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Social Changement

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Submitted By razzak
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|Action collective et changement social |

Les conflits sociaux (qu'ils soient liés au travail ou non) sont inhérents à la vie en société. Ils peuvent varier en intensité, en forme mais peuvent aussi changer de nature. Ainsi, nous assistons aujourd'hui à l'émergence de mouvements sociaux dont les objectifs sont nouveaux (NMS); à l'inverse du mouvement ouvrier, ces nouveaux mouvements sociaux n'ont pas un adversaire clairement identifié (ce qui nous amènera à parler non plus de conflits sociaux mais d'action collective). Quelles sont les caractéristiques de ces NMS ? Quel est leur rôle dans le changement social ?

I) Action collective et diversification des mouvements sociaux :
Dans les années 1960 apparaissent de nouvelles aspirations, de nouvelles valeurs : aussi, vont apparaître des mouvements sociaux qui vont essayer de les faire triompher.

a) Diversité des mouvements sociaux :
Les nouveaux mouvements sociaux, comme leur nom l'indique, se distinguent des mouvements anciens.

| |AMS |NMS |
|Organisation |Centralisée (syndicats, partis) |Décentralisée (assemblée générale) autonomie |
| | |individuelle. |
|Identité |Identité de classe |Identité élective (choix individuels) |
| | |interclassiste. |
|Revendications |Matérialisme (richesse) |Post-matérialisme (promouvoir de nouvelles |
| | |valeurs) |

Les NMS sont parfois qualifiés de « contestataires » car ils s'opposent aux valeurs dominantes.
● Domination masculine : mouvement féministe.
● Productivisme : mouvement écologiste.
● État centralisé : mouvement régionaliste.

► Donc, les NMS se battent plus pour des valeurs que contre des acteurs clairement identifiés : c'est la raison pour laquelle on parle à leur sujet d'action collective et non de conflits sociaux.

Les principaux NMS :
● Le mouvement féministe : a pour objectif de lutter pour les droits des femmes. Il s'agit d'un NMS car :
Valeurs post-matérialistes
Affirmation du droit à l'autonomie individuelle
Interclassiste (femmes de différentes catégories sociales)
● Les nouveaux mouvements religieux : prennent le contre-pied des grandes religions (contre-culture).
● Le mouvement des sans-papiers : il s'agit d'un véritable NMS.
Valeur de tolérance (mouvement soutenu par des personnalités du spectacle, du show-biz..)
Modalités d'action nouvelles (occupation des Églises)
Lors des manifestations, il regroupe aussi des personnes qui ne sont pas des sans-papiers mais des exclus, précaires...

Dans les années 1990, de nouveaux mouvements ont émergé : Droit au logement (DAL), Act-up..
► D'une manière générale, nous pouvons dire que ces NMS apparaissent dans un contexte de « fracture sociale », de faiblesse des organisations de gauche et des syndicats traditionnels (par exemple apparition de SUD par opposition à la CGT, CFDT...).

b) Les caractéristiques des NMS :
Les AMS étaient caractéristiques de la société industrielle, avec une prépondérance de la classe ouvrière : cela explique sans doute que ces mouvements sociaux aient été portés par le mouvement ouvrier.
Selon le sociologue Alain Touraine, la société post-industrielle présente d'autres caractéristiques : prédominance du secteur tertiaire, niveaux de vie et d'étude plus élevés. L'avènement de cette société post-industrielle explique donc l'émergence des NMS et leurs objectifs principaux : promouvoir de nouvelles valeurs (au delà des enjeux de bien-être matériel).

L'émergence des NMS peut-être reliée à des changements culturels importants :
● L'appartenance de classe s'affaiblit et les revendications identitaires apparaissent (féminisme, régionalisme...).
● Élévation des niveaux de vie qui relègue les préoccupations matérielles au second plan ce qui est favorable au post-matérialisme.
Cependant, les NMS peuvent soit décliner (certaines luttes ont été oubliées depuis les années 1960) soit s'institutionnaliser en devenant des partis politiques (le mouvement écologiste a donner naissance aux Verts). Enfin, selon certains auteurs, les NMS ne seraient pas si nouveaux que cela comme par exemple le mouvement féministe britannique du début du 20° siècle ou le mouvement anti-esclavagiste aux USA au 19° siècle.

c) Le paradoxe de l'action collective :
Que se passe-il d'un point de vue individuel lorsque l'on doit participer à l'action collective ? Pour chaque individu, un calcul rationnel s'impose : il compare le coût de la participation à l'action collective (retenues sur le salaire..) et les avantages qu'il pourrait en tirer (meilleures conditions de travail, augmentation de salaires..). Cependant, s'il ne participe pas à l'action collective, non seulement il n'en subit pas les coûts, mais surtout, si elle réussit, il bénéficiera des avantages conquis par les autres.
► Il en résulte que d'un point de vue individuel, il vaut mieux ne pas participer à l'action collective. Mais pourtant, celle-ci a lieu constamment : c'est le paradoxe d'Olson.

En fait, l'action collective a quand même lieu et ce pour divers raisons : on doit tout d'abord prendre en compte les incitations (positives ou négatives) : en effet, ne pas participer à l'action collective avec ses collègues peut entraîner une mise à l'écart ou au contraire, en cas de participation, une hausse de l'estime que l'on nous porte. Par ailleurs, l'action collective est souvent organisée, préparée et les décisions sont prises collectivement donc, la rationalité et le calcul individuels du paradoxe d'Olson ne jouent plus.

II) Action collective, conflit et changement social :

Le conflit est inhérent à toute société ; de plus, dans la plupart des cas, il contribue à la changer (le conflit et l’action collective sont donc facteurs de changement social).

a) La construction de l’action collective :
Nous avons vu que l’action collective avait quand même lieu (malgré le paradoxe d’Olson) car elle est organisée. Cependant, cette organisation ne suffit pas : il faut aussi un minimum de légitimité c’est-à-dire que les participants doivent avoir un minimum de convictions.
Mais surtout, il doit y avoir une culture de l’action collective qui est commune aux participants (ensemble de prédispositions à l’action collective).
Cette culture de l’action collective se renforce au fur et à mesure par la pratique.

b) Formes et modalités de la mobilisation :
L’action collective, si elle a toujours existé, n’a cependant pas toujours pris les mêmes formes. L’évolution des formes de l’action collective prend en compte le contexte de l’époque mais tient compte aussi des expériences passées.
Si la manifestation est la forme la plus connue de l’action collective, elle n’est cependant pas la seule. Ainsi, aujourd’hui, nous assistons au développement de formes dites « non conventionnelles » comme l’occupation de locaux ou encore des formes plus violentes (arrachage des plants de mais transgéniques..).

c) Conflit et changement social :
Le conflit est le propre des sociétés modernes (dans lesquelles il existe des clivages sociaux, idéologiques, culturels) et une société démocratique ne peut s’en passer. Par ailleurs, le conflit est un instrument de socialisation et d’intégration (l’identité d’un groupe se renforce lors d’un conflit comme ce fut le cas de la classe ouvrière).
Mais surtout, le conflit est un moyen de faire évoluer les règles et valeurs sociales, voire d’en faire émerger de nouvelles.
Les pouvoirs publics (notamment l'État, reconnaissent implicitement le bien fondé de ces actions en les faisant participer à l’action politique).

L’action réglementaire a été beaucoup influencée par ces mouvements :
● En matière d’écologie et d’environnement, des normes de plus en plus sévères ont été instituées.
● Le PACS (pacte civil de solidarité) reconnaît implicitement le couple homosexuel.

Nous pouvons dire que ces mouvements sociaux se comportent pour certains comme des groupes de pression, en ayant bien compris l’importance des médias.

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