...Social Enterprises as Hybrid Organizations: A Review and Research Agenda* Bob Doherty, Helen Haugh1 and Fergus Lyon2 The York Management School, University of York, Freboys Lane, York YO10 5GD, UK, 1Judge Business School, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1AG, UK, and 2Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London NW4 4BT, UK Corresponding author email: bob.doherty@york.ac.uk The impacts of the global economic crisis of 2008, the intractable problems of persistent poverty and environmental change have focused attention on organizations that combine enterprise with an embedded social purpose. Scholarly interest in social enterprise (SE) has progressed beyond the early focus on definitions and context to investigate their management and performance. From a review of the SE literature, the authors identify hybridity, the pursuit of the dual mission of financial sustainability and social purpose, as the defining characteristic of SEs.They assess the impact of hybridity on the management of the SE mission, financial resource acquisition and human resource mobilization, and present a framework for understanding the tensions and trade-offs resulting from hybridity. By examining the influence of dual mission and conflicting institutional logics on SE management the authors suggest future research directions for theory development for SE and hybrid organizations more generally. Introduction The phenomenon of social enterprise (SE) has attracted...
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...Assignment 1: Social Performance of Organizations National Football League (NFL) Diallo Jones Dr. Antoinette Bridges BUS 475 – Business and Society Nov 2, 2014 Corporate social responsibility in professional sports first emerged from the idea that charitable endeavors and community outreach programs could help boost fan support and increase revenues. Today, many professional leagues and franchises use their social responsibility efforts as a way to improve their public relations and marketing strategies ( “Sports Philanthropy”, 2009). Increasingly, teams see social responsibility as critical in bridging the gap between athletes and fans as a result of astronomical player salaries and continued occurrences of player misconduct both on and off the field (Knecht,2007).More than ever before, sports franchises are using their athletes‟ celebrity-like status appeal to generate impact in the community, while leveraging these efforts to promote the image of their league and its teams. The recent rise in CSR activities illustrate that professional sports franchises fully realize importance of image and reputation. According to Public Relations Quarterly, there is a positive and linear relationship between reputation and organizational success (Gibson,Gonzales&Castanon, 2006). Consequently, reputation is the single most valued asset of an organization (Gibson, Gonzales&Castanon, 2006). While positive reputations are beneficial to the success of individuals and organizations...
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...The concept of social responsibility of business organizations. It is common knowledge, that behavior of an organization has important economic, social and political consequences. In today’s capitalist society, any business organization has primary responsibility for organizing the economy of the country. The USA is a country that has formed a solid capitalistic society over the centuries and gaining profit is the main goal of most of the organizations. Every businessman is eager to get a profit from what he does and any volunteer activities are very often viewed as a good means of marketing. Time is money, this is the main credo of American society. These facts will help us analyze the definition of social responsibility of organizations in today’s society. Social responsibility can be described in different ways. Most of the business organizations perform only social obligations, which means that a firm engages in social actions because of its obligation to meet certain economic and legal responsibilities. Basically, the organization does what it’s obliged to do and nothing more. This is a classic view of social responsibility. The most outspoken advocate of this approach is Milton Friedman, a great economist and Nobel laureate. He believes that the primary responsibility of an organization is to operate in the best interests of stockholders, whose primary concern is financial. The other two concepts- social responsiveness and social responsibility reflect the socioeconomic...
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...Building an Ethical Organization Part 2 HSM/230 November 17, 2013 Building an Ethical Organization Part 2 Building an Ethical Organization Part 2 HSM/230 University of Phoenix An ethical organization is not only best for the people it serves but also best for the organization. Being able to describe the organization is the way to succeed in helping others understand what it is that the employees are trying to accomplish. A mission statement helps to keep the ideals or the organization in mind, as well as establishing what target population they would help. Creating a values statement, will help the organization to communicate its moral side with potential clients and others. A code of ethics (code) serves as a central guide to support day-to-day decision making at work. It clarifies the cornerstones of your organization-- its mission, values and principles –helping your staff understand how these cornerstones translate into everyday decisions, behaviors and actions. While some may believe codes are designed to limit one’s actions, the best codes are actually structured to liberate and empower people to make more effective decisions with greater confidence. An effective code has many uses, but two critical ones stand out. A code should (1) clarify Gray areas or questions employees have concerning organizational values and expectations and (2) Help build trust and commitment. At best, a code “reflects the covenant that an organization has made to uphold its...
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...adoption and use of social media by nonprofit organizations Seungah Nah; Gregory D. Saxton Seungahn Nah and Gregory D. Saxton. (forthcoming). Modeling the adoption and use of social media by nonprofit organizations. New Media & Society, forthcoming. Abstract: This study examines what drives organizational adoption and use of social media through a model built around four key factors – strategy, capacity, governance, and environment. Using Twitter, Facebook, and other data on 100 large US nonprofit organizations, the model is employed to examine the determinants of three key facets of social media utilization: 1) adoption, 2) frequency of use, and 3) dialogue. We find that organizational strategies, capacities, governance features, and external pressures all play a part in these social media adoption and utilization outcomes. Through its integrated, multidisciplinary theoretical perspective, this study thus helps foster understanding of which types of organizations are able and willing to adopt and juggle multiple social media accounts, to use those accounts to communicate more frequently with their external publics, and to build relationships with those publics through the sending of dialogic messages. Keywords: social media, new media, nonprofit organizations, Facebook, Twitter, technology adoption and use, diffusion of innovation, dialogue, organization-public relations Modeling the Adoption and Use of Social Media 2 Introduction The rapid diffusion of social media applications...
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...Running head: SHOULD ORGANIZATIONS ALLOW SOCIAL MEDIA IN THE WORK PLACE? Should Organizations Allow Social Media in the Work Place? Following the American Psychological Association’s Guidelines Abstract The growth of social media is astonishing. Organizations question if to allow social media in the workplace. The paper contains information beneficial to an organization when making the decision to allow social media in the work place. Topics included are social policies and procedures, benefits, risks, legal impacts, media interpretation, legal cases and methods of improvement. The information is intended to convey that it is beneficial to allow social media in the workplace if only a well written social media policy exist. Should Organizations allow Social Media in the Work Place? Social media continues to grow. The rapid growth has Organizations facing a decision whether to allow the use of social media in the workplace. Social media today is widely popular due to its advancements in collaboration and communication which can benefit business. In order to make a decision such as allowing social media in the work place it is important for an organization to be knowledgeable about the following information: * Social Policies and Procedures * Benefits and Risk * The legal impacts to the organization * How to minimize the risks but maximizing the market * How media interpret the impact * Recent legal cases and outcomes * Methods of improvement...
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...Unit 4 Question 11- An organization should always adopt a broad stance on social responsibility. There are arguments for, and against how much an organization should be socially responsible for, but I feel that they should be as responsible as possible without causing too much conflict with the stakeholders. Milton Friedman held the view that the primary responsibility of a business is to make a profit (Friedman, 1970); it is not incumbent on them to be concerned about social problems. CEO’s and their employees may live in the same community as their friends and relatives, so they all have a stake in the success of the organizations. Some of those same people may also be stakeholders in the organization, thus the business must then walk a fine line between supporting a cause, and doing what is best for the stakeholders. The head of the organization, however, is a person in that community, too. He has a family, for whom he is responsible, he goes to church, and has other feelings of responsibility to other things, perhaps a specific charity. The Coca-Cola Company finds itself socially responsible for the people in other parts of the world (The Coca-Cola Company, 2012). They contribute to the community in which the workers live, helping the children get an adequate education, and assisting in improving infrastructures Organizations take from the community in many ways also. They may, in the process of conducting business, pollute the water; it is then...
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...A Study of Corporate Social Responsibility in Indian Organization: An-Introspection Hoshang Bhesania India is a developing economy, here Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) play important role in organizations. In Indian industry one can easily notice a paradigm shift from corporate philanthropist to being socially responsible. The importance of CSR is increasing in Indian corporate scenario because organization have realize that ultimate goal is not profit making beside this trust building is viable and assert able with societal relationship. The compulsion of CSR has emerged in last two decades when Indian organization realizes the importance of sustaining in this cutthroat competition era. Before this Indian industries had materialistic culture. In the hue and cry of LPG (Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization) companies were only focused toward profit maximization which led social backwash. To overcome this fashion CSR play an important role in sustainable development which is only possible when there is a balance between profit and lowering social backwash or eradicating it. The problem with Corporate Social Responsibility is that nobody is very clear about what exactly it encompasses. The Indian government has been trying to make it mandatory for companies to spend at least 2% net profits on CSR. Today CSR to some companies means providing lunch to their employees or tackling global warning issues. Now a day’s company have become more transparent...
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...Social Organization and Change Most people would agree that cultural diversity in the workplace utilizes our country's skills to its fullest, and contributes to our overall growth and prosperity (Ethnic Majority, 2004). In the 20th century, one’s workplace is very diverse. In today’s workplace a person may be considered more valuable than another person if they are bilingual. The workplace consists of several different types of individuals with different backgrounds. In one office one may work with a combination of individuals from many different ethnic backgrounds such as African-American, Hispanic, Caucasian, Japanese, Indian, and Chinese. You may find that some work environments have conflicts due to the diversity while others are very pleasant and exciting to work in because of the same reason. Through observation one collects that diversity in the workplace introduces new foods, cultures, values, morals, religious beliefs and ideas. A diverse workplace is very interesting because individuals can learn from another. An individual can learn how to improve tasks through techniques. One can also learn how to communicate in a foreign language and become bilingual in more than one language. Studies have shown that diverse teams view situations from a broad range of perspectives, producing more creative solutions to problems and greater product innovation (Executive Diversity Services, Inc., 2006). A diverse work place allows for a person to be exposed to a whole...
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...Social Performance of Organizations - Apple John Professor Steven Davis, Ph.D BUS 475- Business and Society 01/22/2016 Social Performance of Organization Due to public scrutiny, media and consumer protection advocate. It is imperative that these US company are responsible for their products, services and action. Social performance of an organization is the best way for companies to monitor and police themselves and act responsible to the consumer, government and share and stake holders. Apple the Organization The nature of Apple Organization is prominently known for its hardware, software, laptops, computers, iPods, computer operating systems, iPads, and iTunes of products and services. Apple is known for its innovative selling and marketing strategies that gives them a cutting edge over competitors. The nature of Apple is to provide innovative products and technology for their loyal consumers. The structure of the Apple organization starts with the founder and President Mr. Steve Jobs, he is in the middle of the circle all decision making goes through him. With this structure he is the back bone of the organization in managing the board of directors and the company. The inner circles that are closest to him are the vice president which reports to him personal. The circles around the vice-presidents are the executive team, they also reports directly to Mr. Jobs. He created this structure is for the benefit of keeping the company intellectual property secret....
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...Abstract Social media has become the voice of many organizations as they use it to function externally as well as internally. I will define social media and explore social Intranet/Internet forums, Blogs and Podcast. Social Media purpose in organizations and in what ways it has affected them. Organizations and Social Media We live in a society where modern technology plays a big part in our day-to-day activities. By using the internet, we gather information, buy goods and overall, use it to make our lives easier. Social media is widely used in organizations to attract customers and is even used for personal reasons in expressing or sharing ideas. However, because of the different culture and practices in our society, not all, widely embrace the idea of social media and most especially on how to use it properly. What is Social Media? Social media is the most prevalent way of communication in our society today. This is web- or mobile-based technologies that are used to turn communication into an interactive exchange of ideas in an organization, community, and even among individuals. With modern technology and social media, the information on the web can easily be accessed and communication techniques will never be a problem (Bunzel, 2010). With the use of Internet/Intranet forums, Blogs and Podcasts organizations are able to communicate not only outside but within the organizations as well. The use of forums currently is not a novelty and the tempo of the Internet...
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...Social Performance of Organizations Apple Inc. is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Cupertino, California, that designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, online services, and personal computers (www.apple.com). Apple Company was developed on the 1st of April, 1976 by the co-founders named Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. The first 30 years of the company was named Apple Computer Inc. but later on January 9, 2007, the word “Computer” has removed (Business Insider, 2013). Apple is a very established and diversified company that offers consumers several choices in electronics that has the capability to simply our daily lives. In my opinion, Apple’s most successful product consists of their mobile devices with internet capabilities that allow you to access your information from any location that offers a wireless firewall (wi-fi). Apple has a unique organizational structure that follows the top-down model which influences accountability within the individual departments that create Apple products. Identifying and evaluating alternative strategies should involve many of the managers and employees who earlier assembled the organizational vision and mission statements, performed the external audit, and conducted the internal audit (Strategic Management Concepts, pg 22). Additionally, all other key players should be invited to attend the meeting to provide additional input to facilitate and recommend steps to improve their...
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...SOCIAL PERFORMANCE OF ORGANIZATIONS Tatyana Newton Strayer University BUS 475 Professor Kimberly Williams August 2, 2015 SOCIAL PERFORMANCE OF ORGANIZATIONS The current world economy is increasingly becoming integrated and interdependent; because of this, the relationship between businesses and society is becoming more complex. Let us take a look at Apple Inc. and its social performance of the organization. What makes Apple Inc. so unique and standout from any other company? Let us look at Apple Inc. nature. As many of us know, Apple first become known for its Macintosh computers. Apple was always considered as a hardware company but over the years it has become more of a platform company that specializes in software and technology that many of us use on a daily bases. The structure of the company is corporate based. Being a corporate based company means that it is a large company, that is worldwide and owned by a group of stockholder. Being a corporate based company like Apple is means that the corporations has the ability to raise capital by selling its own stock to the public. Apple is such a large company that they had to have multiple structures for the company to insure a smooth operating company. This includes a national operating structure and an off shore global operating structure. The types products and services Apple provides includes computer designs, computer developments, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, online services and personal...
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...Assignment 1: Social Performance of Organizations Janet Jackson Strayer University BUS475 May 1, 2014 Instructor: The De Beers Company is one of the wealthiest companies in the world. De Beers leads and dominates the diamond industry in diamond mining, diamond trading, and industrial diamond manufacturing. In 1871 a South African man named Cecil Rhodes created De Beers. Rhodes rented water pumps to miners then invested his profits by buying up small mining operations. In 2011 the De Beers Group sold their remaining stake to Anglo American for $5.1 billion in cash. (DeMarco, 2011). Before the sale the diamond company was owned by the Oppenheimer family. Now Anglo American own 85 percent of De Beers making them the primary stockholder while the Republic of Botswana owns the remaining 15 percent of the company. Mining diamonds involves a lot of factors that can effect a company’s external environment. In order for De Beers to operate it has to account for things such as: local and foreign governments, globalization and trade, the ethics of business and labor, the effect on the environment, the perception of society, and the importance of new technology. In the case of the De Beers Diamond Company the two most important factors to the organization’s external environment are globalization and trade, and the perception of society. Salient Stakeholders When producing a product as fragile such as diamonds, a company needs many factors to come in place. In actuality...
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...Capital Region Health Care (CRCH) in regards to its Information Technology Services (ITS) group. The article presents the current work mechanism used by the ITS unit on their beeper system, thus unveiling the lack of organization within the unit. The problem seemed to arise from the fact that the ITS group was fundamentally a technology-driven shop, the lack of communication between the group and its users and the absence of knowledge about the human. After many incidents had taken place the CIO, Deane Morrison, took noticed and decided it was time to change the culture of the ITS group and branch into a more customer service oriented system. In order for us to tackle this organization scarcity of customer service, we must understand what is organizational behavior. Robbins and Judge (2011, p.43) describe it as a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structures have on behavior within organizations, for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving and organization’s effectiveness. Another important concept we must understand is that of organizational culture, Robbins and Judge (2011, p.555) describe it as a system of shared meaning held by members that distinguishes the organization from other organizations. An organization culture is concerned with how employees perceive the characteristics of an organization’s culture, not with whether they like it or not. Now that we know the what organizational behavior (OB) and organizational culture...
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