...A strong organizational culture is the product of leaders who commit to organizational values. Discuss. Leaders who commit to organizational values, often, articulate beliefs, missions, goals of the company during meetings and set policies and regulations to practice the culture in everyday life: i.e. Tigerspike: the company stresses on individual engagement, thus employees are required to attend meetings that discuss the vision and goal of the company, shares are provided to those who contribute most etc. The commitment of leaders can help reiterate espoused culture, but may not totally control the culture-in-practice. Culture is a broad concept and includes various typologies. Role culture and task culture are mostly shaped by leader’s management styles and organizational structures. But other aspects of the organizational culture, such as the working habits and office environment, are the product of the entire team. I.e. work-hard-play-hard culture is more likely to be accepted by a group of energetic youth who embrace work-life-balance than a group of middle-aged people who care most about secure positions, high remuneration and decent social status. In addition, the type of organizational cultures is, by and large, determined by the type of business that the organization is in as well as the nature of the business environment. In business that possess low risk and slow feedback, i.e. banks and insurance company, the companies focus more on retaining current status...
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...The Connection between National Culture and Organizational Culture Kyb Fugfugosh San Francisco State University IBUS 681 (01) Date 12/10/2012 2 The Connection between National and Organizational Culture The term “culture” is generally ascribed to societies in a country, or ethnic and regional clusters within a nation, but can also be assigned to organizations, institutions, and family. Social organizations, whether national cultures, or institutional cultures develop because members’ behavior is not arbitrary, and can sometimes be anticipated and calculated. Organizations are bound by culture, which includes the individual behaviors of members and the collective purpose of the organization. In his frequently referenced book, Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-related Values (1984), Geert Hofstede provided a methodology for the cross-cultural studies of nations, and the organizations that develop based on cultural values. Cultural concepts, as they relate to organizational studies, are borrowed from anthropology, in which views vary, and there is no consensus. Therefore the application of the “cultural perspective” to organizational studies also varies, and is based on assumptions about the nature of both “culture” and “organizations” (Smircich, 1983). Pettigrew (1979) advocated the use of cultural concepts borrowed from sociology and anthropology in the examination of organizational behavior. He advanced “longitudinalprocessual” studies of organizations...
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...in Multinational Companies 4 Interpersonal Acumen and Leadership Communication in MNCs 4 Various Dimensions of Societal Culture and Effective Leadership 5 Cross-Cultural Dimensions of Leadership Communication in Achieving Goals 9 Recognition of Cross-Cultural Leadership for Attaining Goals 9 Conclusion 10 References 12 Introduction Business scenario at present is changing. This change in business environment has been dealt from different aspects in the form of emerging markets, globalization, exponential rate of change, different competitors, new technologies and many such. In short, it is to be identified that all these aspects lead to development of the concept called multiculturalism. Multiculturalism surely affects multinational companies and ultimately people and business worldwide. Due to changing business environment considerable changes in leadership communication styles have also taken place to cope up with the dynamic market trends. There had been a significant change in management and control focus to that of alignment focus. Also, significant change has occurred in the communication styles as different modes of communication and system of close interaction between the management and the rest of the organization are being introduced. As an inevitable consequence, the culture in multinational companies has now shifted from one-culture thought process to cross-cultural thinking (Mobley and Dorfman, 2003). a. Shift from Control Focus to Alignment...
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...Geert Hofstede’s concept of national culture (Hofstede, 1980; 2001) made a great breakthrough in understanding the relationship between organizational behavior and cultural factors. Hofstede examined differences between national (societal) cultures through four dimensions: Power distance, Individualism, Masculinity vs. Femininity and Uncertainty Avoidance. Power Distance is a crucial dimension of national culture that influences leadership and subcultures in organizations and will therefore be discussed in more detail here. Power Distance Index (PDI) scores inform us about dependence relationships in a country. In small power distance countries there is limited dependence of subordinates on bosses, and a preference for consultation, that is interdependence between boss and subordinate. The emotional distance between them is relatively small: subordinates will quite readily approach and contradict their bosses. In large power distance countries there is considerable dependence of subordinates on bosses. Subordinates respond by either preferring such dependence (in the form of an autocratic or paternalistic boss), or rejecting it entirely, which in psychology is known as counter dependence: that is dependence, but with a negative sign. Large power distance countries thus show a pattern of polarization between dependence and counter dependence. In these cases, the emotional distance between subordinates and their bosses is large; subordinates are unlikely to approach and contradict...
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...Before we begin What are behaviors that society frowns on? What are behaviors that you personally would never do? What are behaviors that professionals have to do? Does this slide look familiar? Deadlines and notifications May 2: Draft of Self-development plan due Submitted electronically through Turnitin.com May 9: PeerMark review of classmate’s paper is due May 16: Final version of self-development plan due May 19: Final exam at 12:15 THURSDAY Morality and Ethics What is a value? Be Honest What kinds of behaviors would let someone know you are honest? Those behaviors are NOT values. They are symptoms or symbols of the values you hold. Which of the following have you done? Heard that one friend lied to another, but didn’t do anything about it Stood by while a friend lied to another friend Lied or withheld information in an email Let friends take advantage of a discount, rebate, or another benefit that you get from work (e.g. free food, free drinks, etc.) Taken a benefit from a friend (e.g. received a free food, etc.) Lied to a customer or client Lied to a co-worker or fellow student Lied to a subordinate Stolen from your workplace Which of these are questionnable, ethically, and why? Heard that one friend lied to another, but didn’t do anything about it Stood by while a friend lied to another friend Lied or withheld information in an email Let friends take advantage of a discount, rebate, or another benefit that you get from work Taken a benefit...
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...IHRM Intercultural Management Studies Our world is filled with many different and unique countries, all with their own customs and cultures. In International Human Resources Management, it is the IHRM Department’s job to educate any expatriate about the foreign country they will be moving too. The main reason to do this is preventing cultural shock causing a smoother transition for the expatriate. Culture can be defined as “the beliefs, customs, arts, etc., of a particular society, group, place, or time” or is a more business related sense “a way of thinking, behaving, or working that exists in a place or organization.” Throughout the years there have been many intercultural management studies and there are four most widely accepted theories: The Hofstede study, The GLOBE study, The Trompenaars & Hampden-Turner study, and Hall & Hall’s cultural dimensions. These studies broke down cultures and behaviors around the world and are valued resources for IHRM departments. First, there is the Hofstede study. Geert Hofstede was a professor who conducted an extremely comprehensive study of how different cultures place value in the workplace. It was Hofstede who first made an empirical model and had different dimensions of national culture. These dimensions were: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, femininity vs. masculinity, individualism vs. collectivism, and long-term orientation. Each different country would get scores in each section and from these scores one could...
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...example questions. Remember the likely sources of exam material: • Material Found in Book & Slides (found both places) – MOST LIKELY • Material Found Only In Slides (I have placed an ASTERISK on slides with non-book content that is exam material) • Material Found Only In Book (e.g. definitions, frameworks,…) Strategy & Strategic OB: K&K Chapter 1: Definitions (key terms): contingency approach, human capital, management, organizational behavior, social capital, Theory Y, total quality management Reading: p.5-16 (just the top of 16) Key concepts Human Relations Movement Theory X, Theory Y Total Quality Management Deming’s 85-15 Rule Contingency Approach Human Capital Social Capital Congruence Model Organizational Culture & Socialization: K&K Chapter 2: Definitions (key terms): adhocracy culture, anticipatory socialization, change and acquisition, clan culture, enacted values, encounter phase, espoused values, hierarchy culture, market culture, mentoring, onboarding, organizational culture, organizational socialization Reading: p. 36-54 (just the top of 54) Key...
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...Personality and Values Organizational Behavior Chapter Outline I. Personality A. B. Definition of Personality Personality Determinants II. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator A. B. C. D. Extraverted/Introverted Sensing/Intuition Thinking/Feeling Judging/Perceiving III. The Big 5 Personality Model A. B. C. D. E. Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Emotional Stability or Neuroticism Chapter Outline IV. Other Personality Traits Relevant to Organizational Behavior A. B. C. D. E. F. G. Core Self-Evaluation Machiavellianism Narcissism Self-Monitoring Risk Taking Proactive Personality Other Orientation V. Values A. B. Definition and Importance Terminal vs Instrumental Values 1. Rokeach Value Survey Chapter Outline VI. Generational Values A. B. Dominant Values in the Workplace Linking an Individual’s Personality and Values to the Workplace 1. Person-Job Fit 2. Person-Organization Fit VII. International Values A. B. Hofstede’s Five Dimensions of National Culture 1. Power Distance 2. Individualism vs Collectivism 3. Masculinity vs Femininity 4. Uncertainty Avoidance 5. Long-term vs Short-term Orientation The GLOBE Framework for Assessing Cultures I. Personality ● Personality includes the relatively stable feelings, thoughts, and behavioral patterns a person has ○ ● makes us distinct from other people, and understanding someone’s personality gives us clues about...
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...Organizational Structure & Culture Organizational Structure What is Organizational Structure? Defines how job tasks are formally – Divided – Grouped – Coordinated Six key elements – – – – – – Work specialization Departmentalization Chain of command Span of control Centralization & decentralization Formalization Controls, coordinates & motivates employees Work Specialization Degree to which tasks in organization are subdivided into separate jobs Efficiency gains – Payment related to skill-level required skill– Increase in performance in specific task – Encouraging creation of special inventions Efficiency losses – – – – – Boredom Fatigues Stress Poor quality High absenteeism & turnover Productivity specialization Departmentalization The basis by which jobs are grouped together Possible ways – By functions performed E.g., engineering, accounting, personnel…. – By type of product E.g., fuel, waxes, chemicals – On basis of geography E.g., western, southern, midwestern, eastern… – On basis of process E.g., Casting, press, tubing, finishing, inspect, pack, ship…. – By type of customer E.g., Service retail, wholesale, government customers Large companies might combine the forms! The Chain of Command & Span of Control Chain of command – Line of authority from top of the organization to lowest part – Specifies who reports to whom – Each managerial position is given its place & degree of authority – Unity of command principle...
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...Organizational Structure & Culture Organizational Structure What is Organizational Structure? Defines how job tasks are formally – Divided – Grouped – Coordinated Six key elements – – – – – – Work specialization Departmentalization Chain of command Span of control Centralization & decentralization Formalization Controls, coordinates & motivates employees Work Specialization Degree to which tasks in organization are subdivided into separate jobs Efficiency gains – Payment related to skill-level required skill– Increase in performance in specific task – Encouraging creation of special inventions Efficiency losses Boredom Fatigues Stress Poor quality High absenteeism & turnover Productivity – – – – – specialization Departmentalization The basis by which jobs are grouped together Possible ways – By functions performed E.g., engineering, accounting, personnel…. – By type of product E.g., fuel, waxes, chemicals – On basis of geography E.g., western, southern, midwestern, eastern… – On basis of process E.g., Casting, press, tubing, finishing, inspect, pack, ship…. – By type of customer E.g., Service retail, wholesale, government customers Large companies might combine the forms! The Chain of Command & Span of Control Chain of command – Line of authority from top of the organization to lowest part – Specifies who reports to whom – Each managerial position is given its place & degree of authority – Unity of command principle preserves unbroken line of command Span...
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...Russian Culture and Human Resource Management Thad Lopez Saint Leo University Human Resource Management (HRM) as described by Ivancevich & Konopaske (2013) is the function performed in organizations that effectively uses employees to achieve both organizational and individual goals. Throughout the years HRM has evolved domestically influenced by both business and social events leaving behind a renewed emphasis on human capital. Today’s environment requires business leaders to focus on the financial returns of the company as well as the contributions of strategic HRM to that end. Organizations are continuing to scan the business environment looking for opportunities creating value and differentiation. Increased evidence points to an engaged workforce as a competitive advantage for many companies and more than ever these organizations are looking to expand internationally. Successful global organizations have come to understand that western theories of HRM may not apply to other cultures and as a result have found ways to remain strategic with HRM outside of their domestic borders. Russian culture is primary example where HRM practices must be evaluated in the context of Russian culture and values. Global Human Resource Management (GHRM) refers to the policies and practices that relates to managing people internationally and according to Ivancevich & Konopaske (2013) the external environment of the international organization is one of the most important...
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...Introduction Culture has a major influence on international and local businesses. Firms today have to deal with the reality of cultural diversity not just on the international business scene but also within their organizations. Understanding this diversity and successfully interpreting it helps to realize and take advantage of the opportunities provided by globalization. Analyzing the cultures of triumphing companies and countries helps to compare, contrast and learn from their path to glory. Based on these facts, this research paper will study three different successful electronics companies from three different countries/cultures. These are Apple Inc. of USA, Samsung Electronics of South Korea and Sony Corporation of Japan. Apple and Sony Corporation are both involved in many types of business activities and Samsung Electronics is part of a larger multinational conglomerate (Samsung group) which comprises numerous affiliated international businesses. However due to size and commonality of products, this research will focus on their electronics business with specific attention to Mobile devices (Smartphone and mobile computing devices). This research paper will briefly touch up on the activities of the three companies and how cultures of their respective countries influence their corporate culture, management style and overall business activities. The purpose of such research is to analyze the corporate culture of each company in relation to their respective country of origin...
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...is a reflection of today’s modern and segmented society. Globalization and technology have taken front seat in merging cultures and creating a world where communities interact more closely than ever. According to United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) there are about 63,000 multinational companies (MNCs) in the world and they have 700000 branches in other countries. Looking at the enormous reach of these global entities, one can only agree how critical it is to understand the cultural perspective of different societies. As a global business, it was an attempt by Coca Cola Company to embrace the diversity of multicultural world -- both in the marketplace and in the workplace. Evidently because societal culture has major influence on businesses. Global businesses have to deal with customers/clients, distributors, strategic partners, employees with different background and cultural mindsets. How organizations make decisions, implement policies, recruit workforce or even make strategic choices are affected by these cultural forces, both externally and internally, and impact the way organizations behave and deal with issues affecting society at large. My interest as a student of Gender and Cultural studies and a Human Resource Professional would be to explore the role of cultural forces that contribute towards shaping organizations culture and their identity and study the cultural differences in terms of Human Resource...
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...Summary Managing People in a Global Context Book: Managing across cultures by Schneider & Barsoux, second edition Chapter 1: The undertow of culture Converging cultures? Before the impact of culture can be assessed, two convergence myths have to be challenged: 1. The world is getting smaller… • On the surface, we appear to be converging: television, books, movies, internet, eating habits etc. • However, it seems that the pressure for convergence or integration may in fact create an equal, if not stronger pressure for divergence or fragmentation. o E.g. protests against learning English as second language in Switzerland, different neighborhoods in NYC (Chinatown, Little Italy etc.). o Executives across Europe are reading many of the same publications, but still more often they read national magazines and newspapers. Management is management • Management is management, consisting of a set of principles and techniques that can be universally applied. • However, different practices (such as management) are shaped by its cultural origins, and so is management. • Also, different notions of organizations (relationships vs. tasks) and different HRM practices based on motivations of employees (intrinsic vs. extrinsic). • Good management is culturally sensitive management: best fit between people’s motivation and tasks. • Sensitivity towards invasion of foreign companies and their business ideologies and practices. 2. Despite technological & economic forces for integration/convergence...
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...Companies Need a Human Resources Department? Introduction: In order to understand the vitality of the Human Resource department in an organization one must first understand what the Human Resource department is about. Human resource management (HRM), or human resource development, entails planning, implementing, and managing recruitment, as well as selection, training, career, and organizational development initiatives within an organization. The goal of HRM is to maximize the productivity of an organization by optimizing the effectiveness of its employees while simultaneously improving the work life of employees and treating employees as valuable resources. Consequently, HRM encompasses efforts to promote personal development, employee satisfaction, and compliance with employment-related laws (Walker, 1998). The main objective of Human Resources is to maximize the return on investment from the organization’s human capital. According to Schwind Das & Wagner, “Human resource management aims to improve the productive contribution of individuals while simultaneously attempting to attain other societal and individual employee objectives” (2007). HRM is also the new frontier in developing competitive advantages. “…[F]irms can develop sustained competitive advantage only by creating value in a way that is rare and difficult for competitors to imitate. Although traditional sources of competitive advantage such as natural resources, technology, economies of scale, and so forth, create...
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