...Essay: Evaluate the role of education in society. Consider issue of gender in your response. Also, consider how such factors may impact on a person’s life chances. This essay will examine the role of education in society and an analysis of inequality in relation to Gender. It will discuss briefly education and examine the different theoretical approaches to education followed by an analysis of inequality using information on statistics of inequality in British education in relation to gender and attainment. This essay will Identify and evaluate key policy developments in education provision designed to bridge the gap of gender inequality in British education. The role of education in society has been among the major issues in contemporary sociological and political debate. According to Iannelli and Paterson (2005) education is a major factor that helps determine the jobs and social class positions of individuals in society. As an institution of sociology, education plays a dominant role in transmitting prevalent ideologies of society by providing pupils with the curriculum and hidden curriculum as well as the skills that will prepare them physically, mentally and socially for their life chances (Clark 2005). Educational institutions play a very important role in reducing social inequalities. Over the last century British schools experienced very important changes and moved from a selective system to a comprehensive one in the 1960s and 70s. Much research has shown that the...
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...Behavioural change theories From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Behavioural change theories are attempts to explain why behaviours change. These theories cite environmental, personal, and behavioural characteristics as the major factors in behavioural determination. In recent years, there has been increased interest in the application of these theories in the areas of health, education, criminology, energy and international development with the hope that understanding behavioural change will improve the services offered in these areas. Contents • 1 General theories and models o 1.1 Self-efficacy o 1.2 Learning theories/behaviour analytic theories of change o 1.3 Social learning/social cognitive theory o 1.4 Theory of reasoned action o 1.5 Theory of planned behaviour o 1.6 Transtheoretical/stages of change model o 1.7 Health action process approach o 1.8 Education o 1.9 Criminology o 1.10 Energy • 2 Objections General theories and models Each behavioural change theory or model focuses on different factors in attempting to explain behavioural change. Of the many that exist, the most prevalent are the learning theories, Social Cognitive Theory, Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behaviour, Transtheoretical Model and the Health Action Process Approach. Research has also been conducted regarding specific elements of these theories, especially elements like self-efficacy that are common to several of the theories. Self-efficacy Self-efficacy is an individual's...
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...Education is proven to be the key of success. It is almost impossible for a person to succeed in life, without any level of education. In many people’s opinion education is the most important accomplishment a person can earn. The reason society is well advanced in technology, medicine, and so many other developments are due to an individual effort and high levels of education. There are three theories that help comprehend education, and these are Functionalism, Conflict, and Interactionism theories. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact that the functionalism, conflict, and Interactionism theories has on education, and to further discuss their similarities and differences; how each theory applies to the selected sociological institution; how each theory affects the individual; how it affects the approach to social changes, and how does each theory affects the view of society. Education is certainly the biggest and most valuable accomplishment a person can obtain. It helps us grow intellectually in society, and regulates the progress of society. Education offers people regardless of their background, race, religion, or income an equal opportunity to be successful. According to the Functionalist aspect, Schools are seen as functional for society for a variety of manifest and latent reasons. They are socialization agents that teach students culturally relevant core values and norms in what Durkheim (1915/1964) called a moral education that would help create a more...
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... An education theory is the speculative thought of education and just like any other theory; it explains, guides, and describes the practices of education. The earliest speculation on educational processes began during the times of classical sophists and Greek philosophers. Current education speculations use terms like andragogy, curriculum, learning pedagogy, education organization, leadership, and policy. Education thought is derived from various disciplines like, philosophy, sociology, critical theory, psychology, and history among others. This paper will discuss five topics based on the best education theory to be applied in the classroom setting with focus on two education theories postulated by Lev Vygotsky and John Dewey. This paper will also address information processing by students, behaviors of teachers to promote thinking, implications of language development on learning and teaching, and on the relationship between the emotional and social development on student behavior and learning. Classroom Observation Analysis Education theory can either be descriptive like in the sciences or normative like in philosophy. Education theory postulates what education processes are supposed to consist of; it sets the standards, norms, and goals in carrying out an education process. The scientific education theory gives a set of hypotheses, which have to be experimented and verified. The two approaches have produced two broad categories of education theories, which...
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...[pic] Department of Education and Training RESEARCH ON HUMAN LEARNING Published by the Department of Education and Training © State of Victoria, 2004 All rights reserved. Except under the conditions described in the Copyright Act 1968 of Australia and subsequent amendments, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical and photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright holder. Address inquiries to: Research and Development Branch Office of Learning and Teaching Department of Education and Training Level 2, 33 St Andrews Place GPO Box 4367 Melbourne 3001 Acknowledgments This resource has been developed by the Office of Learning and Teaching, Department of Education and Training, Victoria, 2004 Authors Sandra Mahar and Maddy Harford Contributions This publication was developed by the Research and Development Branch, Office of Learning & Teaching for the Department of Education and Training. Contents INTRODUCTION: THE IMPORTANCE OF LEARNING IN THE KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY 4 Defining Learning 5 Overview of the paper 6 THEORIES OF LEARNING 7 Cognitive Learning Theories 7 Social Learning Theories 7 Constructivist Theories 8 Experiential Learning 9 Adult Learning, or Andragogy 9 Multiple Intelligences 10 Situated Learning Theory and Communities of Practice 10 FACTORS AFFECTING...
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...Career Guidance Theories Career guidance theories provide insight into how individuals make career decisions and what influences impact on those decisions throughout the course of a person’s life. Most have derived from the different branches of psychology; personality, developmental, cognitive and social. More contemporary theories however consider the sociological influences on career journeys too. Most acknowledge the role of career guidance, although differ on opinion as to when, how often and the resulting impact of guidance. Career guidance practice is informed by theory. Theories are used to devise policies over careers education and guidance and to provide tools for evaluation and amendment of practices. In 1908 Parsons developed what is considered the first theory of vocational guidance. The ‘talent matching’ approach. Parsons based this theory on three ideas; (a) people are different, (b) jobs are different and (c) by studying both individual and jobs, it should be possible to match them up. This theory implies it is possible to measure individual talents and the skills required for particular jobs, assumes people perform best when matched to a job suited to their abilities and therefore assumes that career decision making is of a rational nature. Others have developed this theory, sometimes referred to as ‘person-environment fit’ or trait/factor further. Rodger (1952) developed a ‘seven point plan’ with matching at the centre of the process. He...
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...FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND SOCIAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITI SELANGOR BACHELOR OF EDUCATION (HONS) TESL CPS 2313 EDUCATION SOCIOLOGY ASSIGNMENT: THEORIES AND RESEARCH IN EDUCATION SOCIOLOGY PREPARED BY: MOHAMAD AZHAARI SHAH BIN SULAIMAN 4123003611 IZZAT WAZZIR IMAN BIN 4123000401 PREPARED FOR: TUAN HAJI BAGHAWI SARBINI 2.1 Definition of Educational Sociology Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) who is regarded as the ‘father’ of sociology of education clearly defines sociology of education as “a systematic study sociological perspective”. This definition of sociology of education is suitable because it speaks much of what goes on in education system. It clearly states that it is important to know sociology before knowing what sociology of education is. This is because sociology is related sociology of education. The statement “sociological perspective” stresses the social context in which people live such as society. Society is a group of people who share a certain culture and a territory. Perspective is a view of the world and it is referred to as a sociological preservative or sociological imagination. Durkheim’s statement helps us to understand that sociological perspective opens a window to another world or unfamiliar world. As we look at other world or our own, sociological imagination casts another form of light on us. This in return enables us to gain a new vision of social life. In other words it helps us to find out why people do what they do like...
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...many theories that have different perspectives. One theory is the Functionalist theory. This theory is when people in a society all come together and work as a unit. Everyone must do their part so the society stays stable. The government pays for the children to get an education. We the people pay the government with taxes to fund the education of the children. Once the children get their education, the return the favor by becoming good members of society and the cycle continues and stays stable. Another theory is the conflict theory. This theory came from Karl Marx’s writings. The theory shows more emphasis on how society is not stable and it is always changing. The conflict theory has more of a negative twist to it. This theory believes in social change and basically the more powerful people control society which is bad. These two theories differ from one another because they are the complete opposite of each other. One is trying to make society stable, while the other says it can not be stable and is more negative on society. Social order is the distinctive stable arrangement of institutions whereby human beings in a society interact and live together. The functionalist theory perspective explains social order pretty well. In that theory humans are working together to make society stable. That is what social order is. As well as having an institution which can be school and the functionalist theory wants children to get education. For the conflict theory it shows social order...
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...The Impact of Sociological Theories in Education SOC101 Sheila Schmitz May 7, 2012 Education is the key to success in a person’s life. Not being educated people would be hurting just to try and get through day to day life situations. There are three main theories that help with understanding education and that is functionalist theory, the conflict theory, and the interactionist theory. Theory helps us comprehend why different groups may disagree about how they view social problems, but why they all believe they are right (Vissing, Y., 2011, Chap 1.6). Education could be the difference from getting a low paying job or a high paying job. Education also plays a huge role in helping you to understand things better, it helps your social skills, the way people view you and also the way you view yourself. Functionalism Functionalism approach held that all social structures (institutions or stable units of society) exist because they fulfill some specific functions (Vissing, Y., 2011, Chap 1.6). They view schools as an institution to educate the next generation to give them the knowledge and skills to prepare the youth in their future occupational jobs and leadership roles. The functionalist theory also views all the ways education serves the need of society. Functionalists such as Parsons and Durkheim believe that the school environment is a microcosm (small version) of the adult occupational world and therefore prepare students for their future (Casey Kingsland...
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...Acknowledgements SFEU (Scottish Further Education Unit) gratefully acknowledges the contribution made to this publication by Learning and Teaching Scotland who have granted permission to use material previously produced by Higher Still Development Unit. SFEU also thanks SQA for permission to reproduce parts of the Arrangement documents. Copyright statement Documents on NQ Online can be downloaded free. However, where the publications are the copyright of Learning and Teaching Scotland, educational establishments in Scotland may reproduce them in whole or in part provided that the source is acknowledged and that no profit accrues at any stage. Other users of these publications should contact Learning and Teaching Scotland before reproducing any of them. Please note all rights held by the former Higher Still Development Unit continue to be held by Learning and Teaching Scotland. Contents Statement of Standards 3 Guide to Learning and Teaching Pack 7 Introduction to the Unit and Learning and Teaching Approaches 8 Class stratification 9 Recommended reading and recommended websites for class stratification 10 Introduction to social stratification 11 Class stratification 15 Functionalist theory of class stratification 24 Summary of functionalism 29 Marxist theory of class stratification ...
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...Theories of Education Historically, American education served both political and economic needs, which dictated the function of education. Today, sociologists and educators debate the function of education. Three main theories represent their views: the functionalist theory, the conflict theory, and the symbolic interactionist theory. The functionalist theory The functionalist theory focuses on the ways that universal education serves the needs of society. Functionalists first see education in its manifest role: conveying basic knowledge and skills to the next generation. Durkheim (the founder of functionalist theory) identified the latent role of education as one of socializing people into society's mainstream. This “moral education,” as he called it, helped form a more‐cohesive social structure by bringing together people from diverse backgrounds, which echoes the historical concern of “Americanizing” immigrants. Functionalists point to other latent roles of education such as transmission of core values and social control. The core values in American education reflect those characteristics that support the political and economic systems that originally fueled education. Therefore, children in America receive rewards for following schedules, following directions, meeting deadlines, and obeying authority. The most important value permeating the American classroom is individualism—the ideology that advocates the liberty rights, or independent action, of the individual...
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...Discussion on how theory and research in health psychology has been helpful or unhelpful in addressing human problems. Areas important in health psychology involve studies of behaviour which courses illness and also a way to try motivate individuals to leave healthy with the influence from hospitals and care professionals in the society. ‘Health psychology is the aggregate of the specific educational, scientific and professional contribution of the discipline of psychology to the promotion and maintenance of health, the prevention and treatment of illnesses’ Matarazzo (1980). As health psychology is widely related to health the definition of healthy is by the World Health Organization (WHO) 1948 saying that health is ‘the state of complete physical, social and spiritual well-being, not simply the absences of illnesses’. As psychology is the science of behaviour and change; psychologists have helped to influence change in people’s life. As health psychology is interested mainly in health and health maintenance rather than on diseases and disease prevention. It was found in the 1970s when many countries (western) began to suffer from diseases and death in result to declining expenditures, to resolve the situation health promotion strategies were introduced. As there are many factors that courses diseases for example smoking which leads to diseases like cardiovascular disease, to investigate the relationship between health behaviours, health and disease outcomes studies would...
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...Saudi women’s education. As explained by feminist theory, women’s inequalities originate from the social structures and institutions that are dominated by men (Acker, 1987). In the context of Saudi Arabia, women have been treated with disrespect and consequently their values in the Islamic society are not acknowledged (Katz, 2013). The manipulation of conservative norms and traditions Saudi Arabia led to the origin of male dominance (Katz, 2013). The ideology that women do not deserve quality education is therefore preserved. However, it is important to note that the position of women in Saudi Arabia is not perpetuated by the Islamic religion but rather, self-driven motives that aim to subordinate women (Shukri, 1999). Due to the manipulation...
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...Introduction To Sociology II notes by Mutangi G T Sociology is the study of human social life. Because human social life is so expansive, sociology has many sub-sections of study, ranging from the analysis of conversations to the development of theories to try to understand how the entire world works. This chapter will introduce you to sociology and explain why it is important, how it can change your perspective of the world around you, and give a brief history of the discipline. History Sociology is a relatively new academic discipline. It emerged in the early 19th century in response to the challenges of modernity. Increasing mobility and technological advances resulted in the increasing exposure of people to cultures and societies different from their own. The impact of this exposure was varied, but for some people included the breakdown of traditional norms and customs and warranted a revised understanding of how the world works. Sociologists responded to these changes by trying to understand what holds social groups together and also explore possible solutions to the breakdown of social solidarity. Early Sociological Studies Early sociological studies considered the field to be similar to the natural sciences like physics or biology. As a result, many researchers argued that the methodology used in the natural sciences were perfectly suited for use in the social sciences, including Sociology. The effect of employing the scientific method and stressing empiricism was the...
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...‘Functional and Conflict Theories of Educational Stratification’ authored by Randall Collin, tries to find out reason for the cliché higher technical education is a solution for all professional problem of a person. It seeks to find out the reality behind an almost ritualized belief that higher technical education leads to prosperity and wealth by opening-up gates for elitist white-collar job. Hence there has been an increasing demand for the same all across the developed economies. A great deal of government wealth along with public wealth is being spent for technological education. It’s beheld as a vehicle for development of the individual and the state. Randall Collins is an American sociologist who is a professor at University of Pennsylvania, U.S. He believes that increased reliance on education for higher occupational attainment has turned education into a potential tool for social mobility as well as for social stratification in America. Hence he tries to find out the link between education and social stratification through a Functional and Conflict perspective as mentioned below. Technical-function theory Conflict theory Technical-function theory According to this theory social origins being a constant it is seen that the higher the number of years of education the more is the occupational attainment. The other implication is that technological advancements have led to the increase in skill requirements necessary for employment, and education system is reflecting just...
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