...Encyclopedia.com -- Online dictionary and encyclopedia of facts, information, and biographies Research categories Symbolic Interactionism Home Social Sciences and the Law Sociology and Social Reform Sociology: General Terms and Concepts International Encyclopedia... A Dictionary of Sociology International Encyclopedia... Further reading TOOLS Symbolic Interactionism International Encyclopedia of Marriage and Family | 2003 COPYRIGHT 2003 The Gale Group Inc. Symbolic Interactionism Symbolic interactionism is a sociological perspective on self and society based on the ideas of George H. Mead (1934), Charles H. Cooley (1902), W. I. Thomas (1931), and other pragmatists associated, primarily, with the University of Chicago in the early twentieth century. The central theme of symbolic interactionism is that human life is lived in the symbolic domain. Symbols are culturally derived social objects having shared meanings that are created and maintained in social interaction. Through language and communication, symbols provide the means by which reality is constructed. Reality is primarily a social product, and all that is humanly consequential—self, mind, society, culture—emerges from and is dependent on symbolic interactions for its existence. Even the physical environment is relevant to human conduct mainly as it is interpreted through symbolic systems. Importance of Meanings The label symbolic interactionism was coined by Herbert Blumer (1969), one...
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...Below are key definitions (terms) & concepts from the assigned readings and lecture slides. You should be familiar with them for Exam 1. The key definitions / concepts are not intended to be an all inclusive list of what will be on the exam. I also included the pages of the chapters that will be covered on the exam. I will not ask questions from chapter pages that do not fall in the ranges listed below. I will not ask questions from the “Skills & Best Practices” & “Hands On Exercises” sections in the OB textbook. I will not ask questions from the “HR How To”, “eHRM”, “Did You Know”, “Best Practices” & “HR Oops” sections of the HR textbook. Make sure you download the post-lecture slides from Carmen On page 4 of this study guide I have provided some example questions. Remember the likely sources of exam material: • Material Found in Book & Slides (found both places) – MOST LIKELY • Material Found Only In Slides (I have placed an ASTERISK on slides with non-book content that is exam material) • Material Found Only In Book (e.g. definitions, frameworks,…) Strategy & Strategic OB: K&K Chapter 1: Definitions (key terms): contingency approach, human capital, management, organizational behavior, social capital, Theory Y, total quality management Reading: p.5-16 (just the top of 16) Key concepts Human Relations Movement Theory X, Theory Y Total Quality Management Deming’s 85-15 Rule Contingency Approach Human Capital Social Capital Congruence...
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...Running Head: Concept of Police Personality Paper Concept of Police Personality Paper John, Doe CJA/333 June 10, 2012 Instructor This paper is a position paper on the concept of police personality. The paper focuses on unique traits versus socialization and experience. In this paper, I select one viewpoint and explain why it makes the most sense to me. According to Twersky-Glasner (2005), kinds of people who apply for jobs as a police officer may have specific personality traits, such as authoritarianism, distrust, aggression, and self-doubt. These types of traits police agencies do not want to hire. However, they may not be able to avoid such hires because personality traits might develop through socialization and experience. A person who has the authoritarianism trait may have a huge influence on people. Along with that, an individual with the authoritarianism trait may also have the ability to take charge in circumstances that call for a firm, and self-confident, person to take over. However, this type of officer may not know when to stop being controlling. Individuals who have distrust traits may have disbelief, and mistrust issues when they encounters a person. Police officers with this kind of personality trait may experience negative effects on their career. One negative effect of the distrust trait is an officer might obtain quick readiness to fire a weapon, or behave with misuse of force. Some applicants display the aggression trait. People with...
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...Socialization From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the sociological concept. For the political and economic concept, see Socialization (economics). Sociology Portal Theory · History Positivism · Antipositivism Functionalism · Conflict theory Middle-range · Mathematical Critical theory · Socialization Structure and agency Research methods Quantitative · Qualitative Historical · Computational Ethnographic · Network analytic Topics · Subfields Cities · Class · Crime · Culture Deviance · Demography · Education Economy · Environment · Family Gender · Health · Industry · Internet Knowledge · Law · Medicine Politics · Mobility · Race and ethnicity Rationalization · Religion · Science Secularization · Social networks Social psychology · Stratification Categories · Lists Journals · Sociologists Article index · Outline Major category: Sociology v t e Socialization (or socialisation) is a term used by sociologists, social psychologists, anthropologists, political scientists and educationalists to refer to the lifelong process of inheriting and disseminating norms, customs and ideologies. It may provide the individual with the skills and habits necessary for participating within their own society; a society develops a culture through a plurality of shared norms, customs, values, traditions, social roles, symbols and languages. Socialization is thus ‘the means by which social and cultural continuity are attained’.[1]. [2] Socialization...
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...theories have been connected with the term socialization. One example for this connection is the theory of Klaus Hurrelmann. In his book "Social Structure and Personality Development" (Hurrelmann 1989/2009), he develops the "Model of Productive Processing of Reality (PPR)." The core idea is that socialization refers to an individual's personality development. It is the result of the productive processing of interior and exterior realities. Bodily and mental qualities and traits constitute a person's inner reality; the circumstances of the social and physical environment embody the external reality. Reality processing is productive because human beings actively grapple with their lives and attempt to cope with the attendant developmental tasks. The success of such a process depends on the personal and social resources available. Incorporated within all developmental tasks is the necessity to reconcile personal individuation and social integration and so secure the "I-dentity." (Hurrelmann1989/2009: 42) Socialisation is a term used by sociologists, social psychologists, anthropologists, political scientists and educationalists to refer to the lifelong process of inheriting and disseminating norms, customs and ideologies, providing an individual with the skills and habits necessary for participating within his or her own society. Socialization is thus ‘the means by which social and cultural continuity are attained’. Mead's concept of the generalised other has been linked to...
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...Socialization in a Social Institution socialization in a social institution can change a person self-concept and the way they socialize because of the environment and the people to interact with on a daily basis. Being in a social institution like a prison for example would change the way a person socializes because of the setting the person is in. The way things are done in a social institution would change their self concept so they could fit in to that specific social institution. When someone is first introduced into a new social institution they have to learn how to adapt. This is where the generalized other comes in. If we can figure out thee generalized other things become a lot easier. In the movie Shawshank Redemption there was an example of him locating the generalized other when the inmates walked out of their cells and turn to the right. The main character Andy noticed the other inmates doing this action and slowly learned the way things were done in the prison because he was noticing the generalized others. Another example of noticing a generalized other is if a student goes to a new school for the first time. I think this is a good example of locating generalized others because when a student attends a new school, they wont know what to expect. An example of this is when other students take out a paper in section it off to take Cornell notes. That student would then notice what the other students were doing and would do the same because that was...
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...1. Sociologists are merely interested in how socialization impacts society as a whole and are also concerned with knowing whether every individual in society go through the stages of socialization in a similar way or order and if it is effective in teaching them how to fit into society. When it comes to one 'self', one is constantly evolving. Sociologists seem to have a great interest with how 'self-identity' is acquired and how people begin to develop into their own person. Everyone is different and each individual evolves differently; whether it is physically, mentally or emotionally (which goes without saying). Furthermore, Sociologists view the topic from the sociological perspective "seeing the strange in the familiar", by looking at socialization and digging deep into into how socialization shapes people's lives and every step from childhood to adulthood of how they evolve. Sociologists observe that nothing in society is obvious on the surface. Secondly, when it comes to "depersonalizing the personal", sociologists usually look at the way an individual is growing up and how socialization plays a huge role in it. Such as, gender roles and the ongoing patterns that gender roles have whilst a child is growing older. For example, from a young age, girls play with dolls, have little cooking materials as toys to prep them for the future when they have to perform their maternal duties such as cooking. Girls are also taught that pink is their 'color'. They have pink clothes, pink...
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...Socialization is the process by which human beings acquire knowledge, language, social skills and values to conform to the norms and roles required for integration into a group or community from their social environment. The social environment is defined as the environment developed by human beings as contrasted with the natural environment. It presents the part where nature turns to nurture in the society that human beings live. It instills the values, beliefs, actions, habits, personality and skills necessary for the human beings to play a role in society. Heredity contributes only a small portion to how a human being turns out. A human beings DNA is what determines the physical attributes of a human being, but society makes him/her human. When a baby is born, it has no idea of self. The baby does not know if it is a boy or a girl, the color of its skin, how to walk, talk or eat. It must be taught who it is and how to do these things in early childhood. This is most critical and intense phase in the socialization process. Parents/caregivers, the primary source of this teaching, provide the foundation for morals, values, language symbols, what is good and bad, religion and what is or not acceptable in our society. They are the first to teach the baby what culture they are born into and what roles they will play in this life. In our culture, boys are taught to be rough and tumble. It is ok for them to get dirty and play outside. We give them trucks, construction...
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...Primary socialization is the process of becoming able members of several institutions, including family, religion, culture and education. During primary socialization, language, norms, values and basic expectations of society are learnt, such as the way to dress, eat and communicate, leading to the moral outcome needed to survive. Sociologists have a variety of theories telling us how children understand their role in the social order. George Herbert Mead developed a theory of social behaviorism explaining how social experiences develop a child's self-concept. He argued that the self does not exist at birth, but develops only through social experience, which is the exchange of symbols. Therefore, we tend to find meaning in every action, and further, imagining the intention of others. Others act as a mirror in which we can see ourselves, according to Mead. The key to developing ourselves is learning to take the role of the other. However, with limited social experience, infants are only able to develop a sense of their identity through imitation. He concluded that the final stage of primary socialization is the generalized other, referring to the widespread cultural norms and values. Cooley devised the term, 'looking glass self', meaning self image based on how we think others view us. He claimed that we form our self-images through interaction with other people. He was particularly interested in how significant others shape us as individuals. A significant other is someone whose...
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...is an active self-presentation of a person aiming to enhance his image in the eyes of others" (p.104). A symbolic interaction theorist, Erving Goffman, coined the term impression management in 1959 and from then on, sociologists and theorists have been adding insight and importance to the concept. According to Newman (2009), impression management is an “act presenting a favorable public image of oneself so that others will form positive judgments” (p.184). Impression management is a fundamental and universal process that involves a number of influential factors. These factors are social, cultural and spiritual. Social Implications “Nobody hands values, norms, roles, and statuses to us fully formed, nor do we accept them mechanically. We mold them to suit us as we interact with others” (Brym and Lie, 2006, p.144). By molding values, norms, roles, and statuses, people can modify themselves and alter how others perceive them. It is not always clear whether or not people are aware of the allusions they create when they intentionally alter their values, norms, roles, and statuses to manufacture positive impressions. Ferrante (2008) expands on this concept in her book, Sociology: a Global Perspective, “Even if people are aware that they are manipulating reality, impression management can be a constructive feature of social interaction” (p.131). People across the globe implement this concept in order to obtain a favorable social outcome. Newman compliments this concept by assessing...
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...When looking at socialization, you have to ask yourself does this matter? The answer is very clear yes it does matter. Socialization is what makes the world around us happen. Socialization is a process in which an individual function in society. When it comes to socialization you have to understand the concept of it. The socialization is the process through which individual internalize the value, beliefs, and norms of society and learn to function as a members. According, to Craig Calhoun in the Dictionary of Social Science (2002, pg47). Socialization, in fact includes learning of three important process which are cognitive, affective, and evaluative. The development process that a child goes through in socialization is the development first self , I, me and then others. Until a child understands or even reach to point of self. Society will teach individual quickly on how the works. When a person reach the final point of the socialization it is the generalized other , being able to function with a complete stranger or even knowing how doing unacceptable behavior around others in public. Other agents the make socialization matter is family. Which play a big factor individual life as a child growing up in society. It can be affected in many way if it is with siblings, or even with family class bracket. The socialization in school have part on someone life. Education is the process by which society transmits its accumulated knowledge, skill, customer and values from one generation...
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...The perspective of people about their selves always originates from the thought of the other individual that how the others people perceive / see them. People may not bother that how they see themselves but they give it as the significant importance that how people see them. We shape our mental self-portrait as the impressions of the reaction and assessments of others in our surroundings. The idea of the mirror self-hypothesis constitutes the foundation of the sociological theory of socialization. The thought is that individuals in our nearby surroundings serve as the "mirrors" that reflect pictures of ourselves. As indicated by Cooley, this procedure has three stages. To the first stage is about the judgment and imagination of people that how one appear to someone else. . It is related without imagination second, we start imagining and speculating that what are the judgments and perceptions, people are making about us, particularly about our appearance. In conclusion, we start speculating that how the individual feels about us. A definitive result of all of the above process is that we frequently change our conducts and appearance...
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...sheet) 1. Carol Gilligan’s work on the issue of self-esteem in girls showed that a. girls begin with low self-esteem, but it gradually increases as they progress through adolescence. b. at all ages, girls have higher self-esteem than boys. c. at all ages, boys have higher self-esteem than girls. d. girls begin with high levels of self-esteem, which gradually decrease as they go through adolescence. 2. George Herbert Mead considered the self to be a. the part of an individual’s personality that is composed of self-awareness and self-image. b. the presence of culture within the individual. c. basic drives that are self-centered. d. present in infants at the time of their birth. 3. Mead placed the origin of the self on a. biological drives. b. genetics. c. social experience. d. the functioning of the brain. 4. According to Mead, social experience involves a. understanding the world in terms of our senses. b. the exchange of symbols. c. a mix of biological instinct and learning. d. acting but not thinking. 5. By “taking the role of the other,” Mead had in mind a. imagining a situation in terms of past experience. b. recognizing that people have different views of most situations. c. imagining a situation from another person’s point of view. d. trading self-centeredness for a focus on helping other people. 6. When Cooley used the concept of the “looking-glass self,” he claimed that a. people are self-centered. b. people see themselves as they think...
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...Culture and Socialization Learning to be Human Understanding Cause & Effect • Correlation - the existence of a regular relationship between two sets of occurrences or variables. • Causation - a relationship in which one event or situation brings about the other. • Correlation does not imply causation. But a causal relationship must mean that two variables are correlated. Sociological Imagination • The more we understand what is happening in the world, the more frustrated we often become, for our knowledge leads to feelings of powerlessness. We feel that we are living in a world in which the citizen has become a mere spectator or a forced actor, and that our personal experience is politically useless and our political will a minor illusion (Mills 1959) Macro argument. Chapter 3 Culture & Society The Concepts of Culture Culture - The values the members of a given group hold, the norms they follow, and the material goods they create. Values - abstract ideals. For example, monogamy is a prominent value in most Western societies. Norms - definite principles or rules people are expected to observe Society - a system of relationships that connects individuals who share the same culture. The Concepts of Culture Culture and society are closely related. Cultural variations among humans are linked to different types of society. No culture could exist without a society; equally, no society could exist without culture. The Concepts of Culture Ethnocentrism – judging...
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...functionalist and symbolic interactionist perspectives. While these latter perspectives focus on the positive aspects of society that contribute to its stability, the conflict perspective focuses on the negative, conflicted, and ever-changing nature of society. Unlike functionalists who defend the status quo, avoid social change, and believe people cooperate to effect social order, conflict theorists challenge the status quo, encourage social change (even when this means social revolution), and believe rich and powerful people force social order on the poor and the weak. Conflict theorists, for example, may interpret an “elite” board of regents raising tuition to pay for esoteric new programs that raise the prestige of a local college as self-serving rather than as beneficial for students. 2. List and explain the steps in the scientific method. 1. Defining the problem is the first step in the scientific method and also tries to state the problem as clearly as...
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