...Theories Of Relationship Theories Of Relationship [Document Title] [Document Title] Elizabeth Wiwoloku Elizabeth Wiwoloku Introduction There are two main theories applied to relationships, Social Exchange Theory and Equity Theory underpin commonly used behavioural therapies such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Enhanced Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Integrative Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. More recent studies in neuroscience and behavior and the importance of language have led to the development of Relational Frame Theory and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as an alternative approach. In this essay I will outline the relationship models comparing and contrasting them Social exchange theory Social exchange theory analyses interactions between two parties by examining the costs and benefits to each. The key point of the theory is that it assumes the two parties are both giving and receiving items of value from each other. Under this theory, interactions are only likely to continue if both parties feel they coming out of the exchange with more than they are giving up that is, if there is a positive amount of profit for both parties involved. The Social Exchange Theory by Thibaut and Kelly (1978) originates from economy sociology and psychology. It is also a well know theory in sociology that explains the variations and modifications of social relationships development between individuals. The social exchange theory assumes that all human relationships are a matter...
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...favorable work attitudes and higher job performance. The article Using Social Exchange Theory to Distinguish Procedural from Interactional Justice differentiates the importance and role of procedural and interactional justice in the workplace. The authors’ state procedural justice is normally associated with the relationship between the employee and the organization while interactional justice is the relationship between the employee and immediate supervisor. The predictions of the authors were field tested on 107 employees and supervisors. The purpose of the study is to determine if procedural justice will be associated with attitudes toward organizational decision makers and if interactional justice will be associated with an employee’s immediate supervisor. The researchers believe the outcome of the study will confirm their hypothesis on what each justice is associated with. First, we need to understand the foundation of social exchange theory. According to Miles (2012) “the theory assumes that self-interested parties transact or exchange with self-interested others in order to accomplish outcomes that neither could achieve on his or her own.” People collaborate with other people to get the job done that they could not otherwise do on their own and the interaction of the relationship is fundamental to success. Working in exchange for money or excelling for a reward are basic examples of social exchange theory. There are more intrinsic motivators such as respect, status, knowledge...
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...brewing in my head, “Do people often choose who they associate with based on the things the person brings to the relationship”. It can be as simple as going to hang out with someone only because they have the latest gaming device on the market or it can be associating yourself with a certain group of people to make you look cooler. It can also go as extreme as only being friends with somebody to achieve another purpose or catapult other areas of your life because of this relationship. This scenario is one that I believe happens all too often and we don’t even realize that this has become the basis for how we choose to determine some of our relationships. Social Exchange Theory applies directly into this scenario and I do not think it could be any more clear cut that this theory, it really is a perfect fit. Social Exchange Theory is when someone takes into account the good and bad aspects of a relationship and determines whether or not solely based on the pros and cons to further the relationship with that person. As I stated in the previous paragraph I believe this happens all the time, especially among younger children all the way up to my age as a college kids. As a young child you always want to play with the kid who has the latest toy or game. At that young of an age...
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...TURNOVER INTENT DIPLOMA THESIS Department: Strategie- und Unternehmensökonomik University of Zurich Human Resource Management Professor Dr. Bruno Staffelbach Supervising tutor: Dorothea Brunner Subject area: BWL I Subject: Human Resource Management Author: Mylene Perez Schüracherstr. 14a, 8306 Brüttisellen myleneperez82@yahoo.de Student ID Number: 02-728-285 Field of Study: BWL (Business Administration) Number of Semester: 10 Brüttisellen, 18.06.2008 Turnover Intent ABSTRACT Voluntary employee turnovers incur significant cost for an organization. Thus it is important to identify turnover intents as early as possible in order to enable planners to help implement courses of action. Within the scope of this diploma thesis a review of literature on turnover intent is offered. Initially the importance of the phenomenon is established and exact definitions of the subject area are presented. Subsequently the potentially critical impact of turnover behavior on organizational effectiveness is discussed. Several theoretical concepts that explain the occurrence of the turnover intent, and five key models that shaped the research on turnover, are presented and partially critiqued. This study also analyzes the effect of various factors on turnover intent using data from the HR-Barometers 2007. These factors were categorized into psychological, economical and demographic determinants, as well as moderating factors. The results revealed that the psychological...
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...relationship, and drawing on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs it can be seen that this would help satisfy the two basic tiers of ‘psychological’ and ‘safety’ (Maslow, 1954). This essay aims to critically evaluate the concept of the psychological contract, then analyse why in managing the modern day employment relationship and understanding of the psychological contract is important, relevant theories and academic models will be used where appropriate. The question will be addressed in three sections; firstly the concept and history of the psychological contract will be briefly covered, secondly and critical focus will be shown towards the concept of the contract, and finally we will examine the practicality of utilising the contract to manage the contemporary employment relationship. The concept of the psychological contract was initially termed and documented by Chris Argyris in 1960 (Argyris, 1960), later being described as “A set of unwritten reciprocal expectations between an individual employee and organisation” (Schein, 1978, p. 48). Blau suggests that the psychological contract uses social...
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...This article is very interesting to me because it’s something I deal with on a daily basis. Trying to get my kindergarteners to be reading at the new benchmark levels set by our district through Common Core has become increasingly difficult. In this article, the teacher researchers found that many kindergarten and first-grade students did not have the reading readiness skills to be reading at their benchmark target. The purpose of the project was to improve the students overall reading ability. The project was for about four months. There were 74 students and 74 parents that participated in this research study. The teacher researchers noticed that the students lacked reading readiness skills that were necessary to meet grade level benchmarks. The teacher researchers used a parent survey, baseline assessments, and observational checklist to document evidence. The teacher researchers found from the parent survey that students who lacked interest in books and reading them demonstrated low reading readiness skills. The baseline assessment the students took showed an overall weakness in letter identification, initial sounds, medial sounds, and ending sounds. The observational checklist indicated difficulty with segmenting sounds, letter sound knowledge, inability to rhyme, decoding difficulties and reading miscues, poor comprehension, lack of interest in books, lack of print awareness skills, poor attentions spans, lack of response during whole group instruction, and off-task behaviors...
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...Discuss theories on the maintenance of romantic relationships (24 marks) The social exchange theory was developed by Thibaut and Kelly, who suggested that social behaviour is due to the result of an exchange process, where people try to maximise rewards (Such as self-esteem and happiness) from a relationship and minimise costs (such as time, effort and emotional support). The exchange process changes when an individual receives rewards from others; they feel the need to return the favour. If the rewards outstrip the costs, this is seen as a positive sign in the maintenance of a relationship, but if the costs outweigh the rewards, the theory suggests that this could have a damaging effect on maintaining relationships. Thibaut and Kelly claimed that we create a comparison line (a standard against which all our relationships are judged). This referred to whether one person would offer something better or worse in accordance to what we expect from them. So if our current relationships exceed our comparison level, it’s a worthwhile relationship to stay in. However, if our current relationships fail to exceed our comparison level, this means we are dissatisfied with the relationship and may look for an alternative partner. Simpson et al conducted evidence supporting the social exchange theory. They found that participants in existing relationships rated people of the opposite sex as less attractive than participants not in relationships. This suggested that people judge prospects...
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...consequential ethics as an ethical framework (the greatest good for the greatest number) opposes the ethical principle of deontology (i.e., the rightness of an act itself determines what is right). Both of these impact the nursing profession. Modern social exchange theories are based on the principle of utility. Read the assumptions of social exchange theory and consider how these would affect the nurse-patient relationship, compared to how these impact the nurse within the health care environment. To what extent are all theories ethical? Is social exchange theory compatible with the values of the nursing profession? Theories from the sociologic sciences are integral to the discipline of nursing (McEwen &Wills, 2014). Social exchange theory deals with the many different types of interactions among patients and their nurses. The social exchange theory is defined as “a flow of emotional concern, instrumental aid, information, and or appraisal (information relevant to self-evaluation) between people” (Leahy-Warren, 2007, p. 370). The implication for using non-nursing theories to develop nursing knowledge is that borrowed theories are potentially useful for understanding the patient nurse interaction. The two categories of social exchange theories are individualistic and collectivist. In individualistic frame work “human beings are motivated by self-interest to act” (McEwen &Wills, 2014). In individulistic method the nurse will provide comprehensive nursing care with the intent of...
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...commercials will have people who care about a cause which can readily spread a wealth of information to the public actually. Non-profit corporations have individuals who are advocates of domestic violence and can create informative ways of reaching out to children by way of schools asking them if "members of the family" are upset at one another. Non-profit corporations can begin to display pictures, videos, and movies of individuals who have been abused by domestic violence. Case managers and social workers will be provided to ensure confidentiality. Not only is this information aided by children, but adults who care and just want to be a part of something that combats an evil will participate. Communities will be asked to participate also, a sufficient amount of persuasion will be used. There are families that have been involved in domestic violence. Some of our best communities and citizens will take part in the social exchange theory. "We exchange not only material goods and money but also social goods—love, services, information, status (Foa & Foa, 1975). Myers D.G. (2010). To have a successful campaign, we must work on diminishing domestic violence and send a clear message to the...
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...Group evaluation based on Social Exchange Theory Group evaluation based on Social Exchange Theory Social exchange theory suggests that each member of our group entered the group after first weighing the benefits verses the cost. In our situation as students in school, and assigned to a group in order to complete a graded project, what we must weigh is how social exchange theory would instead effect how much effort and dedication each person brought to the group. We must also consider that each person also had outside influences which added to their ability to contribute time on the project itself before giving a favorable or unfavorable opinion of a person’s contribution. For each of us, the benefits or reward are in most cases the same, we would like to get an A on our presentation. What will set us apart is how bad each of us as individuals really want that A. Since I have worked with each of the students in my group for over a year now it’s fairly easy to know and to set expectations as to who will do what within our group. Allan has cared about one thing since I met him a year ago, his GPA. He has not missed a day of school and like me is always the last to leave after class labs. Due to his dedication to maintaining a 4.0 GPA he had everything to gain by putting forth a great effort and contributing one hundred percent to his part of the project. Jolynn is also one who cares allot about her GPA and as with every other project I have been a part of, will give one...
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...his essay will outline and critically evaluate the theory of the “psychological contract” and its role between the employee and employer. Through looking at the positive and negative aspects of this contract by using relevant information, figures and evaluating case studies, it shall explain why the understanding of this “psychological contract” is considered to be so vital to the management the contemporary employment relationship. The “psychological contract” of employment can briefly be defined as ‘a set of unwritten reciprocal expectations between an individual employee and the organisation’ (Schein, 1976). Such as the employee being promised certain policies or benefits and the employer expecting the employee to perform at a certain level or be of a specific age etc. Guest and Conway (2002) defined it as “the perceptions of the two parties, employee and employer, of what their mutual obligations are towards each other”. Therefore, an agreement that is beyond what is written or implied in the contract or other explicit manifestations of the employment relationship. The concept of the psychological contract is commonly traced back to the early work of Argyris (1960) and to social exchange theory (Blau, 1964). However, the crucial developments leading to its current use as an analytic framework were provided mainly by Rousseau (1995). The psychological contract therefore provides an opportunity to explore the processes and content of the employment relationship through a...
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...According to the social exchange theory, a person's tendency for altruistic behavior is based on the cost-benefit analysis of any action. It is a theory based on self-interest (Taylor, Peplau, & Sears, 2006). Consider this situation. I see a vacant house that I’d love to own. I picture myself landscaping the front yard with exotic flowers and bushes. One day, I walk by this house and notice that a family has begun squatting. They are obviously homeless. Do I try to purchase the home through a Sheriff's sale, evict the squatters, and realize my dream house and exotic garden? Do I leave the family alone, knowing there is one less family on the streets? The social exchange theory proposes that the basic formula for predicting the behavior for any individual in any situation is: Behavior (profits) = Rewards of interaction – costs of interaction (Taylor, Peplau, & Sears, 2006). Rewards can come in many forms, such as social approval, self-worth, or your dream house. Punishments also come in many forms, from extremes like public humiliation for a family of squatters, to subtle gestures like a raised eyebrow or a frown in the direction of the homeless. Observing the conditions would evoke feelings of sympathy and compassion for the squatters. My empathic concern would motivate me to help by means of leaving the family alone, regardless of what I had to gain. If we do not feel empathy, then social exchange concerns will come into play (Taylor, Peplau, & Sears, 2006)...
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...Sexuality and Culture 성과 문화 HANYANG Univ. Prof. Seo, Sun Young Sexuality and Culture 우리시대 연애각본 HANYANG Univ. Prof. Seo Sun Young Sexuality and Culture 자본주의와 결합된 연애의 시대 ■ 사랑의 프로그래밍 ▶ 대중매체는 사랑에 영향을 주며, 가이드 및 교육자의 역할을 함. ex) 연인들의 기본조건을 개별적으로 프로그래밍하고 적용, 사랑의 시장상황 전달, 섹스와 관련된 주요정보 제공, 사랑의 모델 제시. ▶ 끊임없이 현재의 사랑관 및 행동 모델을 제시하며, 이 모델은 단말적인 변 동성을 지님. HANYANG Univ. Prof. Seo Sun Young Sexuality and Culture 자본주의와 결합된 연애의 시대 ■ 연애권하는 사회 자본의 소비창출활동에 ‘사랑과 친밀함’이 가장 집중적인 매개가 되고 매우 성 공적 결과를 수행함 경제는 낭만적 감정을 소비를 통한 사랑의 연출로 종속시킴. 대중매체가 선 전하는 모든 사랑의 규칙과 모델은 특정 형태의 상품 소비를 유도함. 즉, 사랑 의 경제화가 가속화됨. ’dating mate’ ▶ dating의 기능 - 결혼동기 제공, 즐거움과 오락의 기능, 사회적 지위성취의 기능, 사회화의 기능 HANYANG Univ. Prof. Seo Sun Young Sexuality and Culture 자본주의와 결합된 연애의 시대 ■ 연애 = 소비 연애=소비 등식성립 - 데이트 과정은 곧 소비의 과정 광고들은 소비 욕구들을 이끌어내는 방법으로 ‘친밀성’활용 - ‘사랑하는 사람’에게 능력을 보여주는 과정 = 연애의 과정 - ‘커플’로서 물건을 구입하고 여가 및 문화생활을 즐기는 과정 = 소비의 과정 - 소비를 주도하는 주체: 능력있는 남성 남성의 구매능력과 소비능력의 행복한 수혜자: 여성 ■ 프로젝트화되는 연애 - 글로벌 소비대중문화의 영향 - 연애 공동기획자 HANYANG Univ. Prof. Seo Sun Young Sexuality and Culture 자본주의와 결합된 연애의 시대 연애의 상업화 - “혼 활 시 대 ” ; 야마다 마시히로 “취직을 위해 구직활동이 필요하듯 결혼하려면 결혼활동이 필요하다” ; 20-30대 ‘자기계발’에 익숙한 세 대, 다양한 사람을 만나고 사랑을 할 시기인 20대에 취업준비를 위한 스 펙쌓기에 20대를 소진; ‘연애’도 하나의 능력으로 보고 연애강의 환영 ▶ 독특한 서비스와 신속성을 제공하는 중매사업 부상함. - 초고속 데이트 - 가상 데이트 - 오프라인 만남도 점차 전문화됨. ex) 각종 이벤트 혹은 가상의 연인을 대여하는 방식. ▶ 낭만 카운슬링 - 사랑이 개인화되고, 규정과 의무에 따른 구속이 상대적으로 약화됨. - 현대의 개인은 완벽한 관계를 통해 자신을 규정하고...
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...PLAN – MAINTENANCEn EQUITY PARA 1 : Economic Theories- Our theories reprint a kind of marketplace, where each member of a romantic partnership must serve their own need, but satisfy the needs of their partner. PARA 2 :Social Exchange Theory- Thibaut & Kelley 1959- This makes the basic assumption that all social behaviors are a series of exchange in which something is given and something gained. It argues that partners wish to MAXIMIZE REWARDS and MINIMIZE COSTS. The goal is to achieve a situation of profit, where rewards exceed the costs. A situation of profit occurs, the person will commit to that relationship. We develop a comparison level, a standard against which all our relationships are judged, a standard by which we compare what we think relationships are supposed to be like, or what our old relationship was like to our current relationship. Also a comparison level from an alternative relationship, a different partner. A new relationship can take the place of the current one if the profit level is significantly higher. PARA 3: POS Provides explanation for abusive relationships- Rusbult and Martz (1995)- When investments are high e.g children, financial security) and alternatives are low, e.g. no money or home, this could still be considered as a profitable situation and a woman might chose to remain in such a relationship. Future profit. PARA 4: NEG People still may leave relationships despite a lack of alternative PARA 5: Evidence for importance...
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...In this paper I will analyze the idea of voluntary exchange, and determine whether or not the mutual benefit created through free trade is socially responsible. A basic tenant of free trade is mutually beneficial exchange, a simple enough idea, but within the frame work of this “simple” idea lays a variety of taboo subjects that one might not initially expect to encounter. These subjects include but are not limited to ideas such as the decriminalization of narcotics, the legalization of prostitution, and even assisted suicide. I’ll exclusively explore the idea of voluntary exchange within drug markets, and analyze some of the social and economic costs and benefits to society. I’m going to present statistics and viewpoints that will evoke feelings...
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