...interest in the psychology of identity may be traced to his birth. He was born on June 15, 1902. The circumstances of his birth were concealed from him in his childhood. His Danish-born mother, Karla Abrahamsen, came from a prominent Jewish family in Copenhagen. At the time of her son's birth in Germany, Karla Abrahamsen had not seen her husband, Jewish stockbroker Waldemar Isidor Salomonsen, for several months. Nonetheless, the boy was registered as Erik Salomonsen .There is no more information about his biological father, except that he was a Dane and his given name probably was Erik Erikson was a student and teacher of arts. While teaching at a private school in Vienna, he became acquainted with Anna Freud, the daughter of Sigmund Freud. Erikson underwent psychoanalysis, and the experience made him decide to become an analyst himself. He was trained in psychoanalysis at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute and also studied the Montessori method of education, which focused on child development and sexual stages. Theories of development and the ego Erikson is credited with being one of the originators of Ego psychology, which stressed the role of the ego as being more than a servant of the id. According to Erikson, the environment in which a child lived was crucial to providing growth, adjustment, a source of self-awareness and identity. One of the main elements of Erikson's psychosocial stage theory is the development of ego identity. Ego identity is the conscious sense of...
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...1. Trust vs. mistrust * Basic trust is the sense that others are dependable and will nurture and provide for you, as well as the sense that one is worthy of care, and inherently trustworthy. It is based in good, appropriate, responsive parenting. The baby is busy soaking up the stimulation available- food, sensory stimulation- and actively assimilates these experiences into a picture of self and the world. This is an interactive stage, as the baby tries to explore and get the parent to pay attention. If the world is not responsive to the baby’s needs, s/he develops a sense of mistrust. Some mistrust is useful, as complete naiveté or gullibility puts a person at risk. In a healthy resolution, there is more trust than mistrust however, allowing the person to connect with others and trust them. * The virtue developed is Hope. 2. Autonomy vs. shame, doubt * During the second year of life the toddler develops a sense of autonomy and self control, due in part to toilet training and motor development, walking and climbing. The psychological issue is broader, though, including the concepts of holding on and letting go. Adults that support toddlers’ exploration and protect them from their vulnerability build in a sense of personal control. Those who are over-protected or shamed by their experiences or parents’ discipline develop a sense of doubt in their efforts at independence. Autonomy should prevail in a healthy development, but some shame and doubt enable moral...
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...psychosexual stages, Erikson’s theory describes the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan. One of the main elements of Erikson’s psychosocial stage theory is the development of ego identity. Ego identity is the conscious sense of self that we develop through social interaction. Erikson believed people experience a conflict that serves as a turning point in development. In Erikson’s view, these conflicts are centered on either developing a psychological quality or failing to develop that quality. During these times, the potential for personal growth is high, but so is the potential for failure. The first stage of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development (Trust vs. Mistrust) occurs between birth and one year of age and is the most fundamental stage in life. Because an infant is utterly dependent, the development of trust is based on the dependability and quality of the child’s caregivers. If a child successfully develops trust, he or she will feel safe and secure in the world. Caregivers who are inconsistent, emotionally unavailable, or rejecting contribute to feelings of mistrust in the children they care for. Failure to develop trust will result in fear and a belief that the world is inconsistent and unpredictable. The second stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development (Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt). takes place during early childhood and is focused on children developing a greater sense of personal control. Like Freud, Erikson believed that toilet training...
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...contemporaries), the most important force driving human behavior and the development of personality was social interaction. Erikson left his native Germany in the 1930's and immigrated to America where he studied Native American traditions of human development and continued his work as a psychoanalyst. His developmental theory of the "Eight Stages of Man" was unique in that it covered the entire lifespan rather than childhood and adolescent development. Erikson's view is that the social environment combined with biological maturation provides each individual with a set of "crises" that must be resolved. The individual is provided with a "sensitive period" in which to successfully resolve each crisis before a new crisis is presented. The results of the resolution, whether successful or not, are carried forward to the next crisis and provide the foundation for its resolution. |Erikson's Theory of Socioemotional Development | |Stage |Age |Expected Resolution | |Trust |Infancy |Child develops a belief that the environment can be| |vs. | |counted on to meet his or her basic physiological | |Mistrust | |and social needs | |Autonomy...
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...libido and transform them into a developmental model of psychosocial tasks, which identified eight stages of human development and their corresponding psychosocial tasks. (McAdams, 2009, "Chapter 9, Developmental Stages In Childhood ") To really determine which stage I’m currently in I had to carefully read though many stages, since the eight stages begins at the time of infancy to late adulthood, which will change within each individual and within their social world combined. After all of the reading I would say that I resign in the six stage of Erikson’s timeline Intimacy vs. Isolation (which he consider young adulthood). I think I’m currently in the stage of young adulthood, because I’m 27 years old and have accomplished the psychosocial issues listed in Erikson fifth stage of life Identity vs. role confusion (Adolescence). Some of the main factors I have accomplished in the fifth stage includes developing my sense of self, beliefs, independence, secure about my future, fidelity, and successfully becoming an identity achiever. The central question that was posed during stage 6, young adulthood, is “How can I love”? (McAdams, 2009, p. 351). I can say that I have consciously sought the answer to my question, because I had learned the true meaning of a love relationship, from past relationships. Which has help me develop closer friendships and my intimate relationship with my partner. I can love by, committing...
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...Sociology - Study Guide Test #2 Key Terms: Socialization Effects of isolation on children - Genie Agents of socialization Peer group/family/education/media/religion/work Nature vs Nurture Gender socialization Harlow experiment (findings) Looking glass self Self-identity Anticipatory socialization Resocialization (voluntary/involuntary) Total Institutions Social Interaction Social Structure Status set Roles/Groups Achieved vs Ascribed Status Master Status Role strain vs Role conflict Role exit Social Control (informal/formal) Deviance vs. crime Strain theory Labelling theory Differential Association theory Control theory (elements of social bonds) Conflict theory/differential justice Stigma Social stratification/systems social mobility/types Income vs Wealth Prestige/status inconsistency Absolute vs relative poverty Poverty in Canada/detail Theoretical views of poverty consequences of poverty Review questions 1. ________The lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and learn their culture. 2. ________The persons, groups or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society. 3. ________ The process of learning a new and different set of attitudes and behaviours from those in one’s previous background. 4. _______ A place where people are isolated from the rest...
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...------------------------------------------------- The stages Hul Hope: Trust vs. Mistrust (Infants, 0 to 1 year) * Psychosocial Crisis: Trust vs. Mistrust * Virtue: Hope The first stage of Erik Erikson's theory centers aro und the infant's basic needs being met by the parents. The infant depends on the parents, especially the mother, for food, sustenance, and comfort. The child's relative understanding of world and society come from the parents and their interaction with the child. If the parents expose the child to warmth, regularity, and dependable affection, the infant's view of the world will be one of trust. Should the parents fail to provide a secure environment and to meet the child's basic need a sense of mistrust will result. According to Erik Erikson, the major developmental task in infancy is to learn whether or not other people, especially primary caregivers, regularly satisfy basic needs. If caregivers are consistent sources of food, comfort, and affection, an infant learns trust- that others are dependable and reliable. If they are neglectful, or perhaps even abusive, the infant instead learns mistrust- that the world is in an undependable, unpredictable, and possibly dangerous place. [edit]Will: Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (Toddlers, 2 to 3 years) * Psychosocial Crisis: Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt * Main Question: "Can I do things myself or must I always rely on others?" * Virtue: Will As the child gains control over eliminative...
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...original findings retain a lot of significance. There is need to research and study Erikson’s work with particular interest in his explanation of the ‘adolescent stage’ Erikson’s Contribution Freud’s views about the nature and construction of the human personality significantly influenced Erik Erikson’s understanding of humanity. There was a considerable difference between the two men: whereas Erikson was an ego psychologist, Freud was an ID psychologist. Erikson stressed on the functions of society and culture and the divergences that can occur within the ego itself while Freud highlighted the conflict between the superego and ID. At all psychosexual phases, Erikson observed that the person grows in three levels concurrently: social, biological, and psychological, which represent the person, his or her connection to society, and individualism. His work was a lifetime representation of human development that consists of 5 phases up to 18 years of age. Three additional phases extended beyond adulthood. The first point concerns Trust Versus Mistrust. It is the period from birth to the end of the first year. Erikson affirmed that in this period, a child would learn to trust the outside world and his or her capacity to have an effect on proceedings going on. This development is...
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...masters new challenges. Each stage builds on the successful completion on the earlier stages. The challenges of stages not successfully completed may be expected to reappear as problems in the future. Stage of Development Ideal Task Important Events Justification Infancy (birth- 18 months) Trust Vs. Mistrust Learning to trust others Feeding Developed Trust -In this stage mouth is the center of gratification according to Freud, and the mother should satisfy the baby’s needs through feeding -He developed trust because he was appropriately weaned. He was introduced with milk formula in exchange of his mom’s milk to satisfy his oral gratification Toddler ( 18 months- 3 years) Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt Self control without loss of self-esteem. Pride in self: assertion of will in the face of danger. Toilet Training Developed Shame & Doubt - In this stage anus and rectum are the centers of pleasure. Erickson believe that learning to control one’s body functions leads to a feeling of control and a sense of independence. -He developed shame & doubt because he was scolded with his mother when he wet and defecate at his pants Preschool (3- 5 years) Initiative Vs. Guilt Initiating activities and enjoying learning. Demonstrating original thoughts Exploration Developed Guilt -Children who are successful at this stage feel capable and able to lead others. Those who fail to acquire these skills are left with a sense of guilt, self-doubt and lack of...
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...Development Theories Sara Nackowicz Psy : 104 Child and Adolescent Development Karen Williams 9/17/12 Page One Development Theories In this paper I will talk about three of the development theories which are personality structure, psychosexual development and psychosocial development. All three of these developments are very important in a child’s life and helps them become who they are and I will explain how and why in this paper. According to Sigmund Freud in our text, there are three essential components: the id, the ego, and the superego. The id stage is more of a selfish state where everything is about you and only you. For an example when you are an infant everything is about you and only you. According to Simply Psychology, “The id consists of all the inherited (i.e. biological) components of personality, including the sex (life) instinct – Eros (which contains the libido), and aggressive (death) instinct – Thanatos.” In an infant, their personality is nothing but Id and then when they become older is when the other two stages fall into place. You cry for a reason and most of the time it is either because you are hungry, dirty, sleepy or even just need to be comforted. So there for you cry because you want your caregiver to feed you, clean you, or even snuggle with you so you can fall asleep. The ego state comes around the age of two or three when as Freud states, “the job of the ego to satisfy the demands of the id and to have realistic...
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...graduating from school, reaching your dreams, getting married, getting a job, becoming a parent, retirement, and one’s own death. One of the important things that a person needs to develop is his personality. According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, personality is the set of qualities and behaviors that makes a person different from other people. From the definition, lots of questions arise. Some examples are “What makes them different from the other?”, “Why are they behaving like that?”, and “Who am I?” In order to answer those questions, Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development will help to understand the complexity of human personality. Erikson’s ‘psychosocial’ term is derived from two words – ‘psychological’ means mind and ‘social’ means external relationships (Chapman, 2013). According to Ramkumar (2002), Erik Erikson did most of his works during the 1930s to the 1950s as a psychologist. He was fascinated in child analysis. He was the student of Sigmund Freud and he was inspired by his works. From the article of Chapman (2013), Erikson’s psychosocial theory was drawn and was extended from the ideas of Sigmund Freud and his daughter, Anna Freud and the concepts within psychosexual theory of human development. Freud concepts are not however fundamental to Erikson’s theory which stands up well in its own right. Freud focused on the nature of human which includes the concepts of genitals, and sex which attract a lot of attention and criticisms. Compared to Freud,...
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...In this paper the different stages of human development will be discussed there is Piaget's Stages of Development and Erikson's Stages of Development. First we will begin with Piaget's stages by starting with the Sensorimotor stage the typical age range is from birth to nearly 2 years. In this staged an individual are able to experience through their senses and actions (seeing, hearing, touching, and mouthing). One of their developmental phenomenon is object permanence. Object permanence is use to describe a child's ability to see an object and know that it exist although they can no longer see or hear it. This concept is important because it plays a role in the theory of cognitive development. This theory was created by Jean Piaget who suggested that children can understand the world we live in through their motor abilities. Next stage is preopertational and the typical age range is 2 years to about 6 or 7 years this stage is when children are able to represent things with words and images, using intuitive rather than logical reasoning. One of the developmental phenomenon is egocentrism this refers to their inability to see a situation from another point of view. Piaget felt that an egocentric child feels that everyone around them not only see what they do but feel and hear as well. Concrete operational is the stage when thinking logically, grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations. The typical age for this...
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...It was this fascination that marked the beginning of his integration of the analytic clinical perspective with the social and economic events that influence a child. So what is Erikson's Stages of Development? In this essay we will discuss this matter. Erikson life-stage virtues, in order of the eight stages in which they may be acquired, are: 1. Basic trust vs. basic mistrust - This stage covers the period of infancy. 0-1 year of age. - Whether or not the baby develops basic trust or basic mistrust is not merely a matter of nurture. It depends on the quality of the maternal relationship. If successful, the baby develops a sense of trust, which “forms the basis in the child for a sense of identity“. 2. Autonomy vs. Shame - Covers early childhood - Introduces the concept of autonomy vs. shame and doubt. During this stage the child is trying to master toilet training. 3. Purpose - Initiative vs. Guilt - Preschool / 3–6 years - Does the child have the ability to or do things on their own, such as dress him or herself? If "guilty" about making his or her own choices, the child will not function well.. 4. Competence- Industry vs. Inferiority - School-age / 6-11. Child comparing self-worth to others (such as in a classroom environment). Child can recognize major disparities in personal abilities relative to other children. 5. Fidelity- Identity vs. Role Confusion - Adolescent / 12 years till 20. Questioning of self. Who am I, how do I fit in? Erikson believes...
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... Outline I. Introduction: In today’s world with the identity theft and fraudulent accounts being created on a daily basis, a person might ask there self if privacy in the 21st century might be possible. People put their privacy in jeopardy without even realizing it by using social networking websites. Social networking is a good tool as long as you use it responsibly by protecting yourself and maintaining security. II. Identity theft defined Ways that thieves steal identity a. Dumpster diving b. Phishing c. ATM Skimmers II. Dangers of social networking a. Stalking/cyber stalking b. Impersonation c. cyber bullying III. Ways to prevent identity theft and maintain security a. Monitor credit report with fraud alert b. Do not share personal information c. Shop on websites with secure seal d. Use privacy settings on social network cites IIII Conclusion In today’s world with the identity theft and fraudulent accounts being created on a daily basis, a person might ask there self if privacy in the 21st century might be possible. People put their privacy in jeopardy without even realizing it by using social networking websites. Social networking is a good tool as long as you use it responsibly by protecting yourself and maintaining security. Identity theft is a form of stealing someone’s identity in which someone pretends to...
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...Globalization: A Place for All Amanda MacDonald SSC 200 M04, Social Sciences Professor Joshua February 3, 2015 Globalization: A Place for All We are all offspring’s of globalization whether we realize it or not. The world we live in today has been globalized time and time again. New ideas, religions, cultures, beliefs, identities, and lifestyles have transformed and brought about new beginnings for some, and loss for others. A lot of us though don’t know the real meaning of globalization, in the book Bound Together it once describes it as this, “the process by which the experiences of everyday life, marked by diffusion of commodities and ideas, can foster a standardization of cultural expressions around the world” (Chanda, 2007). I took this as one-day actions can change the whole word, such as expressions, beliefs, authority, identities, and many other minor changes for a person’s life. Who are the globalizers and how long have they been doing this? In my opinion the globalizers can be anyone, but mostly the dominant cultures, and countries are the ones who do the majority of globalizing. A lot of countries don’t have freedom to believe what they wish, speak a certain language, work where they want to work, live with all their family members, and enjoy life. In other parts of the world there is a lot of freedom, you can believe in a god, or no god, you get to choose where you want to live, have a good paying career, live with nice clothes, and things, and most...
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