responsible for certain functions. A brain tumor is a mass of abnormal cells that is growing in or around the brain. It develops when abnormal cells multiply for unknown reasons. Benign and malignant are terms used to describe brain tumors. Benign brain tumors are usually slow growing and have distinct borders and a normal appearance under a microscope. Malignant tumors are considered brain cancer. They tend to invade healthy...
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...Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (Stretchy Skin Disease) Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, also known as Stretchy Skin Disease is a connective tissue disorder that is inherited. There are several types of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome ranging from mild to life threatening (Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 2006). According to NCBI, this disease is characterized by hyperextensibility of the skin, joint hypermobility, weakness of tissue, and rupture in arteries. People with this disease have a deficiency in collagen causing the skin, muscles and joints to not hold firm. Signs & Symptoms * Double-Jointedness, joint popping, joint dislocation, congenital hip dislocation * Easily damaged, bruised or stretchy skin, poor wound healing * Chronic joint pain * Very soft and velvety skin, very stretchy skin, fragile * Vision problems, deformed surface of the eye, crossed eyes * Weak internal organs Most Ehlers-Danlos syndrome types affect the joint tissue and skin; a couple other types affect the same, including fragile blood vessels that affecting the internal organs. Complications * Premature rupture of membranes, rupture of intestines, uterus or eyeballs * Periodontitis * Mitral valve prolapse * Failure of surgical wounds properly healing * Early-onset arthritis Treatment/Maintenance Currently there is no cure for Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, only management. It is important that each person establish a network of clinical physicians who are very familiar with the...
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...abnormal growth of the skin cells, and increase in cell’s numbers that lead to lesions. However, today dermatologists consider psoriasis as an inflammatory, chronic skin disease which is primarily caused by an autoimmune condition. Skin cells in patients diagnosed with psoriases multiplies ten times faster than normal individuals.7 The condition is explained as the immune system’s dendritic cells, macrophages and neutrophils attack the body’s own cells considering it an antigen because of hyper proliferative keratinocytes and infiltration of T-cells. Dermatologists use clinical evolution and in some cases skin biopsy to diagnose psoriases....
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...Introduction Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune disorder that causes clear, fluid filled blisters on the skin or in the oral mucosa. It is known as a classical autoimmune disease among the ever growing spectrum of autoimmune diseases. It is usually a disease that affects the elderly, with onset at about 55-85 years of age. Since the onset is usually seen in the elderly it is very rare that an infant will contract the disease. Infants, however, can contract the disease through shared antibodies via the placenta with the mother. If an infant is born with manifestations of the disease, he/she will recover as soon as the maternal antibodies have disappeared. Trends and Barriers There is not a tremendous amount of information on the epidemiology of BP. Some studies have shown that there is a 0.2 and 3.0 occurrence in 100,000 people per year. However, BP is the most common form of immunobullous disease in Western Europe with 43 million cases per year in the U.K. There have been 7-13 million cases reported per year in other parts of Europe. There seems to be no link with sex or race with this disease. Some studies have shown that there is a link between BP and other autoimmune disorders such as diabetes, anemia, lichen planus and...
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...form tumors ("CTCA," 2013).Cancer tumors are malignant and may invade surrounding tissues and organs. Cancer can also spread to distant organs in the body via the bloodstream and lymphatic system. In this paper, the writer will discuss the diagnosis and staging of cancer, complications of cancer, the side effects of treatmens, and methods to lessen physical and psychological effects of cancer and its treatments. To determine what causes cancer is very complex, but studies have suggested that the causes of cancer include, genetic risks, diet, lifestyle, tobacco use, and physical activity. Others causes are some infections, chemicals exposures and radiation ("American Cancer Society," 2013). Detecting cancer early is very crucial as it allows for early treatment and can stop the disease progression. Cancer causes many signs and symptoms depending on size, location of tumor and its effect on surrounding organs and tissues. General signs and symptoms of cancer are: pain, fatigue, unexplained weight loss, fever, skin changes and other symptoms specific to each cancer ("HemOnctoday," 2011). Understanding the disease progression and its prognosis remains an important factor...
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...Right now, a unlucky puppy, is stuffed in a small crowded cage with multiple other dogs. Today he gets out but not to go on a run, play or frolic like he should be doing. He is taken out of his cage by a scientist, taken to a small room and immobillized. Without being giving any numbing medication, a hole is cut in his throat. A tube is inserted and he is pumped full of leathal amounts of toxic substances. He starts convulsing, having uncontrollable direiah, breathing heavy, and bleeding from multiple body parts. He continues to be injected with substances and remains in excrusiating pain! This lasts for two weeks until sadly his body gives out and he dies. Gandi said "The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way its animals are treated." If this is true, the perceived greatness of America is nothing but a error. Animal experimentation should be abolished, because of its uneithical to destory an innocent animals life. Vivisection, surgery on a living organism for experimenetal purposes, wass first documented in the the writing of the Greeks in the third and forth centery BC. Aristotle was one of the first to do experiments of living animals. It is safe to say this is an ancient practice. Mondernly, animals are used in testing everything from soap to cancer and aid treatments. A common misconception people have about animal testing is that only rats or small rodents are being tested on; this however is false. While a large percentage of animal testing...
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...IMPLANT DENTISTRY / VOLUME 20, NUMBER 5 2011 331 Identification and Treatment of Bisphosphonate-Associated Actinomycotic Osteonecrosis of the Jaws Cameron Y. S. Lee, DMD, MD, PHD,* Francis D. Pien, MD, MPH,† and Jon B. Suzuki, DDS, PHD, MBA‡ isphosphonates (BPs) are a pharmacologic class of synthetic analogs of inorganic pyrophosphate that has an affinity for calcium.1 They are used in the treatment of various malignant and benign metabolic conditions, such as hypercalcemia of malignancy; Paget’s disease of bone; multiple myeloma; and metastases from distant sites such as breast, thyroid, prostate glands, and lung. The oral form of BPs is indicated in the management of osteoporosis, fibrous dysplasia, and most recently, osteogenesis imperfecta in the pediatric population.2,3 Currently, there are 5 bisphosphonates in clinical use: alendronate (Fosamax; Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ), risedronate (Actonel; Proctor & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Cincinnati, OH), ibandronate (Boniva; Roche Pharmaceuticals, Nutley, NY), zoledronate (Zometa; Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ), and pamidronate (Aredia; Novartis Pharmaceuticals). All 5 medications differ in their binding affinity to bone, potency, and duration.2–5 B Osteonecrosis of the jaws (ONJ) is a condition characterized by necrotic exposed bone in the jaws of patients receiving intravenous or oral bisphosphonate therapy. A review of the medical and dental literature reveals that the pathoetiology of ONJ remains...
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...Pathophysiology of cellulitis in adults. Cellulitis, a bacterial infection of the skin and underlying tissue, is a common presentation to Emergency Departments (ED). The clinical spectrum of presentation can vary from local inflammation to diffuse inflammation involving a whole limb, to more severe, even life threatening presentations of necrotizing fascitis and associated sepsis. The rationale for choosing this condition is to enable me to efficiently differentiate between those cases that require immediate medical or surgical intervention and treatment and those that can be managed effectively as an outpatient, and to gain a keen understanding of the pathogenesis of the condition. The terms cellulitis and erysipelas are often used interchangeably and current usage tends to regard erysipelas as a form of cellulitis rather than a separate entity, making clear distinction difficult (Hay 2004, Kilburn et al 2010). Erysipelas affects the upper dermis and superficial lymphatics, with distinctly raised lesions and clear lines of demarcation between involved and uninvolved tissue. Cellulitis extends more deeply, involving the deeper dermis and subcutaneous fat and lacks the distinctive anatomical features of erysipelas. For the purpose of this essay I will be using the term ‘cellulitis’ to refer to both conditions. This essay will endeavor to discuss the incidence, its clinical presentation, risk factors, differential diagnosis, pathophysiology and classification according...
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...BSBMED301B: Assignment 1 What you have to do Using the learning resource provided answer the following questions: Question 1 Using your knowledge of word components, give the correct medical term for each of the definitions below. Definition Medical Term 1. rectal hernia Rectocele 2. excision of the stomach Gastrectomy 3. inflammation of the kidney Nephritis 4. enlargement of the liver Hepatomegaly 5. incision to remove a stone Lithotomy 6. fixation of the intestine Enteropexy 7. artificial opening in the colon Colostomy 8. incision into the abdomen Laparotomy 9. absence of one or both testes Anarchism 10. rupture of the uterus Hysterorrhexis 11. excision of the prostate gland Prostatectomy 12. visual examination of the vagina Colposcopy 13. surgical repair of a testicle Orchiopexy 14. discharge of milk Galactorrhea 15. difficult labour or delivery Dystocia 16. suture of the tongue Glossorrhaphy 17. surgical puncture of the abdomen Abdominocentesis 18. pus in the urine Pyuria 19. pertaining to above the kidney Suprarenal 20. narrowing of the urethra Urethral Stricture Question 2 Give the meaning of each of the abbreviations below. Abbreviation Medical Meaning 1. LUQ Left upper quadrant 2. GI Gastrointestinal 3. OGD Oesophago-gastro duedenoscopy 4. CVS Chorionic villus sampling 5. STD Sexually transmitted disease 6. IUD Intrauterine device 7. TURP Transurethral resection of the prostate 8. DRE Digital rectal...
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